Potash - a ... Formula nokusebenzisa umanyolo

Potash - yigama angakahleleki ikhemikhali bamakhemikhali shayela-potassium carbonate. Lokhu sawoti kubantu eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, njengoba iqukethwe umlotha. Ngaphambili, leli gama ubizwa okuseleyo ezomile ngemva ukuhwamuka yesixazululo omlilo isitshalo. Ngakho, lokho manje okwaziwa mayelana potassium?

ifomula

Enye igama yalolu ketshezi - umanyolo. Futhi ifomula ayo chemical kulotshiwe njengoba - K ₂ CO _3. Limelela isilinganiso potassium usawoti kanye carbonic acid. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isixazululo umanyolo akuyona esidi noma eziyisisekelo, kuba hlangothi. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwathiwa kudidaniswe baking soda - NaHCO _3.

Umlando ukutholakala kanye cwaningo

Yiqiniso, asazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubani owayebaluleke umanyolo lokuqala, njengoba ayaziwa kanjalo e neRoma lasendulo. Khona-ke esetholakele kusukela umlotha esetshenziswa okugeza kuwo. Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi isikhathi eside kwathiwa kudidaniswe enye into - Bicarbonate potassium. I ajwayelekile baking soda, umanyolo - ndawonye bebizelwa nosawoti nje ane-alikhali noma ane-alikhali. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo waqala ekhulwini XVIII-XIX. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwaziwa e 1759, lapho u-Andreas Marggraf wathola ukuthi soda kuyinto amaminerali ane-alikhali, kuyilapho potassium - isitshalo. Futhi 1807 Gemfri Devi wasungula Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ngasinye salezi izinto.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ukukhiqizwa kwe umanyolo ubheke ekhulwini XIV. Yezinkampani ezinkulu zitholakala eJalimane nasemazweni aseScandinavia. Potassium carbonate ukuthi yasetshenziswa ekwenzeni insipho izimboni, indwangu umkhakha, izitshalo ukudaya. Ekhulwini xv mncintiswano kuhlanganise naseRussia. Ngaphambi ukuthi ukwaba umanyolo kusukela umlotha wayengazi ukuthi, kodwa umane akhishelwe khona imikhiqizo amandla omlilo kanye, isibonelo, Izifutho. Glass umkhakha kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe kuyadingeka futhi kule ndaba. Demand wakhula, wakhula, unikele kuye.

By endleleni, igama "umanyolo" - kungcono nje indlela ukusikisela ukukhiqizwa yayo eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesiLatini Uzwakala potassa, okusisekelo Fusion amagama "umlotha" futhi "imbiza".

Chemical futhi Izakhiwo

Ngokuhamba ucwaningo nge yalolu ketshezi, ososayensi wathola ulwazi mayelana nalezi noma ezinye izimfanelo esivela kuwo. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, umanyolo okumsulwa - a okuqinile ngesimo zinhlayiya kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma powder emhlophe. inhlanganiso Ezazimzungezile - 2,43 g / cm ^3. ye-potassium carbonate Melting lokushisa - 891 degrees Celsius. It has hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Le into akuyona ukuqhuma noma umlilo ingozi. Nabo isikhumba olumanzi noma lwamafinyila ulwelwesi ecasulayo. Ngakho, lingelikaJehova ekilasini lesithathu ingozi.

Izinhlobonhlobo kanye namafomu

Zimbili izinhlobo umanyolo: calcined futhi polutoravodny. Ngokuphambene, yesibili, ifomu kuqala aluqukethanga amanzi - ngesikhathi calcining ke iyasha futhi kususa izinto eziphilayo, okuholela isixazululo of potassium carbonate yalolu hlobo kuba kungekho nto enemibala emihle ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umahluko senziwa phakathi potassium nezinhlobonhlobo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ezintathu kuphela. Izinga wokugcina kuncike okuqukethwe ukungcola ezifana yensimbi, aluminium, chloride, i-sodium ne-sulfate. Futhi kunakwe lapho ukwabela grade ingxenyenamba mass sludge ukugqashuka ikhambi kanye nokulahlekelwa ku ukuthungela.

isizinda

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa umanyolo alikho ngezinga elikhulu kangaka, njengoba kunjalo baking soda, namanje ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa abantu. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke kudingeka uthole. Izinto eziningi ezincane kungenziwa ngisho ekhaya.

Okokuqala udinga ukuthola izandla zabo phezu nomlotha umsuka isitshalo. Khona-ke kubalulekile ukuba chaza it in kwamahala kwenani elithile lamanzi ashisayo, kahle isiyaluyalu futhi ulinde isikhathi esithile. Okulandelayo, ukuze uqale ukuhwamuka isixazululo umanyolo nenye izinto eziphilayo ezibangela kwezulu zinhlayiya. Ngokwemvelo, potassium carbonate, kukhethwe ngendlela efanayo, kuyoba high, kanye nemizamo wachitha inkulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani. Ngakho, kusobala, ngezinga ezimbonini konkhe kwehlukile.

Ngakho, i solution potassium carbonate aqueous is wasithukuthelela CO _2, okuholela kwetinhlavu KHCO _3. It yena, uyabaselwa, futhi kukhona amanzi nesikhutha excretion e okuseleyo - ukuqala umanyolo.

Kunezindlela eziningana ukuze bathole le nto, kodwa elula futhi ephumelela kunazo yilawo esesichaziwe.

ukucutshungulwa

Njengoba sekushiwo, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili umanyolo - calcined futhi polutoravodny. Pho-ke, potassium carbonate ukucutshungulwa kwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa noma kwezinhlobo?

Okokuqala, baze ziyahlukahluka ifomula. Polutoravodny libukeka: K ₂ CO ₃ + 1,5H ₂ O, isb liqukethe amanzi ekuqaleni. Nokho, kuyinto hygroscopic nakakhulu kunokuvamile. Kusukela leli fomu ingalungiswa futhi ifomu anhydrous - powder ngokwanele eliwu 130-160 degrees Celsius.

ifomu Calcined etholwe ukucutshungulwa ye-potassium carbonate, etholwe ukuhwamuka solution umlotha e nezikhamo lokhuni. Le into kungaqali ahlanzekile kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele noma calcined noma calcined. Ukulandela enye yalezi izinqubo, carbonate potassium powder emhlophe etholwe, futhi isixazululo walo wawenziwe - kungenambala ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, indaba ayiqukethe amanzi.

ukusetshenziswa

Sekuyisikhathi eside futhi namanje ye-potassium carbonate ezihlukahlukene esebenzayo izimboni eziningi, futhi ngezinhloso ezahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhono lakhe elimangalisayo ukuze ahlanze isasetshenziswa ekwenzeni insipho namanye amakhemikhali yasendlini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umanyolo - emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni okufakiwe kuze nosimende. Njengoba kunjalo, kuvumela Izingxube ukuba livikela kakhulu abandayo, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuqhubeka ukwakha ngisho noma kushisa sasivumela ongaphakeme. Inzuzo yayo enkulu phezu imikhiqizo efanayo ukuthi akakubangeli ukugqwala kwezakhiwo, kanye kumiswa efflorescence, okuyinto ayengakwenza kulwenze buthaka isakhiwo.

Namanje-potassium carbonate asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni crystal ingilazi, futhi eliphezulu yokukhanya. Esikhundleni sakhe kule ndaba kungekho. Futhi akukho analogue yalolu ketshezi, isibonelo, womshini ingilazi refractory.

Ngokuvamile umanyolo - isakhi umbala umkhakha chemical isetshenziswa ukuncela-hydrogen sulfide kusukela igesi Izingxube - nale alwa ingcono kakhulu soda. Kuleyo ndawo, yena endaweni embonini eyenza imithi: carbonate potassium ehilelekile abanye ukusabela, futhi kwezinye izindawo zivela njengoba side effect. Esinye isici esibangela isicelo - umlilo idili. Lokho yalolu ketshezi iphathwa izakhiwo sokhuni, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukumelana kwabo umlilo.

Kuyamangalisa, kodwa umanyolo - liphinde okufakiwe ukudla. Ikhodi lakhe - E501 ukuze utfolakala kuluhlobo ka E. Okwesikhathi lalisetshenziswa ibhizinisi ukudla okunoshukela isibonelo, womshini Gingerbread. Ngo umkhakha ukukhanya, yalolu ketshezi nawo uhilelekile kule inqubo ukushuka.

Ekugcineni, amathemba okusezingeni eliphezulu kwesicelo umanyolo enkulu ekwakhekeni chlorine-free potassium fertilizer. Ash njengoba lisetshenziswe kulesi kudala, kodwa kula mashumi eminyaka amuva, lakhishwa kwafakwa ukugqoka ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze indlela kuzosetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu, Bebelokhu baziwa futhi ayiyona ingozi uma iqhathaniswa umquba amaminerali isicelo namuhla.

nezinye izici

Njengoba umanyolo - kukhona izidakamizwa hygroscopic kakhulu, kwikhava yawo, isitoreji kanye zokuhamba kukhona ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Ngokuvamile, izikhwama ezinhlanu-ungqimba esetshenziselwa isembozo ye-potassium carbonate. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokugwema ingress engadingeki zamanzi zibe yalolu ketshezi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumangalisayo, naphezu ukusabela okuhle kakhulu nge-H ₂ O, potassium carbonate siphela ngokuphelele acetone futhi ethanol.