Primer: izinhlobo nenhlabathi. izici nenhlabathi

Abaningi zijwayele ukuqonda indlela kuba kwindlela linikezwa njengamanje. Nokho, izigidi ubunjalo iminyaka wahlanganyela lasungulwa. Ekuqaleni, ebusweni kwaba idwala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ephenywa ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ithonya imvula namaminerali. Amanxiwa ezindawo izitshalo kuqala futhi okwalandela avundisa umhlabathi nge humus. Ngalesi yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo topsheet yanda, ekubeni Ukwakheka kangcono futhi isakhiwo. Ngokusho izizathu Geological, izici mechanical futhi amakhemikhali ziyahlukahluka phezu bonke ubuso. Inhlabathi - inhlabathi, ukwehluka yamadwala, izakhiwo ezenziwe umuntu. Konke lokhu isikhathi eside kwaba ubunjiniyela oboktom imisebenzi yabantu.

ngezigaba

Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo inhlabathi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa:

• rock Monolithic futhi ephuma eqinile nakho ngeke kusize nezixhumanisi kwesakhiwo.
• Bahlakazeka eceleni-grained ngaphandle eqinile kwesakhiwo ngokujoyina. Ixhunyiwe - ubumba, incoherent - indawo.

primer Kusebenza ekwakhiweni izisekelo izakhiwo, izakhiwo ubunjiniyela, kanye umgwengwezi kwemigwaqo, embankments namadamu. kuhambisana kahle ukudalwa iziteshi komhlaba imigudu, emafektri kanye nabanye. Inhlabathi isayensi - isayensi mkhakha wocwaningo okuyinto inhlabathi.

Izinhlobo nenhlabathi futhi izakhiwo zabo

Ukwakha isisekelo okuthembekile udinga acabangele izinga ngokomzimba zenhlabathi, okuyinto ezansi. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo kuhlanganisa ithebula inhlabathi. Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi okumele Kwasetshenziswa emhlabeni u elana ukubala. Ekuhloleni nokufaneleka walo lobuchwepheshe kumele sihlole izici ezithile ezifana:

1. I homogeneity kwengoma.
2. Ngokucabangela kumele sithathwe Coefficient friction izingxenye inhlabathi uquqaba ndawonye.
3. Inombolo enkulu amanzi ukumuncwa, kanye sokuqala phambi kwakhe.
4. Ikhono inhlabathi ukuba agcine ugxile ketshezi bona ukuphela, naphezu kwemizamo esenzelwe ukuba kususwe.
5. Erodibility namanzi solubility, compressibility, razryhlyaemost, ductility kanye izici ezifana.
6. Coupling, futhi ukuma kuyizinhlayiyana ngosayizi. Kulokhu kusho amandla izibopho, okuyinto has phansi.

Inhlabathi izinhlobo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi, okuyizinto ahlukile isakhiwo, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi izinqubo ukuthuthukiswa. Futhi lisho amaqembu Lesisemkhatsini enamadwala rocks eziphukile. Zakhiwa amatshe unconnected noma ixhunywe angcolisa. I zokugcina ngokuthi conglomerates.

isakhiwo okuxekethile

Leli qembu siqukethe izinhlobo inhlabathi sandy, okuyinto bome Ungalahlekelwa ivolumu yabo. Ngesimo okumsulwa, zingabantu isibopho cishe azinakwa phakathi izinhlayiya. Kuhlanganisa lapha nobumba. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi okwandisa umthamo yayo lapho elina kuye nomswakama ungaba uxhumano ezinhle. Sands akanayo plasticity. Ngemva ukusebenzisa indluzula, basuke onomfutho ngokushesha, kodwa musa uwagcine ukuma wanginika. Kodwa ubumba kalula amenable ukuba ukuguqulwa. Nanguya ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla zangaphandle kunalokho kancane, kodwa kakhulu onomfutho.

isakhiwo idwala

It lwaqinisa futhi ashiselwe phakathi edwaleni. Ngaphandle, lezi zakhiwo ukumela afanayo okuqhubekayo noma ungqimba fissured. Ayegcwele amanzi, babonisa iphesenti eliphezulu amandla compressive. Letakhi zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini futhi razmyagchimy. Ziyakwazi awunankinga njengesisekelo isisekelo ngenxa ukuqina yayo, ukumelana kokucindezelwa kanye frost. Inzuzo undoubted zalezi zakhiwo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akukho ukuvulwa eyengeziwe futhi ushona kubo.

Conglomerates futhi neskalnye isakhiwo

Kweziningi zazo leli ukuphela crystalline neskreplonnye futhi indawo sedimentary amatshe. Letakhi bayakwazi ukumelana ukwakhiwa samaphansi eziningana. Zizathu eyenziwa ithebhu strip siqalo, ukujula okungenani isigamu imitha. On endaweni Russian Federation eziningi izinhlobonhlobo idwala izakhiwo ukuthi babe ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo ngokomzimba.

isakhiwo okuxekethile

Kumele ukuthi inhlabathi-isihlabathi ubhekwa isakhiwo lalivamile. Kuyini lokhu isigaba? Ukwakheka ingxube particulate kuhlanganisa eziningi asebenza ngebhethri wokusanhlamvu, kanye nezinye izinto eziye zavela ngenxa weathering yamadwala izinhlayiya owayemude encane kakhulu. Letakhi zihlukaniswa subgroups eziningana. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, gravelly, medium and enkulu, amatshe ezinothuli. Zonke lezi zakhiwo babhekana kalula ukuba ukuthuthukiswa, kukhona kakhulu vodopropuskaemostyu ngaphansi kwengcindezi uphawu kahle. Lapho ebeka isihlabathi ngokulinganayo phezu kwabantu futhi ivolumu ongabeka isisekelo esihle ukuqhubeka. Ukusebenzisa esiphezulu zezici zalo kuzokwenzeka uma kwenzeka ukuthi ezingeni ingaphezu komhlaba umnkantsha. Konke lokhu kuncike izici esifundeni, lapho ukwakhiwa. Kokucindezela isihlabathi kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwenze isakhiwo esinjalo akudingi isikhathi esiningi. Ubukhulu bayo kuyizinhlayiyana ngokuqondile wakhona ikhono lokubekezelela umthwalo. Usayizi kuyizinhlayiyana isihlabathi uthuli kuhluka 0,005 ukuze 0.05 mm. Ngeke kube nesisekelo esihle ukwakha ubhekana njengoba ezimbi imithwalo eliphezulu. Inhlabathi eyisihlabathi uyakwazi ukucwila ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Futhi, wacishe akazange iqhwa futhi kulula ukuba kudlule amanzi. Uma isisekelo kusekelwe nsuku ezinjalo, ulaliswe ngesikhathi ukujula esingeqile 70 cm, kodwa akukho ngamasentimitha esingaphansi amane.

Isakhiwo plastic. esingezansi

izici Plastic ka nenhlabathi uvumele utihlukanise tibe eziningana. Cabanga ayinhloko. isakhiwo Okuxekethile, okuqukethwe okuyinto 5-10% ubumba, ngokuthi loam. Ezinye zazo phezu dilution ngamanzi abe flowable efana ketshezi. Ngenxa yalokhu, primer ubizwa nangokuthi ezintantayo. izakhiwo ezinjalo efanelekayo izisekelo isisekelo. Loam ukubunjwa yayo bavela 10 kuya ku-30% nobumba. Eza ekukhanyeni, aphakathi nendawo kanye ezisindayo. Lezi zinkomba inikeze sikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi inhlabathi ubumba nesihlabathi.

impahla yemvelo isisekelo

Ubunjalo bomzimba inhlabathi kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Akuwona wonke idwala ungakwazi ukwakha isakhiwo. Ngokungafani isakhiwo luyimbudumbudu, ubumba has a compressibility okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kulokhu, it Ukulayisha inqubo compaction kuyinto ngempela kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo kodaka emhlabathini kuzothatha isikhathi esithe xaxa. Kuhlanganiswe inhlabathi izingqimba - dwala isakhiwo luyimbudumbudu - akudingeki ukumelana liquefaction. Ngenxa yalokhu, banalo ongaphakeme umthwalo eziveza umthamo. Ukwakheka primer kuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ngomzuzu, ogama usayizi ingeqi 0.005 mm. Kulendlela yokubhala iqukethe esincane izinhlayiya okuxekethile. Clay kalula amenable ukuba kokucindezelwa kanye Blur. Ohlangene eminyakeni, lesi sakhiwo siyoba base esihle kakhulu obeka isisekelo endlini. Nokho, zikhona eziningana ukubhuka, ngoba esimweni imvelo cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola ezomile nobumba.

Small zohlobo isakhiwo Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe umphumela capillary. It kuholela ubumba olumanzi njalo. Kodwa ukuntuleka lolu hlobo isakhiwo alikho umswakama okuqukethwe kwayo, futhi heterogeneity. Yena aluphumeleli amanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uketshezi basakaza nge komhlaba ezingcolisa ahlukahlukene. Emazingeni aphansi, ubumba iqala ukumisa isakhiwo, okuholela ukuvuvukala yayo. Lokhu kunomthelela ukhulisa isisekelo. Umswakama ubumba engalingani. Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke uyovuka indawo ngezindlela ezingafani. Konke lokhu kuholela ekubhujisweni lesi sakhiwo. Kwezinye izindawo, oluqine abanye kancane, kodwa phezu bonke ubuso ku base kuthinta umhlabathi. Izinhlobo zenhlabathi, kuncike izakhiwo ezithinta izisekelo ngezindlela ezahlukene.

isakhiwo macroporous

Lolu uhlobo ahlukene, ezakhiwe ngobumba nenhlabathi okuyinto. Igama macroporous ezikutholile sibonga izikhala ezinkulu phakathi izinhlayiya. Ikhule ezimbotsheni zibonakala ngisho ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Uma sicabanga ungabona ukuthi zingabantu kunalelo skeleton inhlabathi. Lesi sakhiwo zihlanganisa izinto loess. Ukwakheka yabo ikhona engaphezu kwengu-50% uthuli. Letakhi zisabalele e eningizimu yeRussia neMpumalanga Ekude. Ngaphansi kwethonya umswakama zohlobo enjalo cwilisa futhi ilahlekelwa ukuzinza. Uma esigabeni sokuqala nenhlabathi clayey kwakhiwa ngenxa kwezulu kwesakhiwo emanzini, wakhe ubuhanjelwe izinqubo microbiological, ibizwa ngokuthi kodaka. Avame kakhulu ezitholakala ezindaweni exhaphozini futhi izimbuku Peat ndawo. Uma isizinda yakhiwa kulesi wendawo lapho ematfuba khona loess kanye nenhlabathi silty, kubalulekile ukuba sithathe izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze uqinise ukwakhiwa.

Ukunqunywa ukungaguquguquki endaweni

Isakhiwo ubumba nenhlabathi kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa lokwela ongaboni. Ngokwesibonelo, insimbi inamathele ingxube plastic. Ehluke yena kuzoholela phansi kanzima. Izinhlobo nenhlabathi zinqunywa kweqa kubo cord noma bezihlikihla ngezandla zakhe. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuhlola plasticity yabo. Clay nenhlabathi oluhlehlela kahle, bungacaci zigcwala ngesikhathi umnkantsha. Letakhi baphakathi olindele kunazo futhi okungekuhle ukuze kwakhiwe isisekelo. Ngesisekelo zindawo kufanele zifakwe ku frost Ukungena ukujula eligcwele. Kuhlola umhlabathi isayithi ukwakheka wenziwa ukuchelela. Lungisa abatholako yamanzi ebusweni. Uma ukumuncwa kwenzeka ngemizuzwana, isakhiwo se-enamadwala noma sandy. Ngokushesha impela uthatha amanzi ezimanzi peaty zohlobo. Kodwa phezu ketshezi ubumba umhlabathi agcinwe.

Bese uthayipha ezimbalwa abanye ungqimba ezomile ngawakhamela ke esandleni sakho. Uma isakhiwo is kuphulwe kube okusanhlamvu noma leaked ngokusebenzisa iminwe yakhe, kuyisifo idwala enamadwala noma sandy. Clay kalula amenable ukuba kokucindezelwa futhi wenza ifomu inhlama. Ngizizwa kungokuhluke oshelelayo. Uma umhlabathi Kubonakala sengathi insipho, abushelelezi futhi hhayi okungaka onomfutho ke cishe, kuba daka noma loam. Peaty isakhiwo esifana isiponji.

Indlela ukunquma isakhiwo ekhaya?

isipuni Okugcwele kwenhlabathi ibekwa ingilazi yamanzi ahlanzekile. Kuyadingeka ukuba uhlanganise futhi ushiye. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ungabona yi. Uma phansi inzika egqinsiwe, futhi amanzi ngokwako kuqhathaniswa ehlanzekile, khona-ke engeza inhlabathi loamy. Sand, amatshe phansi kanye ketshezi - kungenye isakhiwo. Cishe, kungcono edwaleni. Kahle kahle, lokhu kungase kube isihlabathi noma Stony inhlabathi. amanzi lemicu empunga elinamathela othini bese olumhlophe izilongotshane abalingiswa nesakhiwo namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Peaty inhlabathi uzokwenza amanzi esinamafu. Uma uyikha phezulu le, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngeke ukuntanta izingcezwana mncane futhi ukukhanya inzika encane livela phansi. Uma ubumba amanzi daka, kuba esinamafu. Ngakho, kwenze mncane ezansi.

pH ezingeni

Umhlabathi ingahlukaniswa kuncike degree asidi. Ngakho, ngokuya pH isakhiwo kukhona wavuma acid, hlangothi noma kancane ane-alikhali. Ezingeni lokugcina inhlabathi asidi ezisukela 6.5 kuya 7.0. Kuyinto enkulu for izitshalo engadini, kuhlanganise imifino, kuthuthukisa ukukhula ngokushesha kanye nentuthuko. Acid primer has indices kusuka 4.0 kuya 6.5, kodwa kusuka 7.0 kuya 9.0 - kuba isakhiwo ane-alikhali. Ngaphezu kwalezi, kukhona amaphuzu okwedlulele we esikalini - kusuka 1 kuya 14, kodwa cishe never kwenzeke umkhuba ukulima European. Ukwazi lezi idatha kuyadingeka ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha efanele izitshalo emhlabathini. I-asidi we inhlabathi zingancishiswa ngenxa ukuxuba ngomcako isakhiwo. Phakamisa pH usizo isimo organic. Nokho, inqubo yokugcina has a izindleko kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kule ndaba, inhlabathi ane-alikhali acidophiles izindawo zingatshalwa izitsha kanye thini zigcwele isakhiwo ene-asidi.

zimbali ezikhula

Lapho ekhetha inhlabathi zokutshala kufanele sigxile ezintweni ezifana:

• nobukhulu bayo. Kukhona emhlabathini izimbali, izithombo, kanye engadini futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga. Kungenzeka ukuthenga Peat. Konke kuncike inhloso inhlabathi kuyadingeka, yini izitshalo kwamasiko noma Ornamental ngeke zingatshalwa kuso.
• Species. Uma uya sikhule abamele esigabeni esifanayo ke lesikahle kuyoba yindawo esikhethekile kuye. Kodwa uma ezimbalwa, ngeke asondele jikelele.
• Ukusetshenziswa ivolumu.

Ukuze ingxube inhlabathi kwaba friable xaxa, usebenzisa vermiculite. Ukuze izimpande musa ukubola kusukela amanzi amile ezansi ungqimba zokutshala amanzi selibekiwe. Ukuze Cacti futhi eziningi nezinye izitshalo, inhlabathi exutshwe isakhiwo luyimbudumbudu. Uma kokwehla senzeka ezindaweni eziseceleni nemibhalo ke kuyokusiza ukuba ngcono ikhwalithi Turf. Hydrogel kuthuthukisa umswakama kanye igumbi emoyeni izinqubo. Ukuze wehlise pH usebenzisa namalahle. It is ukungezwa emhlabathini izimbali (isib orchid) nezinye izitshalo.

ukungcola Iwusizo

Vegetable isimo somhlabathi, ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa engadini. Kodwa kwenkululeko izakhiwo kanye ukungcola ezihlukahlukene "ewusizo" lungaphezu ebanzi ngenxa iinthombe itshe, ubumba, kanye nezinye izingxenye. Yini iphesenti izithako ezidingekayo ezuzisayo? Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi evundile luyinhlanganisela 50% Peat, 30% abamnyama umhlaba futhi 20% isihlabathi. Ngakho-ke, lihlanganisa wokuqukethwe lelisetulu organic compounds kanye izinto amaminerali. Primer evundile waterproofness okusezingeni eliphezulu lihlukile. Lesi sakhiwo inikeza umsoco okuphelele izitshalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sigaba sokukhula yabo.

On amabhizinisi ukulima, amapulazi futhi iziza yangasese inhlabathi evundile isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Alwa kahle izinhloso zazo wafaka inqubo ukutshalwa kwezitshalo kwamasiko. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile iqiniso lokuthi kuyasiza ngcono isimo somhlabathi, kwandisa umkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanganisela enjalo ayidingi Umanyolo ukusetshenziswa eyengeziwe.

Indlela yokuthuthukisa isimo somhlabathi?

Ukuze nenhlabathi abampofu enamadwala nasogwadule olunesihlabathi esetshenziswa overrotten nomswani exutshwe utshani. Makudle Equine ungcono izinkomo. Uyanikela ukubambezeleka umswakama nokumbiwa izakhi ohlelweni isitshalo impande. Kodwa ngo umquba ayikwazi ukwengezwa fresh. Izinjongo ezifana egcekeni umquba angasetshenziswa. A ingxube rotted umquba wamahhashi lime kanye Peat ngokuthi mushroom umquba. Uma ufuna ukwakha ukuphendula kancane ane-alikhali nenhlabathi hlangothi, ingxube enjalo uphelele. Leaf semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla izitshalo ukuthi zidinga inhlabathi acid, okungukuthi, i-acidophiles amanzi-onothando. Kuyinto-moya, mulches futhi acidify phansi. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, ungasebenzisa chips izinkuni kanye sawdust. inhlabathi Peat osetshenziselwa namachibi. It ubola ngokushesha, kodwa iqukethe cishe awekho izakhamzimba. Ebusika ungasebenzisa izimpaphe, okuyinto abacebile phosphorus. Futhi, bona kunezelwa ezindaweni lapho ufuna ukutshala amazambane. Ukuze uthuthukise permeability amanzi kanye nesakhiwo ubumba nenhlabathi, ukusetshenziswa izinkuni oqoshiwe. Amagxolo ibuye isetshenziswe semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla, ngenxa ukubukeka kwakhe nezimfanelo zakhe. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa conditioner emoyeni ngesikhathi esifanayo noma esikhundleni manyolo organic. Iziza zomhlabathi ukuthi nje kuhlelwe ukuhlwanyela, bemba futhi ixubene kubo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukuze umquba izitshalo kakade itshalwe ekucebiseni ungqimba inhlabathi semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla kusukela conditioning materials organic umquba ekuqaleni futhi kuphele isizini.