Amakhompyutha, Izinhlelo
Python ulimi lokwakha: izihibe
I -Python ulimi lokwakha (njengokuthi "Python" noma "Python") Kunezindlela eziningana ukuze umise okuthile. Amathuluzi esiyinhloko ekwenziweni kwezinguquko kuphindelelwa e Python - ngenkathi izihibe futhi. Lo mjikelezo ngenkathi kuyinto jikelele ukwedlula, ngakho-ke kancane. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi kungcono! I i-loop isetshenziswa kaningi, ngoba nalo waqaphela imisebenzi enzima kakhulu ngoba ukudalwa multi-level kanye nezinhlelo mnogouslovnyh.
Python: umjikelezo postcondition
Imijikelezo Esekela nge postcondition - ke loops ngenkathi, okuyizinto izakhiwo yenhlangano jikelele kunazo zonke imvelo izinhlelo. Lo mjikelezo ngenkathi usebenza isimiso "nje". Lokhu kusho lokhu okulandelayo: ngenkathi isimo esithile uzobuya ukubaluleka kweqiniso, uzosebenza! Lo mklamo ibizwa ngokuthi "umjikelezo" ngoba ukuphathwa ukusebenza cyclically okuphindaphindiwe, eziqala ukubaluleka kokuqala. Out emjikelezweni ngenkathi Python lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako: isikhathi lapho ukubaluleka iba zamanga. Kuleli qophelo, umhumushi ezithwala uhlelo ingxenye elandelayo obusebenzayo-semantic, okusho umugqa omusha, esemgwaqweni ngemva block ne ngenkathi postcondition.
Ezilimini izinhlelo, i-Python imijikelezo ngenkathi postcondition babe syntax ezilandelayo:
1. Ngenkathi (isimo): 2. inkulumo |
Isengezo kungaba isitatimende esisodwa noma eziningana. Isimo njalo ukubaluleka kwanoma yimuphi non-zero kweqiniso. Lo mklamo usebenza nje isimo ecacisiwe kuyiqiniso.
Ukusebenzisa umjikelezo ngenkathi "Python" isibonelo
Rassmotirim ngenkathi iluphu. Python kuyinto ngempela ezithakazelisayo izakhiwo okushiwoyo yayo:
a = 0 |
Siye ngazimemezela variable "a" wamcela ukuba zero. Khona setha izimo "kuyilapho <7", okungukuthi, kuyilapho variable "a" lingaphansi kuka inombolo "7", bese iluphu yethu eziyokhishwa nje kukhona amanga.
A zamanga (okungukuthi, uzokhipha kusukela umjikelezo) kuyoba lapho kumazinga kuyoba kunenani "7". Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kuba isikhathi ngasinye abaqhubeke-1, ukuthi ubonise enkambini "a = a + 1".
Uma ukusebenzisa le yokwakha, incwadi "A" uyoboniswa izikhathi 7 ikholomu!
A |
Endless iluphu ngesikhathi Python
Indlela yokwenza i loop okungapheli Python ngenkathi? Guess hhayi kunzima, ngoba umjikelezo siphela kuze kuze kube ubhekwa value amanga, futhi uma leli nani awulona khona? Impendulo yombuzo mhlawumbe kakade ngakho yonke into icacile. Kwezinye izimo, an loop elingapheli kuyadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga? Lesi sibonelo elizoba ukugcwaliseka lokuqala isimiso esinjalo, njengoba "iwashi." Lapha Yebo, udinga ukusebenzisa i loop elingapheli, okuyinto kuzobuyekezwa unomphela futhi ubonise isikhathi.
Infinite iluphu ngokuvamile program iphutha imfundamakhwela enikhohlwa ukwengeza izimo ushintsho umjikelezo.
Ake sibheke ucezu elandelayo Python ikhodi. Imijikelezo kulokhu iterated unomphela (ngemva "#" uhlamvu kuyinto amazwana):
inombolo = 1 # ukumemezela inombolo variable futhi babela it a ukubaluleka 1 kuyilapho inani <10: # ukudala postcondition, okuyinto abale angaphansi kuka-10 isimo # ukuphrinta 'Sawubona' (ukuphrinta «Sawubona» umlayezo) |
Isimiso esinjalo kufanele Ungagijimeli zihlanganise, ngoba ngeke agijime phakade. Sacela izimo yokuthi ngeke kube yinkohliso amagugu nesimo «inombolo <10" kuleli cala futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakho kuphindelelwa kuyoba njalo ngokuletha inani N-th of "Sawubona" imiyalezo. Ukuze uyeke inqubo kwekuhlanganisa okuphakade, uzodinga ucindezela ikhi inhlanganisela Ctrl + C igobolondo.
Python:-syntax. Nakuba, futhi izihibe
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, e ulimi "Python" izinhlelo, zikhona izindlela eziningana ukuhlela izinkulumo uphinda iqembu. It luyangenela iluphu ngoba, okuyinto kancane sihluke sabafowabo ngenkathi, ngoba design salo kancane nzima nje postcondition. ake nezinsuku lapho singeke sikhulume jikelele lomjikelezo, ngoba nje akusho Nokho, kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi i-loop kuyinto ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho okwesikhashana. A ezihlukahlukene izindlela zokuxazulula umklamo nokusebenza kwale umjikelezo ziphumelela kangcono kancane nge postcondition, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi eziwubala okuningi.
Yiziphi izinselele umjikelezo ngoba? Ngokungangabazeki, kuyafana nalokho we ngenkathi - ukuhlela iyiphi izinqubo. Amanothi Uhlelo senziwe "Python", sisetshenziswa kabanzi iluphu ngoba, okuyinto uyakwazi ekusebenziseni ukudlula kuhlelo predetermined sebuningini izakhi futhi ukwenza emzimbeni walo ezihlukahlukene ukuphindiphinda phezu kwabo. Izici yalesi design ingasetshenziswa ekucubungululeni imigqa noma izinhlu njenganoma iyiphi into iterated.
Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa umjikelezo in Python
Ake sithi sinabadlali uhlu izinombolo, futhi sidinga element ngayinye (isb. E. Inombolo) kukhuphuke ngo amayunithi ezintathu. Ukuqalisa msebenzi singakwazi esikhaleni esivulekile, ngoba izindlela iluphu.
Ake sibheke isibonelo esheshayo, lapho sizoyenza isinyathelo esifanele salokhu (ngemva "#" uhlamvu kuyinto amazwana):
spisok_chisel = [5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95] # afanayo limenyezelwe aqukethe 10 izibalo ukubala = 0 # wadala esiphikisayo zero ngoba izakhi spisok_chisel: # ukuhlela phezu elifanayo bese ulibhala izakhi spisok_chisel [ukubala] = izakhi + # 3 inani elandayo afanayo ezintathu ukubala = ubale + 1 # ukuya inombolo eduze phezu Inkomba |
Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukwakhiwa ngenhla kuyoba:
spisok_chisel = [8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98] |
Ngo Isibonelo sethu, kukhona count variable, okuyinto esiyidingayo ukuze ukugubha yokushintsha kwezindinganiso kumalungu afanayo «spisok_chisel». Ukubala variable kulotshwe inani Inkomba element ngayinye ku array (inombolo ngayinye ohlwini). Variable «izakhi» uxhuma ukubaluleka okuholela ohlwini. Esikhathini i loop, sibona ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani ukucutshungulwa into ngayinye ohlwini zezinombolo. Ngaphakathi loop, into ngayinye yezinombolo onenkomba «count» ungeze inani element iterated wamanje kanye ezintathu. Khona-ke Inkomba yethu «ukubala» sanda ngengxenye, futhi ukugeleza kokusebenza kohlelo ubuyela kokuqala izikhangiso sokwakha. Ngakho, i-loop Kuzoze kube ize kusetshenzwe element ngayinye kumalungu afanayo, enikezwa isimo. Uma kukhona isici olahlekile, kodwa esabekwa isimo, umjikelezo kuqedile. Thina ukuziqhakambisa into eyodwa ngaphezulu: uma ungabhali umugqa «count = ubale + 1", naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amalungu afanayo ezinto sicutshungulwe ngempumelelo, umphumela uyohlale ukungezwa ngowokuqala zezinombolo into Inkomba zero c.
Manje singakwazi cabanga ngesikhathi iluphu izimiso ukusebenza futhi ukukhomba umehluko (khumbula ukuthi Python aphume umjikelezo postcondition Kwenziwa ngesisekelo nenqubo okunengqondo - kweqiniso (umjikelezo uyaqhubeka) noma amanga (umjikelezo eyeka)).
Indlela esiphatha ngayo yezinhlamvu e Python usebenzisa nomklamo?
Kuwo wonke ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo kukhona imijikelezo, futhi basebenza, ngokuvamile on isimiso esifanayo, umehluko kuphela ku-syntax. Nokho, i-loop ngolimi "Python" akuyona abavamile nokuyize, ngoba isimiso ukusebenza kwawo akugcini counter. Lo mklamo libala into ngayinye eceleni. Konke lokhu kungenziwa kalula zachazwa yisigaba isibonelo ukusebenza ngogubhu, kodwa okokuqala ake ukubhekana ukubunjwa umjikelezo ngoba:
i-variable
Lilondolozwe operation yi umjikelezo variable
e peremennaya_2
ukhiye izwi «e» - ke kungokudingekayo lapho esebenza «for» umjikelezo. Kusukela peremennoy_2 thina ukudonsa ukubaluleka ukuthi uzobe iterated. Ngokucaca, nokucacisa, ake sibheke isibonelo elincane ukusebenza kanjani futhi ukuhlunga ochungechunge abaku-Python:
wezinhlamvu = 'izinhlelo' # ukumemezela kwenombolo bese babela value string I-Slovo e Char: # Dala Slovo variable, ezoqhubeka amakhodi busting of wezinhlamvu variable ukuphrinta (Slovo, ekupheleni = '^') # lokukhipha le Slovo nangemva incwadi ngayinye, faka uphawu - inyoni. |
Waba yini umphumela wesibindi iskripthi:
P ^ p ^ o ^ r ^ r ^ a ^ m ^ m ^ ^ p ^ o ^ a ^ a ^ n ^ futhi ^ e |
uqhubeke isitatimende
opharetha uqhubeke nokufaka kwathatha ukuqaliswa umjikelezo olandelayo, enikezwa isimo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhalansi loop. Sebenzisa uqhubeke isitatimende kungaba ngemijikelezo ezimbili - i-isikhashana.
Cabanga ngalesi sibonelo:
I-count 'ukuphinda incwadi ngayinye, ngaphandle' uma count == 'o': uqhubeke ukuphrinta (ukubala * 2, ekupheleni = '') |
Umphumela walokhu uyoba okulandelayo:
Ppvvttrriimm kkaazhzhdduuyuyu bbuukkvvuu ,, kkrrmmee |
Lapho isibambi wathola incwadi "o" Uchungechunge 'ukuphinda incwadi ngayinye, ngaphandle' ukubulawa kwabo uhlelo ngokushesha kuthunyelwa umugqa ngemva kwegama elithi '' qhubeka '', lapho isimo isethwe okubili incwadi ngayinye.
isitatimende ikhefu
Elingukhiye «ikhefu» ifakwe endaweni lapho umjikelezo iwukuba uphazanyiswe ngaphandle elinde liqedwa, owanikwa ngesandla isimo. Lo mklamo livame ukusetshenziswa lapho ebhalela izinhlelo eziningi logic nemibandela.
Cabangela isibonelo elincane isitatimende umsebenzi ikhefu:
I-count 'ukuphinda incwadi ngayinye, ngaphandle' uma count == 'o': ikhefu ukuphrinta (ukubala * 2, ekupheleni = '') |
Umphumela walokhu uyoba okulandelayo:
nn |
Lapho isibambi wathola incwadi "o" Uchungechunge 'ukuphinda njalo incwadi ngaphandle' ukubulawa kwabo uhlelo ngokushesha okumisiwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emgqeni olandelayo iqukethe ezinye izimo umjikelezo.
Umlingo izwi enye
Uchungechunge lwemfundo noma yiluphi uhlobo ungafaka isicelo opharetha okunye. Kuyini for? Wabuye amasheke okwakukade uzibophezele uphume ku-loop kusho ikhefu noma ngendlela evamile. Vimbela ngemithetho predetermined ekusebenziseni omunye aqale kuphela uma isimo ukuthi okukhiphayo lomjikelezo kwenziwa ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa break isakhiwo.
Cabangela isibonelo esincane:
I-count 'sawubona emhlabeni': uma count == 'Mina': ikhefu okunye: ukuphrinta ( 'umusho lakho alinaso incwadi' mina '') |
Okukhiphayo iskripthi:
umusho wakho akuyona incwadi "Mina" |
Izibonelo imijikelezo ngokulandelana reverse of the Python ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo
Njengoba ukusebenza ngo-Python umjikelezo reverse? Ake sicabange ukuthi ngokubhala uhlelo kudingeka aqaphele emgqeni uhlamvu ukuphrinta oda reverse. Uzisebenzisa kanjani lokhu?
Cabanga isibonelo ngezansi:
Slovo = 'izinhlelo' new_slovo = [] ngoba ukubala limile (Len (s), 0, -1): new_slovo.append (s [i-1]) new_slovlo [ 'P', 'p', 'o', 'g', 'p', 'a', 'm', 'm', 'u', 'p', 'o', 'a', ' a ',' n ',' u ',' e '] ukuphrinta (new_slovo) [ 'P', 'p', 'o', 'g', 'p', 'a', 'm', 'm', 'futhi', 'p', 'o', 'e', ' a ',' n ',' u ',' e '] ukuphrinta ( ''. ujoyine (new_slovo)) |
Waba yini umphumela wesibindi iskripthi:
einavorimmargorp |
izihibe isichazi
Ngo-Python, kukhona ngemijikelezo izinhlelo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuthi ibekwe yomzimba yomunye. Emjikeletweni ngamunye kungaba iluphu isichazi, futhi ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwakha isitebhisi infinity. Esikhathini kuphindelelwa lokuqala iluphu yangaphandle idwetshwa ngekholi ukuze wazi bangaphakathi, uyabulawa ngaphambi kokuphela yayo, bese ukulawula zonke uqondiswe ku umzimba loop yangaphandle. Njalo ulimi has izici zayo siqu loops isichazi, ake sibheke indlela basebenza "Python" ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo.
Uma usebenzisa izihibe isichazi, Python inikeza syntax ezilandelayo:
I-okuguquguqukayo ukulandelana eziguquguqukayo: I-okuguquguqukayo ukulandelana lokwehlukile isenzo (s) isenzo (s) |
Izici esikhethekile izihibe isichazi Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umjikelezo anoma yiluphi uhlobo ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yiluphi uhlobo umjikelezo! Lokhu kusho ukuthi umjikelezo ngenkathi (noma) uma sezingashumekeka ngoba umjikelezo noma aphinde ngesikhathi futhi okuphambene nalokho.
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