Phrenology - Iyini? Lokho uhlola isayensi phrenology?

Isayensi yanamuhla is phetho ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukucabanga ngokwesayensi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili-nesishiyagalolunye. Yize izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda eziningi zezenzakalo kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukwakha, futhi ososayensi baye wadala eziningi ezindaweni okwakunzima ethandwa kakhulu, kodwa kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi kungamanga. Indaba efanayo ongamtshela phrenology. Lokhu legatsha isayensi kanye yanqoba cishe umhlaba wonke, kodwa ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo futhi neurophysiology. Nakuba lezi izindawo isayensi phrenology namanje kwesokunxele okusanhlamvu ezinye okunengqondo.

Phrenology - isayensi noma isayensi-mbumbulu?

Ngo imithombo eminingi yesayensi Ngezakhiwo ezahlukene zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi Ukhulumé phrenology. Ezinye izazi kugcwale umlomo ukuthi phrenology - a mbumbulu isayensi, kodwa abanye bakubheka njengodumo namanje isayensi owanikhipha eziningi eziye zatholwa ezijatshulelwa ososayensi yesimanje. Unity phakathi komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba, ngeshwa, akukho. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa phrenology njengoba isayensi. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi ngesikhathi samanje ke akubhekwa njengenhlangano ebalulekile futhi liqinisekisa le mfundiso.

Phrenology - isayensi isakhiwo kogebhezi ubuhlobo baso izici ezingokwengqondo lomuntu. Lo mbono yayidumile kakhulu yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, wazala abalandeli emhlabeni wonke. Emazweni amaningi, ngisho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izihlinzeko eyinhloko phrenology asetshenziswa emsebenzini yesayensi ososayensi oluvelele odumo emhlabeni.

Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko phrenology: kafushane mayelana main

Ngesisekelo umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa kwaba nokucabanga ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu, ilowo nalowo mnyango unesibopho imisebenzi ethize ngokwengqondo. Lapho ithuthukiswe emnyangweni othile, lo esikufezile ugebhezi. Kukholakala ukuthi protuberances ku ugebhezi kungamaphethelo isici ikakhulukazi athuthukile we-cerebral cortex nokucindezeleka show nokungathuthuki eminyangweni yalo ngabanye.

Abalandeli phrenology babekholelwa owabeka ekuhlaleni kwesisu, izici ngokwengqondo umuntu ayikwazi ukushintshwa bedle izici zezenhlalo nendlela abakhuliswe ngayo. Futhi umthelela yesikhathi eside ongazibekela yona kube nomthelela wokuthi izitho zomzimba kanye psychology lomuntu, kodwa lesi simo singenzeka kunoma izizukulwane ambalwa nje. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ukuthi zavela ukudlana eziyisisekelo ezimbalwa phrenology, elaba postulates yesayensi main, isetshenziswa yibo bonke abalandeli isayensi:

• ubuchopho kungokwalabo izitho ukwazi;
• cortex cerebral yakhiwa izifundazwe amabili nesikhombisa, letisebenta ngayodwana;
• ezindaweni ezithile ubuchopho unekhono ukuthuthukisa angesabi, ngokwenza kanjalo wandise ivolumu yalo Imininingwane;
• ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo izingxenye kwandisa ubungako bawo;
• ukulinganisa skull womuntu, singaveza ngokunembile ukuthuthukiswa kanye nosayizi ezindaweni ngazinye cortex cerebral;
• ngesisekelo idatha isilinganiso ongabikezela ukuziphatha komuntu futhi embule ukuthambekela kwengqondo yakhe.

Lokho izitatimende ezingenhla wakha sisekelo ukuqhubeka phrenology.

Okudingekayo ukuze ukuvela isayensi

Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili eYurophu kwakuyi physiognomy ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokusho okungumsu yayo, zonke izici uhlamvu komuntu bungabonakala isakhiwo ubuso bakhe. Ososayensi abaningi baye bahlanganyela sina kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi waletha ubufakazi base enkulu asekelayo isisekelo sayo. Physiognomy umlutha kumibuthano eliphakeme, futhi wayekubheka njengelungelo Umkhuba omusha, ukwembula izimfihlo wezokusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu. izazi-mlando zanamuhla ukuthi kwakuyincasakazi kuphela isidingo abantu ukuze isayensi ukuchaza izici kwengqondo. Iqiniso lokuthi ekuqa- ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili futhi nesishiyagalolunye, abantu ngokwethukela yokuhamba kwami nemfundiso yenkolo, futhi wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ekutadisheni indoda njengomuntu ngamunye. Akumangalisi ukuthi ekujuleni enganakile womuntu ethulwa into nhlobo ngokuya isayensi.

Futhi ngesikhathi kule nkathi yesikhathi i wezifo zengqondo American ukubeka phambili inkolelo yokuthi abenza izenzo zonya ezimbi kakhulu wahlangabezana nezinye uhlanya ngokuqondene ukwehluleka izingxenye ngabanye zobuchopho. Ngokwalo mbono, ngesikhathi secala izingxenye zobuchopho basebenzé ngokuzimela, baqala "elixutshwe" nomunye futhi kubangele ukufa kohlangothi, okuholela ubugebengu.

Zonke amaqiniso angenhla aba isisekelo, kuyo ukuthi phrenology based. Lokhu zamanje yesayensi, manje physiognomy, iye ayenziwa. Esikhathini esizayo, it ikhiqize eziningi izitayela ezintsha nemibono wamavukelambuso ngokwesayensi. Umsunguli we phrenology cishe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe sivikele bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, washiyela ugebhezi lwakhe sikhungo wezesayensi wokugcina kanye nobufakazi obuphathekayo iningi version yesayensi, wathuthukisa kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Ngubani odale nemfundiso kaZiqu phrenology?

Isikhathi esining impela, isayensi entsha siyavela ngesikhathi umsebenzi ahlangene eziningana ososayensi izingqondo. Kodwa esimweni sethu kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile ngokuphelele. Phrenology ungumdali usosayensi Austria Franz Gall. Wayengumuntu udokotela ezivelele anatomist, futhi kufika engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ukubuthelela ilwazi ukuze afakazele bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Okokuqala wanikeza izinkulumo wabonisa nesimiso e Vienna, kamuva Gall uye lectured ngokuphindaphindiwe phrenology emhlabeni wonke futhi ishicilele amaphepha isayensi eminingi ngale ndaba.

Franz Gall: Biography emfushane

usosayensi odumile wazalelwa e Vienna phakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Abantu abaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe babembheka udokotela abakhaliphile ayenakho amakhasimende akhe siqu wathola kahle. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke nesithakazelo anatomy of Gall netimphawu psyche womuntu, njengoba kubonakala kula isakhiwo Yekhanda.

He is parallel emsebenzini wakhe wokwelapha ngenkuthalo wafunda isakhiwo izingebhezi zamakhanda webantfu netilwane. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje Gall bahlangana ngempela iqoqo izingebhezi futhi bafaka ukhonkolo, owamsiza ukudala ezinye kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi sokuba phrenology.

Ukuthandwa ezinkulumo zakhe e Vienna, e-Austria ophoqelelwe uhulumeni ukhathazekile. Ngemva phrenology categorically wamlahla inhlansi saphezulu, ebheka izimfanelo ezinhle zomuntu kanye ithalente. Lokhu kuphambene konke umbhedesho sesonto, ngakho usosayensi axoshwe Austria. Kodwa eyenziwe Gall ukuphonsa ithawula bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yesayensi, wahamba waya emazweni amaningi aseYurophu futhi yonke indawo ukuthi ngentshiseko wathola ososayensi. Omude kunayo yonke owake wahlala e-France. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, Gall ezikhishwe amavolumu ezine imisebenzi yesayensi ku phrenology. Usosayensi washona ngo 1828 of ukopha palsy.

ukuthuthukiswa phrenology

Njengoba Gall wathi wokuqala waqala ukucabanga ngobuhlobo kobuchopho futhi isakhiwo Yekhanda lokukhula phakathi neminyaka yakhe esikoleni. Khona-ke wabona ukuthi ontanga yakhe amehlo amakhulu bulging, abe nenkumbulo enhle. Ngemva kwalokho-ke ihlaziye abangamakhulu amaningana abantu futhi basakaza amathalenta womuntu kanye nezici izingxenye ezihlukile zobuchopho. Ekuqaleni Gall ngamnyama ukwahlukana amabili nesikhombisa zobuchopho, ngisho kwabadonsela ibalazwe, esikhathini esizayo lelo nani lase lenyukele ku-amathathu nesishiyagalolunye.

Gallo esesizile abasha udokotela Shpurtsgeym, owaba co-umbhali we imisebenzi yokuqala yesayensi usosayensi. Odokotela abaningi nenyongo esolwa ngokukhwabanisa, njengoba ezinkulumweni zakhe, wabhekisela izibonelo ukuthi waqinisekisa umbono wakhe. amaqiniso Okunye usosayensi nje abazange bakuqaphele futhi ubabheka njengabantu abangelutho. Nakuba ababekuqongelele ngokwanele iminyaka eminingi.

Naphezu nabaphikisi, phrenology kwakuqala ukwanda kakhulu e-UK, US nase-Europe. Gallo uvele abalandeli eziningi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe yesayensi, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule.

kwelanga phrenology

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kuze kube namathathu banesifo esibi sokukhohlwa zokugcina phrenology ekhulwini ngenkuthalo kugomela ngokwesayensi. Wonke umuntu kubhekwa kuyisibopho sami isandla ekuthuthukisweni yayo, ngakho-ke, kwaphuma a lot of izincwadi nemisebenzi yesayensi ku phrenology kule nkathi.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, ososayensi bakamalalahlengezela yawenza isayensi, ezama ukudonsa abasekeli abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Isibonelo phrenology, izifundo ubuchopho, waphefumulela ososayensi abaningi ukusebenza kulesi sihloko. Kodwa ezinye zazo beze emiphumeleni ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi waqala kokwenza nge ukuchayeka isayensi, omema entsha agumenti, amaqiniso nemibono. Phrenology njalo zenqane anthropology, Psychology, wezifo zengqondo ngobuchwepheshe kanye izitho zomzimba. Ekugcineni isayensi-mbumbulu baba umfutho sokuthuthukisa wonke la wesayensi, wangcwatshwa cishe wonke umsebenzi Gall.

Phrenology indima yesayensi yanamuhla forensic

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phrenology e yobugebengu kuqala wazama ukufunda sobugebengu futhi waveza nesidingo sokutadisha yesimo secala iyonke. ososayensi Modern zezakhi zofuzo ezingu yayisekelwe phezu theory ukubeka phambili phrenology, ukuthi sobugebengu kuhlobene eduze ukukhubazeka ebuchosheni. Futhi okokuqala wadala phrenologists ngezigaba ukuziphatha izigebengu. Cishe bonke babekholelwa ukuthi abantu ehamba phezu ubugebengu ugula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bengqondo yesimanje isikuqinisekisile ukuthi okwamanje wokukhulelwa abantu babe propensity ezahlukene ngokudala uthuthuva nolaka lwabantu.

Zonke zalezi zinkolelo-mbono ziye phambili ngokokuqala ngqá Halle, futhi ngalezo zinsuku zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe kumnandi.

Phrenology ithonya ekwakhekeni Psychology njengoba isayensi

Phrenology kwengqondo isibe generator imibono eminingi wamavukelambuso. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isidlulile hhayi khona, futhi umane siguqulelwa kwesayensi entsha. Eqinisweni akusiyo, kodwa phrenologists eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zisithonye ngendlela emangalisayo onamandla on ukuthuthukisa kwengqondo.

inguqulo yokuqala ukuthi kungase kube nezizathu bokuphila yilowo muntu umthwalo ngokwengqondo umkhankaso. Futhi ngenxa yalesi bona ingelapheka. Futhi isikhonzi phrenologists cwaningo okwakubhaliwe, kwaba ukuqaphela ukuthi ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye hhayi kungaba wachaza kahle. Iningi bengqondo odumile waseMelika kwekhulu lamashumi amabili sake phrenology. Leli qiniso lukhulu.

Umthetho-Europe: umzila we phrenology

Mbumbulu uye wakwazi ukuba abe Umfutho ukubuyekezwa imithetho amaningi eYurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, maqondana zamacala uphazamisekile emqondweni behlala ndawonye bengashadile akusashiwo wamukele isijeziso ezifana abantu abavamile. Baqala ukuba kuthunyelwe izikhungo esikhethekile imithi oyinikiwe. kwavela phrenology Ngenxa ngesikhathi umphakathi, wakhuthaza ukuqedwa isigwebo sokufa emazweni ase-European ne-United States.

Ngo parallel, emazweni amaningi uhulumeni ukuba uzindle ukwamukelwa inombolo kwemithetho elawula amalungelo eziboshwa nezikhungo zokuhlumelelisa izimilo yethula imithetho nokubusa.

isiphetho

Mhlawumbe phrenology abe isayensi, kodwa wakwazi ukushintsha ngokuphelele emhlabeni futhi ukudala preconditions sokuthuthukiswa imisinga eziningi ezintsha yesayensi, kamuva baphotha off ibe isayensi ezimele. Akwaziwa ukuthi yini manje kungaba iningi lososayensi, uma kungekhona ukuthi ingqondo into eziyibonayo Frantsa Gallya, ngubani wayengesabi babe umsunguli we imisinga izinguquko kanye eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele ngokwesayensi.