Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, ekuqothulweni ekutadisheni

Isikhathi zomlando laseGibhithe waqala ekuqa- zeminyaka yesithathu neyesine ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Kuvele isiko kwamasiko lasendulo, othola ithonya abahlaseli izinxushunxushu zangaphakathi, yayikhona ngaphambi ukwamukelwa kobuKristu wesine AD leminyaka. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amathathu nanye namakhulu nengxenye edlule, kanye nohlu izici onkulunkulu baseGibhithe kwavele izinguquko eziphawulekayo. onkulunkulu baseGibhithe aluthola izici namagama ethize komakhelwane - Asiriya, namaHeti, Hyksos, amaGreki.

Ngemva ubunye Egypt sekubusa umbusi eyodwa onkulunkulu ezifundeni abaningi nezizwana wezwe wangena kela ezivamile, kodwa iningi labo bakhuleka kuphela endaweni lapho kwakukhona umsuka ukholo lwabo. Abanye onkulunkulu kancane kancane bangenwa ukubaluleka obscheegipetskoe. Unkulunkulukazi Bastet, kokuba ikhanda ikati sika, akungabazeki, ikhule ukusukela inkolo yokukhulekela zamakati njengoba abawuhloniphayo okusanhlamvu izinqolobane amagundane. Ezolimo eGibhithe iye yaba nendima enkulu ngokuphambene, isibonelo, eGrisi esasivele ikakhulukazi ngenxa ezohwebo kanye yokunqotshwa kwezizwe zakubo. onkulunkulu laba balobi abakuloba waseGibhithe zivame endowed nge ikhanda isilwane ngesisekelo esadaleka nokudunyiswa cult. Ngokwesibonelo, unkulunkulu Thoth kwaba ikhanda Inkonde isuke, unkulunkulukazi Sekhmet (Sekhmet) - ikhanda lengonyama, Anubis - ikhanda inja.

Lapho nje rose noma enye indawo yezwe, kwaba noshintsho amakhosi noma "ukuthutha" yenhloko-dolobha liye endaweni entsha, ukushintsha futhi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe "uqimba kuqala." Kuvele isici esithakazelisayo inkolo baseGibhithe lasendulo kwaba khona inani elikhulu izinganekwane Cosmological (ie izinguqulo umsuka emhlabeni), futhi endaweni ngayinye indima eyinhloko kule ndaba obucayi ziyalelwe ukuba selikaNkulunkulu.

onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ngo izinombolo ezinjalo ezinkulu, ngokuba isisekelo sokuthethelelwa separatism wendawo Akungabazeki ukuthi akudingeki nelilodwa izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namahlelo amaningi adinga kokuchitha semali impahla kusho ukuthi nge inzuzo engcono kakhulu mafutha ngabe esichithwa ezifakwe emaqaqasini, ebuthweni nokunye. Futhi inempahla enkulu nethonya ngumnumzane sabapristi ngokuqondile esongelwa amandla yedwa faro.

Zonke izinto kubhekwe, lo faro Amenhotep IV, wathatha igama Akhenaten, eyethula ihlelo ezincane unkulunkulu lesifunda Aton (the ababhekwa disc welanga) njengoba obscheegipetskoy inkolo. Kodwa inertia yesiko sasinamandla kakhulu, futhi Akhenaten wafa, ngaphambi kokufinyelela eminyakeni ewu amane. Ngokusho inguqulo ekholisa kunazo zonke, yena wadliswa ushevu. Nokho, ushushiso umndeni belingazithintanga, nomkakhe (i-Nefertiti ezidumile) wahlala iminyaka uyaphila futhi abaningi ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe.

Ngemva Persian, yamaGreki futhi kamuva umsebenzi wezwe onkulunkulu baseGibhithe nonkulunkulukazi kancane kancane aqala ukulahlekelwa siwuvumele usithonye, ziyawohloka. Bona coalesce nonkulunkulu abahlaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Aleksandr Makedonsky bakhuleka eGibhithe njengoba indodana kaZeyusi-Amoni, i-syncretic izithixo zaseGibithe-dolobha amaGreki.

Lapho onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, esimagama aso womabili zendawo imvelaphi okuxubile, banikeza indlela inkolo entsha - ubuKristu kancane kancane waqala futhi lokulibala yokuloba baseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngo nokubusa koMbusi uConstantine wafa isikhulumi lokugcina amasiko enkolo waseGibhithe ke ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka amagama onkulunkulu baseGibhithe lasendulo babaziwa esuka emibhalweni yesiGreki kanye mlando ezithile zamaRoma kuphela. Kodwa labo nabanye bahlangana isiko waseGibhithe ngesikhathi lapho isivele isafa, futhi kungekho azinikele abapristi bangaphandle (ngokuvamile nolaka) ku izimfihlakalo inkolo yabo.

Imizamo wokufunda yokubhala wasendulo ngokuphindaphindiwe njengoba izazi ezingama-Arabhu, futhi baseYurophu, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Kwakungenxa nje ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, sezilimi brilliant Fransua Shampolon wakwazi ukuthola isihluthulelo sokuqonda imibhalo yaseGibhithe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala enkathini yesimanje ekuhloleni umlando kanye namasiko yaseGibithe lasendulo.