Amandla kagesi - Iyini? Ukuthuthukiswa nezinkinga kagesi Russian

Umkhakha kunoma yiliphi izwe siqukethe ezihlukahlukene enkulu izimboni, ezifana ubunjiniyela noma ugesi. Lezi izinkomba lapho ukuthuthukisa ezweni elithile futhi emazweni ahlukahlukene ingase ibe nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene, kuncike ezicini eziningi, ezifana imithombo yemvelo, nakwezobuchwepheshe, nokunye. Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ekhula ngokushesha kuze kube manje umkhakha - ngamandla kagesi. Amandla umkhakha - mkhakha ubulokhu iminyaka eminingi ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, ubelokhu ngenkuthalo liqhubekela phambili, ukusunduza umusa ukusetshenziswa ngaphezulu imvelo imithombo yamandla.

Kuyini lokhu?

Ngakho, kuba okokuqala kudingekile ukuba baqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini konke lokhu umkhakha. amandla kagesi - iyona division amandla, okuyinto obangela lokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa ukuwudlulisa ukudayiswa kagesi. Phakathi kwamanye amagatsha ka Kulomkhakha amandla kagesi umkhakha ithandwa kakhulu futhi kabanzi kusukela yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa kalula yayo yokusabalalisa, kungenzeka ukudluliswa yayo olude ukuze esifishane zinkathi, kanye ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi - energy kagesi akunankinga uma kunesidingo siguqulelwa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla ezifana ukushisa, ukukhanya, amakhemikhali nokunye ku. Ngakho, kuba ukuthuthukiswa imboni unaka kakhulu kuhulumeni kwemibuso yomhlaba. amandla kagesi - kuyinto umkhakha okuyiwona esizayo. Yilokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo, yingakho kudingeka ufunde olunye ulwazi olumayelana ke usebenzisa lesi sihloko.

amandla isizukulwane Inqubekela

Ngakho ungakwazi ngokugcwele ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuba izwe, imboni, kubalulekile ukubheka kanjani umkhakha amandla ukuthuthukiswa kuwo wonke umlando ukhona. Ngokushesha kuyafaneleka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kagesi kuvezwa izigidigidi kilowatt amahora. Ngo-1890, lapho ugesi usanda ukuthuthukisa, ukukhiqiza kilowatt / amahora ayisishiyagalolunye bhiliyoni. gxuma Big kwenzeka ngo-1950, lapho kwenziwe isikhathi esingaphezu kayikhulu ngaphezulu ugesi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa bekulokhu yathuthuka giant - eyishumi ngamunye kwakwenezelwa ayinkulungwane bhiliyoni kW / h ambalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-2013 nemibuso yezwe senziwe inani 23,127 isigidintathu kW / h - i sibalo Amazing liyaqhubeka likhula minyaka yonke. Kuze kube manje, iningi ugesi unikezwa China ne-United States of America - nalawa mazwe amabili abe amaningi umkhakha ugesi. China amaphesenti angu-23 abo bonke ugesi ekhiqizwa emhlabeni, futhi US share - 18 amaphesenti. Kanti-Japan, Russia nase-India - ngalinye kulawa mazwe has okungenani izikhathi ezine isabelo encane yokukhiqizwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke. Awu, manje nani nazi futhi zikuphi-jikelele we-ugesi - sekuyisikhathi ukuya ezithile izimboni.

ezishisayo amandla isizukulwane

Usuvele uyakwazi ukuthi ugesi - iyona umkhakha weze-energy, futhi amandla ngokwawo, esikhundleni salokho, kuyinto igatsha embonini wonkana. Nokho, ekhelini akugcini lapho - ugesi, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana, ezinye zazo ajwayelekile kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa, abanye akuzona ithandwe. Kukhona okunye kagesi amandla umkhakha, esebenzisa izindlela ababezibheka ukufeza igezi emikhulu ngaphandle ulimaza imvelo, kanye neutralization izici engakhi izindlela zesintu. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhuluma mayelana ezishisayo amandla wemboni, ngoba yikho okuvame kakhulu futhi owaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Kangakanani ugesi ngale ndlela? Omunye kalula ukucabanga ukuthi kuleli cala kukhona ezishisayo energy conversion ku kagesi nokushisa is etholwe evutha zokubasa ahlukahlukene. ukushisa Kuhlanganiswe namandla kungatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe - kuba inqubo elula kakhulu futhi elula yokuthola esiningi namandla ngezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, kuyinto le nqubo futhi ingenye eziyingozi kakhulu imvelo. Okokuqala, ugesi usebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, okuyinto wake yibhange ukuqeda. Okwesibili, imikhiqizo amandla omlilo zikhishwa emkhathini, ushevu. Yingakho kukhona ezinye izindlela ugesi. Nokho, lokhu akubona bonke ugesi yendabuko - kunezinye, bese sizogxila kubo.

I ngamandla enuzi umkhakha

Njengasendabeni yabase langaphambilini, lapho sicabangela ngamandla enuzi umkhakha kuningi esingakufunda isihloko. Gezi kulesi simo zikhiqizwa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, lapho kuhlukana kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana division yabo cores - ngenxa lezi zenzo kwenzeka ekushayweni amandla esikhulu okuyinto ke siguqulelwa ugesi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ubani omunye uyazi ukuthi lena ugesi ezingaphephile kakhulu. Umkhakha, hhayi wonke amazwe inezingozi zayo zokukhiqiza ezweni ugesi zenuzi. Noma yimuphi ukuvuza a ophendulayo ezinjalo zingaholela imiphumela eyinhlekelele - ngokwanele ukukhumbula eChernobyl, kanye lesi sigameko eJapane. Nokho, muva nje, ukuphepha okuye kwagxilwa kakhulu, ezikhungweni zenuzi ngakho amandla eyakhelwe esikhathini esizayo.

Hydropower

Enye indlela ethandwayo ukukhiqiza ugesi wayithola kusukela amanzi. Le nqubo kwenzeka iziteshi amandla kagesi, ke Akudingi enobungozi izinqubo ukuqoqwa nucleus yama-athomu noma ubungozi obukhulu emvelweni fuel ukusha, kodwa futhi unalo yokuntula zayo. Okokuqala, kungukuphula ukugeleza engokwemvelo emifuleni - Bakha edamini, ngawo kudala ngamanzi adingekayo ukuze abaphehla ugesi, ngaleyo ndlela athole amandla. Ngokuvamile, ngenxa nokwakhiwa kwamadamu akhanywa futhi imifula, amachibi kanye nezinye samanzi zemvelo uyafa, ngakho awukwazi ukusho ukuthi lokhu inketho ephelele kwalomkhakha amandla. Ngakho, abaningi izinkampani amandla kagesi abaphathwa kumafomu bendabuko kanye nehlukile kwamandla isizukulwane.

amandla okunye

Alternative power isizukulwane - iqoqo izinhlobo ugesi, ngaphandle bendabuko ngokuyinhloko yokuthi angadingi isicelo uhlobo oluthile umonakalo emvelweni, futhi kungukuthi ngaphansi akekho asengozini. Sikhuluma-hydrogen, olwandle, igagasi kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Okuvame kakhulu kulezi zingumoya amandla elanga. Ukuthi ukugcizelela - abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto ngabo ikusasa mboni. Kuyini kwalezi zinhlobo zezilwane?

amandla Wind - ukuthola ugesi umoya. Emasimini eSifundazweni windmills zakhelwe, okuyizinto kahle kakhulu futhi uvumele amandla akuyona kunalokho izindlela ezichazwe ngenhla, kodwa isenzo ophephela abaphehla ugesi zidinga umoya kuphela. Yiqiniso, Ububi le ndlela wukuthi umoya - lena isici ezingeke anqotshwe, kodwa abacwaningi sisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza windmills yesimanje. Kepha amandla elanga, kukhona ugesi ethathwe imisebe yelanga. Njengoba kunjalo nombono langaphambilini, kukhona futhi kudingeka basebenzele ukuba babe ukwandisa umthamo isitoreji njengoba ilanga likhanya akuyena ngaso sonke isikhathi - noma uma isimo sezulu Licwathile, noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi esithile kuza ebusuku lapho ama-solar panel ayikwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi.

amandla ukudluliswa

Awu, manje Nokho ukwazi zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu amandla isizukulwane, njengoba uqonde kusuka kwencazelo ugesi, ukuthola konke akugcini. Amandla adingekayo ukuze adlulisele futhi ukusabalalisa. Ngakho, amandla kagesi idluliselwa phezu nezintambo zikagesi. Lokhu babashayeli metallic ukuthi ukwakha inethiwekhi enkulu kagesi emhlabeni wonke. Ngasekuqaleni imigqa phezulu kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe - yibo ungabona endleleni, ngisuka ikholomu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Nokho, muva nje, yokwanda udumo zithole ikhebula imigqa abekwa ngomshoshaphansi.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa Russian kagesi amandla umkhakha

Russian amandla kagesi umkhakha basungula ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi lapho izwe - ngo-1981, lapho ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi seyenziwe ngempumelelo okokuqala kule amakhilomitha cishe abangamakhulu amabili. Ngo ngokoqobo zangaphambi wamavukelambuso Russian amandla kagesi umkhakha ubelokhu ngendlela emangalisayo ampofu - okukhiphayo yaminyaka yonke ugesi ezweni elikhulu kangaka kwaba kW 1.9 bhiliyoni kuphela / h. Lapho inguquko okwenzeka, uVladimir Ilich Lenin wasikisela ukuba Russia kukagesi uhlelo, okuyinto ukuqaliswa saqalwa ngaso leso sikhathi. Kakade ngo-1931 wazala plan iye abulawe, kodwa ngesilinganiso ukuthuthukiswa ibe ngekarisako kangangokuthi 1935, uhlelo weqiwe kathathu. Ngenxa yalesi kabusha, kakade nge 1940 yonyaka ugesi okukhipha eRussia zaba eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 kW / h, okuyinto izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu kunakuqala inguquko. Ngeshwa, intuthuko okukhulu iye iphazanyiswe seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili Nokho, ngemva kokuqedwa kwalo walulama, futhi ngo-1950, iSoviet Union waqoqela bhiliyoni 90 kWh / h, elalingaba eziyishumi amaphesenti jikelele isizukulwane ugesi emhlabeni wonke. Maphakathi nawo-sixties, iSoviet Union Uphume endaweni yesibili emhlabeni kwamandla isizukulwane, futhi lesibili kuphela e-United States. Isimo wasala efanayo ezingeni eliphezulu kuze wokugoqa zase-USSR, lapho amandla kagesi wayengeyena umkhakha kuphela oye wahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yalesi senzakalo. New uMthetho Ugesi, lapho emashumini eminyaka ezayo kufanele kube ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha le umkhakha eRussia esayinwe 2003. Futhi izwe nakanjani ezihambayo kulolo hlangothi. Kodwa into eyodwa - ukungena ngemvume uMthetho Ugesi, kuhlukile - nekuwusebentisa. Yilokhu Kuzoxoxwa. Uyazi yini namuhla kukhona izinkinga kwamandla kagesi umkhakha yeRussia, futhi okuzokwenza kukhethwe ngendlela ukuzixazulula.

Okweqile umthamo ugesi

Russian amandla kagesi umkhakha lisesimweni kangcono kakhulu kunalokho elaliyikho eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ukuze sikwazi kugcwale umlomo ukuthi intuthuko kuyinto. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yamuva amandla iforamu babe lezo nkinga ezinkulu embonini kuleli zwe. Futhi wokuqala babo - insalela wekhono ugesi, okuyinto kwabangelwa nenqwaba umthamo eliphansi izitshalo amandla ukwakhiwa eSoviet Union esikhundleni sokwakha inombolo encane okusezingeni eliphezulu izitshalo amandla. Konke lokhu iziteshi usadinga ukuwanakekela, ngakho ezimbili aphume isimo. Eyokuqala - iyona umthamo okukhipha ukuhlinzwa. Lolu khetho kungaba ephelele uma hhayi izindleko enkulu iphrojekthi enjalo. Ngakho-ke, i-Russia kungenzeka ukuhambisa bebheke okukhiphayo yesibili, ethi ukwanda ukusetshenziswa.

yokungenisa esikhundleni

Ngemva ukwethulwa iziteshi entshonalanga umkhakha isiRashiya esibukhali kakhulu wazizwa athembele izimpahla angaphandle - lokhu kuthinte kakhulu emkhakheni kagesi, lapho cishe kwakungekho noyedwa sphere yesimanje yomsebenzi yonke inqubo ukukhiqizwa ugesi ezithile zingenzeki kuphela endaweni WaseRussia. Ngenxa yalokho, Uhulumeni uhlela ukwandisa umthamo ukukhiqizwa endaweni efanele, ukulawula indawo yabo futhi uzame ngangokunokwenzeka balahle ukuncika ukungeniswa.

umoya ohlanzekile

Inkinga wukuthi izinkampani Russian yesimanje ezisebenza emkhakheni kagesi kakhulu kakhulu engcolisa emoyeni. Nokho, Ministry of Environment of the Russian Federation ukuqinisa imithetho futhi babehlukaniswa kakhulu ukuqoqa izinhlawulo for ukwephulwa. Ngeshwa, izinkampani ukuthi uhlushwa ke ungahlelile ukuzama nokwandisa umkhiqizo wabo - baphonsa wonke amabutho aphume yokuchitha inombolo "green", futhi zidinga imithetho ukunqandwa.

izigidigidi izikweletu

Kuze kube yimanje, izikweletu ingqikithi abasebenzisi ugesi yonkana eRussia ruble Russian yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 460. Yiqiniso, uma ezweni zaba anawo yonke imali ayemkweleta ngesikhathi, wayezoba ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho ugesi. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni uhlela toughen izinhlawulo ukubambezeleka ekukhokhweni ugesi izikweletu, futhi ngeke mema labo abangafuni ukukhokhela izikweletu esikhathini esizayo, ukufaka siqu panel yabo elanga futhi ugesi uqobo ngokuzimela.

ngokomthetho emakethe

Inkinga eyinhloko ezifuywayo amandla umkhakha - emakethe nokulungiseka egcwele. Emazweni European, ukulawulwa emakethe amandla iyivelakancane ngokuphelele, lapho kukhona umncintiswano langempela, ngakho umkhakha ethuthuka ngokushesha. Zonke lezi zimiso nomthethonqubo kuthiye kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa futhi ngenxa yalokho we Russian Federation useqalile ukuthenga ugesi, owayevela eFinland, lapho emakethe ngokuyinhloko angahlelekile. Isisombululo kule nkinga - kwathatha khulula imodeli emakethe futhi ayenqaba ephelele ukulawulwa.