Rocket "yars": ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe kanye nezithombe. Intercontinental missile ballistic

Kodwa ake sihlole RS-24 "yars" - Russian fuel okuqinile InterContinental ballistic missile silo futhi yokuhlala mobile, ayihlomele ehlukanisa ingxenye ehola?

It isungule eMoscow Institute of Engineering Isikhungo ngaphansi kokulawula Yu S. uSolomoni (academician). Ngokuvamile rocket "yars" kuyinto inguqulo ebuyekeziwe missile "Topol-M". incazelo Tactical futhi technical ukwakhiwa hhayi wachazela. Esikhathini esizayo, it is kuhlelwe ukuthi kufanele esikhundleni RS-20 futhi RS-18 ICBMs futhi, kuhambisana "Topol-M" kwakheka isisekelo Lwamasu Missile Amandla lamabutho.

indaba

Bewazi yini ukuthi nangomcibisholo "yars" ballistic inomlando ezithakazelisa kakhulu? Sizokwenza ukufunda manje.

Ngo-2007, ngo-May 29 kuleyo ndawo "Plesetsk" uzibophezele isivivinyo kokuqala kwalezi zikhali. Bakhandwa ngempumelelo washaya kwelitshe isayithi "Kura".

Futhi ngo-December 25 uhla efanayo labetibambile isivivinyo wesibili RS-24.

Esesithathu Ukuhlolwa rocket kwethulwa nge umzila efanayo yibo langaphambilini, senziwe 2008 mhlaka 26 November.

On isikhathi ukuphela esemthethweni ihlola InterContinental missile RS-24 "yars" kubika Imininingwane ezahlukene kakhulu uma wawulotshwe amaphephandaba mayelana aphelela ngo-2010, iyinhlangano umklami ehamba phambili ukufakwa uzishaya ukuthi ukuhlolwa sengathi lwaphela phakathi kwezinyanga okugcina ka-2009. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa imigomo ngokungalingani langempela kokugcina uhlelo uhulumeni ukuhlolwa kanye isikhathi okuvalwa ngaso ukulungiswa ezikhonjwe ngesikhathi kokuma test.

zokuphaka

Rocket "yars" waba okuhleliwe RVSN (Strategic Rocket Amandla), Russian samasosha zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngo-2009. Kwakuwusuku Ibutho lokuqala missile lempi izinhlelo mobile ifakwe ikhanda izingxenye separable. Iqiniso lokuthi inhlangano ukubala lokuqala RS-24 liye ngokusemthethweni waqinisekisa ngo-July 2010, V. A. Popovkinym - ISekela likaNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela.

I Ibutho yesibili isiqalisi rocket ngoDisemba 2010, waqala ukuba athwale zokuhlola ukulwa komsebenzi ku-Ivanovo esifundeni (Teykovsky missile division). Ngakho, ballistic missile "yars" InterContinental ukuthi ehlome ibutho lokuqala, obani zilawule iwashi ngo-2011, ngo-March 4, ehlanganisa ezimbili Battalion we RS-24, ethwele emsebenzini kusukela ngo-2010.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi owokuqala missile ibutho, PGRK ahlomile "yars" e Teykovsky missile Phiko ehlobo lika-2011 ngokugcwele kuphelile (izigaba zezizwe ezintathu, eziyisishiyagalolunye AAP). Ngo-2011, ngo-December 7 ku Ibutho efanayo bawuthwala zokuhlola ukulwa duty bayibutho yesibili, eyayihlanganisa eyodwa missile Ibutho futhi regimental mobile umyalo okuthunyelwe (PEP).

Okwesibili Brigade we ibutho baqala inkonzo ngoDisemba 2011. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-2012 inani eliphelele efakwe MS-24 safinyelela 15 APU namarokhethi. Ngo-September 2012 iyunithi behlome ngemibese mobile "Yarsami". Inombolo ephelele AAP RS-24 "Yars" manje elilingana 18 (eziyisithupha ukwahlukana nokukhubekisa ezimbili eshalofini).

Ekupheleni 2012 missile "yars" Uvele Kozelsk naseNovosibirsk Missile compounds (Kaluga esifundeni, inguqulo okwami eyinkimbinkimbi). Ngo-2013, kwathiwa ngokugcwele kabusha ifakwe missile regiments we Tagil. Irkutsk missile Uphiko luphinde got a isikhali entsha.

Intercontinental missile "yars" wethulwa ebusuku kusukela cosmodrome "Plesetsk" ngo-2013 kusuka 24 kuya 25 Disemba. Ukuhlola izinto zahamba kahle. Battle of the projectile hit okuhloswe eNhlonhlweni eKamchatka.

By endleleni, ngo inani 33 izingcezu rocket "yars", nge sezikhali ezine ngamunye, wayenomkhuba izingalo Lwamasu Missile Amandla njengoba kuqale unyaka ka-2014.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2014, 14 April, at 10:40 GMT ngedivayisi ezikwazi nokucupha ukuthi sise cosmodrome "Plesetsk", ukwethulwa obenziwe "yars" missile ifakwe ikhanda uhlukanisa ingxenye. Lo mkhankaso wenziwa ukuhlola izikhali ekhiqizwa Votkinsk (control kanye test uchungechunge). Nakuba imithombo ezisemthethweni libike ukuthi imisebenzi yalesenzakalo sezisebenza.

Ngo-December 26 ngo-11:02 GMT ne "Plesetsk" missile phansi ezisekelwe kokulikhiphela yaqalwa. Ukuqeqeshwa projectile kungenzeka hit okuhloswe kusayithi eKamchatka "Kura".

Izici "yars"

Nokho, lokho "yars" (rocket)? izici zalo ethakazelisa kakhulu. Lokhu projectile kuyinto ezintathu isigaba okuqinile fuel ICBM osenyameni lula. It yadalwa phezu kwekhulunyaka ngokubambisana nezinkampani Russian.

RS-24 "yars" Lo rocket akubukeki njenge ukhokho yayo ngqo - missile "Topol-M" RS-12M1 / RS-12M2, okuyinto version ngokujulile le RS-12M "Topol": inayo indlela yokuphatha uhlelo yesimanje futhi ingxenye ikhanda.

missile Ballistic "Yars» izici Blunt ingxenye ehamba phambili (MS) futhi siqu kuphazamiseka amabhlogo (MIRV). A "Topol-M" ayihlomele monobloc MS (ikhuluma ihlolwe MS yokwenziwa). Mhlawumbe ngo-2020 Ngohlelo RS-12M - RS-24 ICBM abe isigaba eyodwa yokukhanya ezinguqulweni umile futhi mobile-based. Lokhu kukhetha ngenxa yezizathu oda kwezomnotho ulungisiswa.

Eshumini lokugcina ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka

Ekhulwini sokugcina 80-90s Strategic Missile ICBM behlome ngemibese izinhlobo ezinhlanu ekilasini ukukhanya ezinguqulweni zabo. Lezi zihlanganisa okuqinile-fuel kanye nama-liquid-fuel ezicitshwayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindleko zokusebenza amayunithi ephansi kakhulu zifane we inkomba okufanayo isethi amamodeli we ukukhanya kwekilasi ICBMs. Kodwa ngandlela-thile bebakhulu kusebenta "yars" yokugcina.

Ngokwesibonelo, uketshezi SS-18B njengoba kuqhathaniswa PC 24 othwala MIRV esithé ukuphakama. Wakhe lokulwa imishini futhi manje ngcono. Isihloko ahlukene ubhekwa i survivability ICBM, emhlabathini usuthathelwa okungenani isitimela.

Kokucabangela amaqiniso ngenhla, kanye isidingo sokulondoloza silinganiso setha sezikhali nabathwali bawo (ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano izikhali amasu okuhlaselayo), kusukela ngo-2009, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka on ukuthuthukisa ezifuywayo esindayo ketshezi ICBM isigaba esikhundleni sohlelo RS-20b ( "Voivod"). Ngokuvamile, i-Russia luhlala umbuzo evulekile mayelana nokubuya zigcine nokukhetha ICBM RS-22V.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-izinkomba ICBM umkhiqizo unamathisele isixhumanisi zezombusazwe - the "umjaho" izikhali amasu, okuyinto okuqalwe izinyathelo ukuze azivikele ukuhlasela ngezikhali zenuzi - missile ukuzivikela (BMD). E-US ngo-2002, unqamule inkontileka ku nokwehlisa isimiso sokuzivikela missile ngo-1972. Leli zwe kudala ethembisa uhlelo olusha missile ukuzivikela, kuhlanganise izingxenye zalo e-Europe. Uhlelo luyasetshenziswa ngo-1991. Ukudalwa kazwelonke missile ukuzivikela Melika semthethweni ngokomthetho ngo-1999 olwenziwa isivivinyo lokuqala izakhi zalo.

"Yars"

Ukuqhubeka okwengeziwe ukucacisa ukuthi yini ehilelekile 'Yars "(rocket). izici zayo azinake. Ukwamukelwa projectile endaweni Ukwakha-up of missile izindawo ukuzivikela Lwenziwe by Melika, njengoba ziphela ngo 2009. Isikhathi sokusebenza START-1 sivumelwano, esangenza ukuthuthukiswa ICBMs nge eyodwa isiqeshana ehola ingxenye.

Futhi lokho kubeka yesibili quin impendulo Russian isinyathelo US missile ukuzivikela? Rocket "yars" airspeed sasebenza ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, hit ukuzinza omkhulu phakathi nokuwela kwawo ukuze ezithembisa US yesimiso sokuzivikela missile. Futhi namanje ku awusebenzi nomthelela izici ezithinta ukuqhuma yenuzi (PFYAV).

Ochwepheshe abaningi bangase baphikise ngokuthi missile "yars-M" sinezici emangalisayo. Ngakho, esifundeni asebenzayo of trajectory izikhali encishisiwe. Umzuzwana isivinini isethi ihlinzeka iyashelela icala Izingxube okuqinile fuel rocket ngamandla motors (SRM). Igobolondo ekuqaleni kohlelo ongenza iqhinga. Kuyadingeka ukuba zingene ehlasela missile iziqhumane zasemkhathini efwini.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, "yars", ngokungafani kuya odlule RS-12M isetshenziswa akasabeli enamandla pulses kagesi isiqondiso uhlelo. Ngokuvamile, entsha izakhiwo esiphikisayo (PCB) BMD kakhulu ukunciphisa amathuba ukuthunjwa umnyango ehola.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhloso hornblende-PCB ayikwazi zihlukaniswa kusukela amayunithi lempi endaweni vibrosoundtouch kagesi. Ukusebenzisa lezi nemingcele kungase kunenze nibe nesibopho cishe njalo ukhetha phezu exoatmospheric isisekelo, futhi ephoqelela esifundeni lezivakashi ngaphandle isikhawu ngincipha izindlela legatsha ukunyakazisa ingxenye ehola.

Lapha okokuqala isetshenziswa Okuqondiwe inkohliso nge isixazululo superhigh kanye nekhono indiva radar. CSR kusho kokuguqula kwemigomo zone umzali, eyenziwe radar iyavuleka igobolondo, ugesi ukuphazamiseka ashukumisayo, aerosols, okuyizinto izinto ezinemisebe infrared, kanye nokunye.

Incazelo imisebenzi

Awu, mhlawumbe, abafundi abaningi ayeqiniseka ukuthi missile "yars-M" sinezici omkhulu? Sizoqhubeka ngokujulile lo mklamo omangalisayo! Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikimu isakhiwo sale isikhali, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne-RS-12M aliguquki. Its ifakwe okuqinile Propellant noMsekeli uhlobo tselnomotannym umzimba "umfece", esakhiwe ngezinto oluyinhlanganisela.

isivinini rocket "yars" pretty umxhwele. Ngokungafani yayo ukhokho 'Topol' in the esigabeni sokuqala Ngohlelo akuyona ifakwe ngehele isimame sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza kanye isigwedlo. Ukundiza ilawulwa esigabeni asebenzayo ukuvula umlomo wombhobho kancane lalihlehliswa esakhiwe ngesisekelo i lomnyango nokunwebeka, okuyinto kuqeda vector wagxila injini (kuwo wonke amazinga).

rocket "Yars" Russian ifakwe umlomo wombhobho amayunithi, okuyinto zenziwa carbon-carbon izinto. I ifaka umlomo wombhobho yalezi zikhali zisekelwe ngakuthathu ngamakhasimende kwagcizelela carbon-carbon-matrix.

Missile ifakwe i elawula uhlelo inertial. Ithimba eziyinkimbinkimbi amadivayisi ngesivinini platform Hydrostabilized (GSP) lithuthukile ukunemba nemingcele. Entsha Computing yedijithali upland eziyinkimbinkimbi (ODCC) ine namandla athe xaxa okwengamela kanye ukumelana PFYAV.

By the way, InterContinental missile ballistic RS-24 "yars" sextant liqinisekiswa ukusebenzisa uhlelo ezizimele azimuth ukuthola control unit, esisogwini GSP. Lomsebenzi wenziwa phansi amadivayisi umyalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, esemgwaqweni ku bafike bachitha amabhakede anendle kwethulwa senzelwe zokuthutha (TPK).

Rocket "Yars-M" is overestimated uma ziqhathaniswa prototypes, isicelo ewusizo izinga impahla fissile. Ngokomlando egumbini ehola yisihloko sokuqala umkhuba Russian izikhali, okuyinto efakwe MBR ngaphandle kokuhlola izingxenye kanye izingxenye yalokho kuqhuma yenuzi.

Ngu Isifaniso nokusetshenziswa RS-12M missile RS-24, RS-12M1 (2) I-mobile futhi umile kwenzeka izindlela based usebenzisa TPK. Qala kulezi zimo ezimbili esigqulweni: powder inqubo ingcindezi ugesi eziqhutshwa (PAD).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngenxa ezahlukene izimo zokusebenza rocket umile futhi izinguqulo mobile, kanye ukuvela imithetho ehlukahlukene isivikelo PFYAV, global ubunye ejikijelwayo TPK kwahluleka ukufeza. Kwathatha izinsiza ikhipha ahlukahlukene kwakudingeka ukuba axoshe ophethe WPK futhi isitsha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-inguqulo Umphini missile ngesikhathi kwethulwa esetshenziswa Pallet ivikela SPRM esigabeni sokuqala yokukhulisa a ingcindezi gas. A ugqoko akudingekanga for the version mobile, ngoba ingcindezi kwaba ephansi kakhulu. Ngenxa izici kwemayini nesisindo ukulinganiselwa zenguqulo missile ezisekelwe basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo izinto TPK.

Ithebula elilandelayo likhombisa nemingcele ezibaluleke kakhulu.

	MS-12M1 (2)	RS-24
Inani izinyathelo	3	3
ibanga enkulu yama indiza, km	10500
Umkhawulo kokuqala isisindo, t	47,1
Active amandla icala iyunithi Mm	0.55	0.15, 0.3
Sisindvo ingxenye ehola, okungukuthi,	1.2	1.2-1.3
Ubukhulu, m
obuphelele	22,7
I ububanzi we ambozwe ungqimba wokuqala, m	1,86	1,86
I ububanzi we yesibili ambozwe ungqimba, m	1.61
I ububanzi we wesithathu ambozwe ungqimba, m	1.58	1.58
CWE, m	200-350

"Yars" Le vasi kungaba ozibongayo ukuthi isiqinisekiso yasekuqaleni inkathi isitoreji, owayeneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala.

ukuhlolwa

Wena esiphethweni ukuthi "yars" - rocket? isivivinyo sakhe kwenziwa ngo-2014 ngo-December 26 ngesikhathi cosmodrome "Plesetsk" at 11:00 GMT. Ukwethulwa ngempumelelo amazwana uColonel Egorov Igor, iHhovisi Commissioner of service press of the Ministry Defense ku amabutho missile.

Wathi missile "yars-24" owakwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi, "amayunithi umsebenzi yokufunda hit okuhloswe kusayithi eKamchatka" Kura "nge ukunemba inikezwe."

Egorov kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlolwa wachitha kwaba ukuqinisekisa amandla obuchwepheshe amacala ezidalwe 2013-2014, kanye nemingcele tekusebenta futhi ukulwa eyinkimbinkimbi.

IDB

Uyini MBR? Lokhu InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic "phansi-phansi", okungaba unqobe lo 5500 km. Amacala lolu hlobo ngokuvamile ifakwe ukulwa izingxenye zenuzi. Zisetshenziswa kukho ukubhubha isitha izinto osendaweni ezibalulekile ibekwe amazwekazi ezikude.

popularization

Okokuqala emhlabeni missile ballistic R-7 lwavivinywa eSoviet Union 21 Agasti 1957 ngempumelelo. Nkolelo yokutholwa ngo-1960. American ICBM SM-65 Atlas ngempumelelo kudlule ukuhlolwa ngo-1958. Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi impi kwa-1959 (ngonyaka ngaphambi P-70). Namuhla, ICBM ibutho elihlomile Russia, e-UK, USA, China ne France.

Israyeli, odabeni oluphathelene nokukhululwa Holdings yayo yalolu hlobo kwenkokhiso elandela inqubomgomo efanayo kumagazini lefa kwezikhali zenuzi - futhi ophika futhi uqinisekisa khona layo ku insimu yalo. Empeleni, lokhu isimo kususa inzuzo kabili isimo: emhlanganweni wezizwe sokuphatha ukusatshalaliswa missile ubuchwepheshe akusho ujoyine, kodwa kugcina amaphaphu emazweni angomakhelwane maqondana abo amathuba yangempela.

Ayakhula yabo ICBMs North Korea, nasePakistan.

South Africa, befuna ezibhekene Bloc kweSoviet futhi emazweni Western 1980 wadala IDB RSA-3 (kusekelwa Israyeli), kodwa ngemva kokuwa umbuso wobandlululo kwakungenzekanga ke ebhodini.

Imicimbi Second Umhlaba

Ngokuthakazelisayo, kuqala ukuze uqale umsebenzi ukudalwa i ICBM eJalimane lobuNazi. Wernher von Braun ehlobo lika-1942 kwaholela kwethulwa iphrojekthi "iMelika" lase, sibonga ngalo missile kumelwe A9 / A10 kwadingeka ukudaleka. Ochwepheshe baye basungula icala ezimbili isigaba uphethiloli ketshezi yasekhaleni + enesisindo esiyingxenye engamakhulu amathani, ukwazi ukwenza indiza kuya ibanga km 5,000.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngezigaba samanje A9 / A10 ngokusemthethweni libhekisela amacala ibanga isilinganiso. Kodwa yaba warhead InterContinental uyakwazi ukushaya US i-East Coast. Ngokomthetho i-A9 / A10, Nokho, kwakungewona missile ballistic, njengoba kwaba ifakwe phezulu cruise esiteji, de empeleni waba selivela isikhali ezinamaphiko leSupersonic.

Isiqondiso kwenkokhiso ekuqaleni kanye lemifanekiso phakathi iphutha nge beacons. Bathunyelwa kusengaphambili elitsheni futhi umshayeli isebenze ngesikhathi esifanele, kowamanqamu. Umuntu wenza enomsebenzi obalulekile ezifana, ngaphambi nje kokuba umgomo kokushiya indlu encane ku-parachute, wahlala phansi phezu Atlantic Ocean ngemuva isikhala wenza indiza suborbital.

Eminye imithombo ukubika ukuthi ukuhlolwa kohlaka yokudalwa kwendawo A9 / A10 yayiqhutshwa 8 no-24 January 1945, kodwa empini akudingekile ukusebenzisa.

Eminye imithombo bathi uhlelo lomsebenzi engakaze athuthuke imidwebo eminye (ngaphezulu plausibly). By the way, amaJalimane ngendawo onembile noyinkimbinkimbi indiza endiza ngesivinini leSupersonic, cishe kungani uhlelo A9 / A10 awulokothi ukusebenza.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane, yiMelika kanye ne eSoviet Union insimu yalo ayiswe lemali yakhe enkulu amaphepha, uchwepheshe futhi base impahla ucwaningo rocket.

izinjini

Manje thatha isikhashana izinjini. Le nguqulo yokuqala MBR wahlinzwa ketshezi rocket izinjini: ngaphambi kokuqala babefanele ifake uphethiloli Propellant isikhathi eside kakhulu isikhathi. Ilungiselela ukufaka indiza wathatha amahora amaningana, kodwa ukugcinwa kwakwenziwa Ngemizuzwana. Ukusebenzisa izingxenye cryogenic (R-7) ukuqalisa amadivayisi eziyinkimbinkimbi nzima kakhulu.

Zonke lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kuthiwa kakhulu kungagcini ukubaluleka amasu yalesi isikhali. ICBM yanamuhla esetshenziswa izinjini ukusebenza noma fuel okuqinile noma uketshezi feedstock ephezulu abilayo nge ampulizirovannoy sigqoka.

Okunjalo imboni yezikhali zempi impahla ezokuthutha kanye kwethulwa esitsheni zilethwe ikhasimende. Ngakho, i-rocket kusitoreji, phakathi nokuphila the ngomumo ukuqala. amacala Liquid complex kwethulwa silethwa isimo nezapravlennom. Bona injected fuel ngemuva kokufakwa TPK nge icala PU. isikhali Landelayo ingaqhubeka esimweni combat-ngomumo iminyaka eminingi. Ukulungiselela indiza kuthatha ngaphansi kwamaminithi ambalwa futhi wenziwa kude ikhebuli umsakazo iziteshi kusukela akude umyalo isikhungo. Liphinde kwenziwe, futhi ukuhlolwa njalo Pu mina rocket izinhlelo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi IDB wamanje, njengoba umthetho, neze sokuphoqa missile isitha. Abakwazi aqukethe kuphela sezikhali elawula, kusho ukuzenza radar jammers, decoys, nokunye.