Quantum physics: sezindawo quantum yokukhanya

Wake wacabanga ngalokho okwenza eqinisweni abaningi ukukhanya imihlola? Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha umphumela Photoelectric, amagagasi ukushisa, izinqubo photochemical nokunye okunjalo - zonke izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya. Uma yayingazange wathola, ososayensi imisebenzi ngeke isisukile iphuzu efile, eqinisweni, kanye inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe. Tadisha kwesigaba kwabo yokukhanya quantum, okuyinto kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa egatsheni elifanayo physics.

izakhiwo Quantum yokukhanya: incazelo

Kuze kube muva nje, incazelo ecacile futhi olunzulu lokhu mkhuba optical akakhiphanga. Zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwezesayensi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ngesisekelo salokhu ukwakha hhayi kuphela ifomula kodwa yonke inkinga physics. Sewakha isinqumo sokugcina etholakala ososayensi zanamuhla asonga imisebenzi ezazingaphambi kwayo kuphela. Ngakho, i-quantum wave izakhiwo ukukhanya - phetho izici emitters yayo, ama-athomu abalungiselela kukhona ama-electron. kwakhiwa Quantum (noma i-albhamu yezithombe) is ngenxa yokuthi i-electron lithuthela yehlisa amandla ezingeni, ngaleyo ndlela odala electro-magnetic pulses.

Kokuma lokuqala optical

XIX столетии. Nokucabanga mayelana nokuba khona izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya uvele ekhulwini XIX. Ososayensi baye bathola futhi ngenkuthalo ezinjengokungcoliswa umumo womsebenzi, kokuthikanyezwa, futhi nokuthungatha nokwehlukana. Ngosizo lwabo, lo kagesi wave imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhanya elisuselwa. Yayisekelwe kuyi-ukusheshisa ukuhamba electron ngesikhathi oscillations zomzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, heats, kulandele amagagasi yokukhanya uvele ngemva kwakhe. hypothesis Umbhali wokuqala kule ndaba kuye kwakheka eyiNgisi D. Rayleigh. UCalvin ubhekwa njengomunye uhlelo emisebeni amagagasi alinganayo futhi unomphela, futhi endaweni evalelekile. Ngokusho iziphetho yayo, nge ukwehla okukhipha yabo yamaza Kufanele andise ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka ukuthi ube ultraviolet x-reyi. Ekusebenteni, konke lokhu alikaqinisekiswa, futhi wathatha omunye umhlaziyi.

ifomula Planck sika

XX века Макс Планк – физик немецкого происхождения – выдвинул интересную гипотезу. Ekuqaleni le XX leminyaka Maks Plank - physics German owazalelwa - uye bahambise umbono ezithakazelisayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa ukukhanya ingekho ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba ababekucabanga, futhi izingxenye - Quanta, noma njengoba bebizwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. h , и он был равен 6,63·10 ^-34 Дж·с. njalo Planck sika yethulwa - proportionality isici omelelwa h incwadi, futhi zazilingana 6,63 × 10 ^-34 J · s. v – частота света. Ukuze abale amandla ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ngasinye, kwakudingeka nenani elilodwa ngaphezulu - v - imvamisa yokukhanya. njalo Planck sika siphindwe imvamisa, futhi ngenxa yalokho wathola amandla we-albhamu yezithombe okukodwa. Njengoba usosayensi German ngokunembile futhi kahle kuvikelwe e ifomula elula, izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya, okuyinto wayeke waxoxa ngaphambili okutholakele ngokukhipha H. Hertz, futhi wakhetha ke njengoba umphumela Photoelectric.

Ukutholakala umphumela Photoelectric

Njengoba sishilo, usosayensi Genrih Gerts waba ngowokuqala ngubani yabhekisela izakhiwo quantum ye nezamechaemye ukukhanya ngaphambili. Umthelela Photoelectric latholakala 1887 lapho usosayensi wajoyina esikhanyayo ipuleti zinc kanye nenduku electrometer. Esimweni lapho plate iza icala HIV, electrometer akuyona esibhedlela. Uma icala negative ikhishwa wukukhanya, idivayisi iqala ukuba zichithe, ngokushesha nje lapho ipuleti uwela ultraviolet ray. Ngalesi izandla-on isipiliyoni kwakutholakala ukuthi plate wadalula ekukhanyeni kungaba akhipha amacala kagesi ezimbi, okuyinto kamuva wathola igama elifanele - electron.

Olungokoqobo isipiliyoni Stoletova

ucwaningo Olungokoqobo electrons olwenziwa umcwaningi Russian Alexander Stoletov. Ukuze ucwaningo lwakhe wasebenzisa isibani cleaner ingilazi kanye electrode amabili. Omunye electrode elasetshenziselwa amandla transmission, kanye nezimboni yesibili wakhanyiswa, futhi walethwa isigxobo engakhi ibhethri. Ngalesi kokuhlinzwa, zamanje uqala ukwandisa amandla, kodwa ngemva kwesikhashana kwaba njalo futhi ngokuqondile ezilinganiselwe emisebeni yokukhanya. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi energy kinetic ka-electron kanye ukubambezeleka voltage akuxhomekile amandla ukukhanya. Kodwa ukwanda imvamisa yokukhanya kubangela ukukhula lesi sibalo.

quantum izakhiwo okusha yokukhanya: umphumela Photoelectric nemithetho yayo

Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa Hertz sika theory kanye umkhuba Stoletov kwase Ahoxisiwe imithetho emithathu eyisisekelo, okuyinto, njengoba ifika lapho, yathola izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kukhona isebenze:

Мощность светового излучения, которое падает на поверхность тела, прямо пропорциональна силе тока насыщения. 1. Amandla ukukhanya ukuthi uwela phezu somzimba ngqo wakhona ngamandla wamanje ukugcwaliswa.

Мощность светового излучения никак не влияет кинетическую энергию фотоэлектронов, а вот частота света является причиной линейного роста последней. 2. Amandla ukukhanya akuphazamisi energy kinetic we photoelectron, kodwa imvamisa yokukhanya siyimbangela ukukhula zakamuva komugqa.

Существует некая «красная граница фотоэффекта». 3. Kukhona uhlobo "onqenqemeni obomvu ngomphumela Photoelectric." Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi uma imvamisa kuba esingaphansi ubuncane imvamisa ikhomba ukukhanya okwesikhathi impahla unikezwa, umphumela Photoelectric siyenzeka.

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezimbili ukushayisana Ubunzima

Ngemva ifomula isuselwe Max Planck, Isayensi sibhekene nenkinga. wave etholakala Ngaphambili, futhi izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya, okwakukhona evulekile ngemva kwesikhashana, lalingekho kohlaka imithetho owamukelwa physics. Ngokuhambisana kagesi, imfundiso endala, bonke electron yomzimba, olungena on ukukhanya kufanele angene oscillation ophoqelelwe naphezulu ngesivinini esifanayo. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ukhiqize amandla elingapheli kinetic lokho akunakwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqongeleleni lemali edingekayo ukuphumula uzogcinwa amandla electron kuyadingeka ukuze bakwazi amashumi imizuzu, kuyilapho umphumela Photoelectric, empeleni akukho ukubambezeleka kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukudideka kwavela futhi kusukela lokuthi amandla photoelectrons akuxhomekile amandla ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, has hhayi onqenqemeni obomvu ngomphumela Photoelectric, futhi awuzange ibalwa wakhona imvamisa electron energy kinetic yokukhanya uvulekele. Imfundiso ubudala wayengakwazi ukuchaza zizibone kahle iso imihlola ngokomzimba, kanye entsha ongakabi ngokugcwele saveza.

Rationalism Alberta Eynshteyna

Kuphela ngo-1905, i-physics omkhulu u-Albert Einstein alubonisa ngokulungiselela umkhuba futhi okushiwo ithiyori, ukuthi iyini - ubunjalo ukukhanya kweqiniso. Futhi quantum wave izakhiwo, evulekile ezimbili okuphambene nomunye imicabango ezingxenyeni alinganayo umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Ukuqedela isithombe siswele kuphela isimiso discreteness, okungukuthi indawo esiqondile izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya emkhathini. ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ngasinye - nezinhlayiya ezingase zimuncwe noma sasikhipha iyonke. Electron "ukugwinya" i-albhamu yezithombe owangaphakathi kwandisa ukushaja ku ukubaluleka amandla amuncwa izinhlayiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi electron photocathode lithuthela ubuso bayo, ngenkathi sigcina "umthamo double" amandla amakhulu, okuyinto okukhipha uguqulwe energy kinetic. Ngale ndlela elula, futhi umphumela Photoelectric Kwenziwa lapho Akwenzekanga lutho imisiwe. Ngesikhathi sekugcineni electron kuveza quantum ngokwayo, olungena phezu umzimba, imbuthuma amandla nakakhulu. Kukhula inani izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ekhiqizwa - emisebeni enamandla ngaphezulu ngokulandelana, futhi ukuguquguquka we wave ukukhanya ikhula.

Amadivayisi elula, okuncike isimiso umphumela Photoelectric

Ngemva zatholwa ososayensi German ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isicelo singena izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya womshini kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Inventions, ogama msebenzi umphumela Photoelectric, ngokuthi nama-solar, ummeleli elula zazo - cleaner. Phakathi bokwenza zayo kungenziwa ngokuthi ababuthakathaka conductivity zamanje, ukuzwela ongaphakeme ukuba eside wave ngemisebe, yingakho-ke asikwazi lisetshenziswe AC izifunda. Idivayisi cleaner kabanzi lisetshenziswe photometry, ngokuvamile ziba ngamandla ukukhanya kanye izinga ukukhanya. Wabuye udlala indima ebalulekile fototelefonah futhi ngesikhathi sokudlala umsindo.

amaseli photovoltaic nge conduction imisebenzi

Kwakuwuhambo uhlobo oluhlukile amadivaysi, okuyinto zisekelwe quantum izakhiwo yokukhanya. inhloso yabo - ukushintsha kwabantu yenethiwekhi. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi umphumela Photoelectric yangaphakathi, futhi siyisisekelo wokusebenza photoconductors. Lezi Semiconductors adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ngokokuqala ngqá baqala ukusebenzisa izimoto Retro. Khona-ke zinikeza electronics nebhethri msebenzi. Phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili waqala ukusebenzisa amaseli anjalo solar lokwakha mkhathi. Kuze kube manje, ngenxa umphumela Photoelectric yangaphakathi usebenze turnstiles nasezitimeleni, izibali ephathekayo kanye solar panel.

ukusabela photochemical

Khanyisa, ubunjalo okwakukhona kuphela isayensi kancane etholakala zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, eqinisweni, kuthinta zamakhemikhali izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphansi kwethonya ukugeleza iqala quantum yamangqamuzana dissociation inqubo kanye nokuhlanganiswa zabo athomu. Ngo isayensi, lokhu njengoba photochemistry yaziwa, futhi ubunjalo omunye zako photosynthesis. Kuyinto ngenxa yokuthi bese kumnyama amagagasi izinqubo ekushayweni izinto ezithile ezivezwa amaseli esikhaleni extracellular, lapho lesi sitshalo kuba oluhlaza.

Kuthinte izakhiwo quantum sokukhanya umbono womuntu. Ukuthola kuyi-retina, i-albhamu yezithombe icuphe nenqubo yokubola wamaprotheni molecule. Lolu lwazi uthuthwa izinzwa ubuchopho, futhi emva kokwelashwa, singakwazi wonke babone ukukhanya. Nightfall amaprotheni-molecule kubuyiselwa futhi umbono indawo kule mibandela entsha.

Imiphumela

Sathola ngokuhamba lesi sihloko, okuyinto ikakhulukazi izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya ziboniswa into okuthiwa umphumela Photoelectric. ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ngasinye esimela yayo futhi mass, futhi lapho ebhekene i-electron iwela ke. Quantum futhi electron babe munye, futhi wonke amandla azo zibheke kuhlanganiswe iguqulwe ibe energy kinetic, okuyinto empeleni kuyadingeka ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza umphumela Photoelectric. I oscillation wave kanjalo ekhiqizwa kungase kwandise amandla i-albhamu yezithombe, kodwa kuphela isilinganiso esithile.

umphumela Photoelectric namuhla iyisici esibalulekile ezinhlobo iningi imishini. On osekelwe kuyo isakhiwo isikhala imikhumbi kanye iziphuphutheki, ukuthuthukisa nama-solar kusetshenziswa njengendlela umthombo wamandla asizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaza okukhanya abe nomthelela omkhulu izinqubo zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Bangakunaki kwelanga abavamile izitshalo kukhona oluhlaza, umkhathi okukhulunywa ngaso Iphalethi egcwele okwesibhakabhaka, futhi sibona emhlabeni njengasezulwini.