Oda nezindlela yokuvikela amalungelo abantu

Man njengenkolo esemthethweni unekhono ngakho ukuvikela amalungelo abo - tetembusave kanye, yebo, civil, - ukuze bakwazi ukuba lusebenze. Njengoba imibhalo international, kuhlanganise Simemetelo UN Human Rights kanye kazwelonke - okungukuthi, umthethosisekelo nemithetho yamazwe ahlukene kohlelo - ukuhlinzeka ithuba futhi ukukulungisa ngokomthetho. ERussia, kakhulu nomqondo nezindlela yokuvikela amalungelo abantu yezihloko amalungelo abhalwe out in the Civil Code. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo - ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho, inqobo nje uma umuntu ogunyaziwe ukubuyisela namalungelo akhe wephule noma kwamalungelo phikisa. Isihloko isenzo Ukuvikelwa, kulesi simo, wephule amalungelo ezakhamuzi izithakazelo ivikelwe umthetho.

Ngakho, izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezindlela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo civil. izinhlobo Ukuvikelwa (futhi neyurisdiktsionnaya zombuso) - iqoqo izinyathelo ayevumelana kanye lomthetho owawenzelwa ukuvikela amalungelo nezithakazelo zomuntu. Lapho ifomu sombuso kuthiwa Izidumbu isimo, lapho umuntu amalungelo adicilelwe, okuthanda sokuvikelwa ogunyaziwe (isibonelo, iziphathimandla ungafaka isikhalazo zokuphatha noma uzolidlulisela enkantolo). Lapho neyurisdiktsionnoy ifomu izakhamuzi nezinhlangano umathanda evikela amalungelo angahlonishwa, futhi ayiyifuni usizo noma emagunyeni noma uhulumeni wasekhaya, futhi wahlanganisa lokuzivikela noma usebenze wodwa. Kodwa neyurisdiktsionnaya yokuzivikela elibekwe ingane kufanele ligunyazwe zakondatelno.

Izindlela Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo civil - ivunyelwe umthetho noma ezigunyazwe ngumthetho izinyathelo umthetho omkhulu, bethwele uhlamvu ayimpoqo maqondana ngomoni, okuyothi abuyiselwe amalungelo i-. Kuye ohlotsheni noma uhlobo kanjani ukubuyisela amalungelo i- ababonakali ngezikhundla: ukuqedwa ukwephulwa komthetho, ukubuyiselwa (ie ukuqashelwa) amalungelo isinxephezelo ngokulahlekelwa zazibangelwa kwephula.

I Civil Code linomunci ekhethekile 12 abekelwe le nkinga, futhi ibala izindlela nanye ezahlukene ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani ngalesi sivikelo. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi avikele amalungelo abo kuphela njengoba kuchaziwe kule athikili. Ngakho, kukhona izindlela zokuvikela amalungelo abantu, like ilungelo ingalungi nge-subject ethize, noma isenzo esikhishwa izwe noma elinye igunya (uhulumeni isib sendawo). Lezi zindlela ezimbili Ukuvikelwa ezisetshenziswa kuphela enkantolo, kodwa kuphela esimweni sesibili, ilungelo inselelo enkantolo noma isikhungo (inhlangano), amalungelo abo adicilelwe ngenxa ukushicilelwa isenzo esinjalo. It uzizwa kungenye indlela ukuvikela amalungelo, okuyi-non-ukusetshenziswa Kunalokho inkantolo njengokukhombisa umthetho noma isenzo idokhumenti, okuyinto kwanikezwa igunya lomphakathi noma igunya ukuzibusa. Le ndlela isebenza kokubili izimiso, izenzo umuntu wezomthetho kwalezi zikhungo.

Kunezindlela ukuvikela amalungelo anjalo, okuyinto musa ngempela zidinga Sokuzivikela ezinkantolo kanye violator ingabuyiswa ngokuzithandela noma ukuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma noma yikuphi okwenziwayo nilenze, futhi imiphumela yalokhu ukuqashelwa zisetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo practice. Noma lapho babuyiselwe isimo lapho yayikhona ngaphambi kwesokudla buphuliwe; lapho zicindezelwa ngezenzo ezisongela ukugcwaliseka ilungelo , noma ngisho ukuwuchitha. umthetho Civil inikeza ezimweni ezithile, izindlela ezinjalo Ukuvikelwa amalungelo abantu, njengoba ukuzivikela noma ngesinqumo sesiKhulu lowo okonile ngokuzithandela ukubuyisela amalungelo i-. Kungenzeka isinxephezelo yokuzithandela ukulahlekelwa ngesimo isinxephezelo emali; noma nokubuyiselwa izinhlawulo nezivumelwano noma lomthetho (okuyinto ungase unikezwe noma ngokuzithandela noma ngenxa isinqumo enkantolo). Kodwa umklomelo ekugcwalisekeni nezibopho, isinxephezelo ngenxa yomonakalo zokuziphatha, ekunqanyulweni noma ushintsho provootnosheny kukhona amafomu zokubuyiselwa wephule amalungelo abantu, okuyinto ziyafezeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa isikhalazo enkantolo, okungukuthi, e-oda sombuso.