Kuyini interspecific mncintiswano? izibonelo

Population ngemvelo - isiyalo ngokwesayensi ukuthi uyazicabangela ukuhlukahluka ubudlelwano phakathi eziphilayo okuqondene imiphakathi ehlukene. Enye indlela ukuxhumana okunjalo umncintiswano interspecific. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izici zawo, amaphethini nesenzakalo emzabalazweni indawo, ukudla kanye nezinye izici abiotic e eziphilayo ezihlala biogeotsinozah zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa.

Lesitshalo kanye izici zayo emvelweni

Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa komlando taxa yemvelo (amaqembu kokuba kutati) ingashintshwa ukuze abiotic futhi izici biotic nemvelo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa isimo sezulu, amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwe-inhlabathi, amanzi nomoya, njll, futhi owesibili - .. Umthelela ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila ngakolunye.

Abantu bazo zenye axazulule ezindaweni ezithile izindawo Ukuboshelwa. Amahlukuzo awo abizwa ngokuthi imiphakathi. Umphakathi elilodwa uhlobo contact unomphela nge imiphakathi yezinye izinhlobo. Kuchaza isikhundla salo zemvelo, othiwa niche semvelo.

Interspecific mncintiswano, isibonelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo esihlokweni, wenziwa ngqo ezindaweni agqagqene amabanga ezahlukene nemiphakathi kanye kungaholela ukushabalala labantu omunye wabo. Ngokwesibonelo, e G. Gause ucwaningo ososayensi Russian baye basungula izinhlobo ezimbili ciliates kwenye ophansi. Omunye wabo waqala ngenkuthalo ziyanda futhi sikhule ngezithukuthuku omunye. Ngenxa yalokho, ifomu buthaka iqedwe ngokuphelele (yokuqothulwa) izinsuku ezingu-20.

Uyini umphumela ezindaweni agqagqene

Uma insimu ka izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene kwendawo kwezinye izindawo biotope uhlangane phakathi kwabantu kuvele ukungaboni ngaso uqine ngokwanele kule Sakhiwo sangaphandle, isikhathi kusukela kwabasanda kweva eshumini kokuzalela. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-izici offset.

On the azungeze we indawo eyayihlala eziphilayo ziwuhlobo olulodwa kuphela, imiphakathi zabo yafinyelela nomphakathi, emelelwa abantu lomunye zilwane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esimweni sesibili phakathi imiphakathi nhlobo mncintiswano interspecific. Isibonelo nge izintaka waphawula ngisho uCharles Darwin ku Galapagos Islands phakathi nohambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke phezu frigate "Beagle" - isiqinisekiso ecacile.

Umthetho inyumbazane yokuncintisana

Le ncwadi eshiwo ngenhla usosayensi G. Gause washayelwa umthetho obalulekile kwemvelo: uma trophic kanye nezinye imiphakathi izidingo izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene esifanayo, lezi taxa uncintisana. Lokhu okunye aqede nokuhlalisana zabo phezu kwendawo yemvelo esifanayo, njengoba kwenzeka therebetween interspecies mncintiswano. Isibonelo ikubeka - ke evuna inani perch, Rudd kanye roach-ukudla in ichibi efanayo. Roach gazinga bamatasa kakhulu futhi elinganeliseki, ngakho ngempumelelo azixoshe perch abasha Rudd.

taxa Sympatric futhi allopatric

Kwasuka ngenxa speciation kwendawo. Cabanga zinhlobo ngokuthi allopatric. Ukuze ukuchaza Eqinisweni ngokubukeka kwabo, zisebenzisa idatha ku nokwakheka kanye paleogeography. Amasampula imiphakathi enjalo ukuncintisana kakhulu ngokwanele, njengoba zidinga efanayo izinsiza ukudla. It is le mfanelo libhekene mncintiswano interspecific.

Izibonelo izilwane wadalula speciation ngokwebalazwe, - a North-beaver American futhi mink. abangamakhulu ambalwa eyinkulungwane edlule, I-Asia naseNyakatho Melika zazixhunywe ezweni ngesakhiwo.

Ezwekazini, uhlalwe zilwane bomdabu namagundane. Lapho kwakukhona iBering Strait, imiphakathi Euro-Asia nase-American kwalezi zilwane ngenxa kwehlukana kwakheka uhlobo olusha lwesitshalo, ukuncintisana nabanye. Umehluko phakathi abantu abakhululekile bakuyo zithuthukiswa ngenxa ukufuduka izici.

Ingabe kungenzeka ukunciphisa mncintiswano interspecific?

Cacisa waphinda ukuthi labantu ngemvelo interspecific mncintiswano - kuba ubuhlobo eziphilayo okuqondene imiphakathi yamazwe nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene futhi ezidinga izisetshenziswa efanayo ezidingekayo ukuze baphile. Lokhu kungaba isikhala kwendawo ukukhanya, umswakama kanye, yebo, ukudla.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, emphakathini taxa ehlukene ukwabelana ndawo futhi base ukudla kunganciphisa ingcindezi wokuncintisana ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Pho-ke, kuyehla mncintiswano interspecific? Isibonelo - a division of uhla, okuholela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ukudla Waterfowl - nomphishamanzi futhi Shag. Ngisho noma behlala endaweni eyodwa, kodwa abantu base-zilwane lokuqala zidla ezingenamgogodla benthic nenhlanzi bobunjwa, kanti eyesibili - search for ukudla elingenhla izingqimba amanzi.

Ukuze eziphilayo Autotrophic nakho libhekene mncintiswano interspecific. Izibonelo izitshalo, ukusekela ukunqandwa kuwukubonakaliswa umzabalazo khona - kohlobo herbaceous futhi ifomu isihlahla. Laba bantu babe lokuhweba uhlelo impande lecinisekisa ukwehlukana phansi izingqimba, lapho izitshalo zikwazi ukumunca amanzi namaminerali. Izitshalo ukwakha udoti (Anemone Ranunculaceae, Sorrel, bearberry) kufanele obuphelele Taproot kusuka kwangu eziningana kuya ku-10 amasentimitha, futhi zisetshenziswa zemithi ye gymnosperms nezitshalo eziqhakazayo - kusuka 1.2 m 3.5 m.

ukuphazamiseka mncintiswano

Leli fomu kwenzeka uma zinhlobo ezahlukene zisebenzisa isici kwemvelo efanayo noma isisetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile kuba jikelele ukudla. Izinambuzane, afana nezitshalo nezilwane, kanye umncintiswano okwandile interspecific.

Izibonelo kanye Izithombe incazelo experiment ngezansi sizochaza P. Ipaki cwaningo, kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri. Ososayensi esetshenziswa ezimbili izinhlobo zokuhlolwa isinambuzane, omndeni Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Abantu yalezi zinhlobo ungenele umncintiswano ukudla (ufulawa) kanye babe ezilwaneni eziyingozi (mabhungane adla kwezinhlobo).

Ngaphandle kwesibeletho ucwaningo zazishintsha izici abiotic: lokushisa kanye nomswakama. Baguqula amathuba okubusa imiphakathi omunye uhlobo. Ngemva ezinye kwesikhathi esithile endaweni yokufakelwa (ibhokisi ufulawa) atholakele zezinhlobo ohlobo olulodwa kuphela nomunye - wanyamalala ngokuphelele.

mncintiswano tekusebenta

It kuvela njengoba womzabalazo okunenjongo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene yezici abiotic ukuthi kukhona okungenani: ukudla, ababizwa nangokuthi uhulumeni. Isibonelo ifomu kokusebenzisana emvelweni ezifana - ukudla yezinyoni okuqondene zinhlobo ezahlukene emthini ofanayo, kodwa eziyizitezi zalo ezihlukahlukene.

Ngakho, interspecies mncintiswano - ungaphakathi biology uhlobo enjalo ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, okuholela:

• ngokwahlukana eyisisekelo imiphakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-non-afanayo niches emvelweni;
• ukuxoshwa okungenani eyodwa uhlobo biogeotsinoza plastic;
• ukuze abantu ngokugcwele ellimanatsii ezweni elinabantu ukuncintisana taxon.

niche Isimiso futhi ulinganiselwe, ezihlobene mncintiswano interspecific

izifundo Ecological wathola ukuthi biogeotsinozy aqukethe niches eziningi kangaka kwemvelo kwezinhlobo eziningi abahlala semvelo. I spatially eduze emvelweni nasembonini imiphakathi taxa ebalulekile biotope, le enolaka umzabalazo wabo izimo kangcono imvelo:

• indawo;
• isizinda ukudla;
• kuyilapho bukhoma.

Lezi nemingcele emithathu eyinhloko niche yangempela emvelweni owakhiwe. It kukhawulela imodi esimisiwe khona sabantu, ezifana parasitism, umncintiswano, predation, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo izivimbelo, ukuncishiswa izinsiza ukudla.

ingcindezi Environmental ukuncipha biotope simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• layering ehlathini okuxubile;
• izindawo ezihlukahlukene izibungu kanye nabantu abadala. Ngakho, i-naiads dragonfly bukhoma ku ezimila emanzini futhi imago kahle imvelo emoyeni; ka-May beetle izibungu ezihlala izingqimba engenhla kwenhlabathi, nezinambuzane omdala ophilayo esikhaleni phansi emoyeni.

Zonke kulezi zinkanyezi elichaza into ezifana mncintiswano interspecific. Izibonelo izilwane nezitshalo ethulwa ngenhla ukuqinisekisa lokhu.

interspecific mncintiswano Imiphumela

Sibheka into chithi saka nemvelo, kwachazwa ngokuthi mncintiswano interspecific. Izibonelo - biology ngemvelo (njengokusho kwesigaba sakhe) - ukwethula nathi lendlela imvelo i umzimba okuqondene umbuso isikhunta futhi izitshalo, kanye phakathi kwezilwane.

Ngu imiphumela mncintiswano interspecific siphathelene nokuhlalisana kanye esikhundleni zezinto eziphilayo kanye kwamangqamuzana semvelo. Lo mkhuba yokuqala sisalokhu ngesikhathi nezinhlobo ku-ecosystem ezihlobene musa ukwandisa izinombolo zabo, njengoba kukhona isici esithile reproduction sabantu. Ukubuyiselwa zinhlobo, ngokusekelwe imithetho inyumbazane yokuncintisana iwuhlobo okwedlulele ingcindezi plastic kakhudlwana futhi sertilnogo uhlobo ukuthi nakanjani kuholela ukufa umuntu - abancintisana naye.

kwamangqamuzana Environmental (kwehlukana) kuholela ekwakhekeni ukushintsha kancane, zilwane ezikhethekile kakhulu. Basuke zifakwa kulezo zingxenye ububanzi Imininingwane, lapho kukhona izinzuzo (ngokuya amafomu nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha, ukudla).

Ngo inqubo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ukuncintisana ukunciphisa kokuhlukana izakhi zabo zofuzo, futhi zivame olandelanayo ngaphezulu isakhi sofuzo pool. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulezi imiphakathi, ifomu ezibangela ukuzinza kwemvelo uzokubusa ukushayela okuphazamisayo futhi imibono yakhe.