Movement of the umzimba ngaphansi isenzo gravity: incazelo ifomula

Ukushukuma komzimba ngaphansi adonsela phansi kuyinto esiyinhloko ku physics ashukumisayo. Lokho kwesigaba kusekelwe Dynamics of the ezintathu imithetho Newton, uyazi wesikole ezijwayelekile. Ake sizame ukuqonda kuncike ngokuphelele, futhi isihloko esichaza ngokuningiliziwe isibonelo ngasinye kuyosisiza ukwenza ucwaningo ukunyakaza komzimba ngaphansi amandla adonsela phansi njengoba ewusizo.

Umlando omncane

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, abantu Kuyathakazelisa ubukele izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka ezimpilweni zethu. Isintu isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukuqonda izimiso kanye ilungiselelo izinhlelo eziningi Nokho, ibanga elide ukuhlola izwe emhlabeni kwaholela okhokho bethu inguquko ngokwesayensi. Kulezi zinsuku lapho ubuchwepheshe okhula ngesivinini Amazing, abantu cishe ungacabangi mayelana nendlela esisebenza kwalokho noma ezinye izindlela.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, okhokho bethu bebelokhu abanesifiso nezimfumbe izinqubo zemvelo kanye nesakhiwo jikelele, ngifuna izimpendulo zemibuzo enzima kunazo, futhi akazange adele ukulinga bafunde, kodwa akazange uthole izimpendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sesayensi esidumile uGalileo Galilei ngekhulu le-16 ukubuza umbuzo: "? Kungani umzimba njalo uwa phansi, lokho ungamandla edonsela ukuba phansi" Ngo 1589 wenza uchungechunge ucwaningo, imiphumela zazo kwaba usizo olukhulu kakhulu. Watadisha ngokuningiliziwe imithetho ekwindla khulula zemizimba ahlukahlukene, wamshaya izinto kusukela embhoshongweni abadumile Pisa. Imithetho, okuyinto wahola, kuye kwenziwa ngcono futhi amafomula kuchazwe kabanzi omunye usosayensi odumile waseBrithani - Mnumzane Isaakom Nyutonom. Ungumnikazi ezintathu yomthetho, ogxile cishe zonke physics zanamuhla.

Iqiniso lokuthi imithetho motion zemizimba, echazwe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 edlule, ehambisana namuhla, wukuthi iplanethi yethu kungaphansi kwemithetho efanayo. Umuntu namuhla kumele okungenani ibe yokuzenzisa sihlole izimiso eziyisisekelo ilungiselelo zomhlaba.

nemiqondo eyisisekelo Dynamics nokusekelwa

Ukuze ngokugcwele izimiso bale nhlangano, kufanele kuqala uzijwayeze ezinye imiqondo. Ngakho, ezibaluleke kakhulu imigomo theory:

• Ukuxhumana - umthelela zemizimba emelene nomunye, lapho ushintsho kwenzeka noma ekuqaleni ukunyakaza zawo ezilinganiselwe komunye nomunye. Kukhona izinhlobo ezine ukuxhumana: kagesi, ababuthakathaka, eziqinile futhi okudonsa izinto.
• Speed - eliningi ngokomzimba ekhombisa ijubane ngawo umzimba ihamba. Speed kuyinto vector, okungukuthi, hhayi nje ukubaluleka kodwa futhi isiqondiso.
• Ukusheshisa - ubuningi elibonisa kithi ngesilinganiso ushintsho Isivinini zomzimba kwelulwa isikhathi nenkathi. Iphinde kuba ubuningi vector.
• Trajectory of the indlela - ijika, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - umugqa oqondile ukuthi delineates umzimba kunyakaza. Nge iyunifomu rectilinear ezinyakazayo indlela kungase kuhambisane ukubaluleka ukufuduka.
• Path - ubude endleleni, okungukuthi, njengoba kwenziwa emzimbeni owawuse for ethile yesikhathi.
• Inertial inkomba uhlelo - isimo lapho wena umthetho wokuqala Newton, okungukuthi, umzimba igcina umfutho walo, ne amalunga lingekho ngokuphelele noma yimaphi amabutho zangaphandle.

Imiqondo ngenhla kwanele ngokuphumelelayo ukudweba noma uthumele inhloko sekulingisa umzimba ezinyakazayo ngaphansi kwethonya adonsela phansi.

Uqondeni amandla?

Ake uqhubekela Umqondo oyisisekelo okusekelwe kuwo isihloko sethu. Ngakho, amandla - kuba nenani, okushiwo okuyinto umthelela noma ithonya umzimba phezu kwelinye quantitatively. A amandla adonsela phansi - ungamandla enza ngokuphelele yonke umzimba esisogwini noma eduze kwamanzi kule planethi yethu. Umbuzo uwukuthi: kuphi la mandla? Impendulo itholakala umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele.

Kuyini amandla adonsela phansi?

Kunoma iyiphi umzimba kuthintwa amandla elanga adonsela phansi Umhlaba, okuyinto ulunika ukusheshisa ezithile. Gravity uhlale isiqondiso mpo phansi maphakathi iplanethi. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla adonsela phansi ukudansela isiginci sakhe izinto ngase-Earth, yingakho izinto njalo awe phansi. It kuvela ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi abangelwa - lena yintfo lekhetsekile amandla elanga adonsela phansi. Newton waletha omunye amafomula esiyinhloko athole amandla Luhambo phakathi izindikimba ezimbili. Kubonakala kanjalo: F = G * (m ₁ x m ₂₎ / R ^2.

Uyini ukushesha ngenxa amandla adonsela phansi?

Umzimba, eyakhishwa ovela ukuphakama ethile, njalo flying phansi amandla adonsela phansi. Movement of the umzimba ngaphansi kwethonya gravity thwi phezulu naphansi kungenziwa esachazwa zibalo lapho njalo esiyisisekelo sizoba ukubaluleka ukusheshisa "g". Lokhu value kunqunywa ngokukhethekile amandla adonsela phansi, futhi inani layo licishe lilingane no-9.8 m / s ^2. It kuvela ukuthi umzimba usakaze ukuphakama zero Isivinini kokuqala, kuzoya phansi ukubaluleka ukusheshisa "g".

Movement of the umzimba ngaphansi isenzo gravity: ifomula ukuxazulula

Ifomula eziyisisekelo gravity okwatholakala simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: F _{adonsela phansi} = m x g, lapho m - iyona mass umzimba lapho izenzo amandla, futhi "g" - khulula ukuwa ukushesha (lula imisebenzi kubhekwa ulingana 10 m / s ²⁾ .

Kukhona amafomula amaningana asetshenziselwa ukuthola engaziwa ethile ne motion khulula zomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ukubala indlela siwela umzimba, kubalulekile ukuba bamelele amagugu eyaziwa kule ifomula: S = V ₀ x t + a x t ^2/2 (indlela lilingana isamba imikhiqizo ye Isivinini kokuqala iphindwe isikhathi kanye ukushesha ngesikhathi yisikwele, zihlukaniswe 2).

I zibalo for echaza ezinyakazayo mpo komzimba

Movement of the umzimba ngaphansi kwethonya gravity zibheka ezothando, okuyinto kanje: x = x ₀ + v ₀ x t + a x t ^2/2 Ukusebenzisa le nkulumo, kungenzeka ukuthola izixhumanisi emzimbeni ngesikhathi ezaziwayo. Kuyadingeka ukuze nje bamelele inkinga amagugu eyaziwa: ukuqala indawo, izinga sokuqala (uma umzimba akuyona nje wadedelwa, wayesedlulela kwaphoqa ngebutho ezithile) nokusheshisa, kulesi simo-ke uyalingana g ukushesha.

Ngendlela efanayo zingatholakala futhi Isivinini zomzimba ezingathi ihamba ngaphansi isenzo gravity. Inkulumo okuthola izinto eziningi ezingaziwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi: v = v ₀ + g x t (ukubaluleka kokuqala ijubane kungase kube ilingane no-zero ke ijubane kuyoba ulingana umkhiqizo ukusheshisa okudonsa ngu ukubaluleka isikhathi lapho umzimba kwenza ukunyakaza).

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela zemizimba ngaphansi isenzo gravity: izinselele kanye nezixazululo

Ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi ezihlobene amandla adonsela phansi, siphakamisa uhlelo elandelayo:

1. Lokuzinqumela luhlaka elula inertial yenkomba Ivame ukwenziwa ukukhetha eMhlabeni ngoba kuhlangabezana eziningi nezidingo ISO.
2. Dweba umdwebo encane noma isithombe, oluveza amabutho main esebenza emzimbeni. Movement of the umzimba ngaphansi kwethonya gravity eqala indaba emfushane noma idayagramu elikhombisa isiqondiso lapho umzimba ihamba, uma izenzo ukusheshisa elilingana g.
3. Bese ukhetha isiqondiso kuphrojekthi amabutho kanye accelerations etholwe.
4. Qopha izinto eziningi ezingaziwa futhi ukunquma isiqondiso sabo.
5. Ekugcineni, kusetshenziswa indlela ngenhla ukuze uxazulule izinkinga, ukubala zonke angaziwa ngokufaka esikhundleni idatha ku-equation okuthola ukushesha kanye nebanga.

isixazululo turnkey umsebenzi olula

Uma kuziwa into enjalo njengoba ukunyakaza komzimba ngaphansi isenzo adonsela phansi, ukuthola indlela esiwusizo yokuxazulula umsebenzi kungaba nzima. Nokho, zikhona amaqhinga amaningana usebenzisa okuyinto ungakwazi kalula ukuxazulula ngisho onzima kakhulu. Ngakho, sichaza nezibonelo zokuphila indlela yokuxazulula le noma inkinga. Ake uqale nge ngendlela elula ukuthi uwaqonde inkinga.

Umzimba idedelwe ukuphakama 20 m kungekho Isivinini kokuqala. Nquma ngoba singakanani isikhathi isifinyelele kobuso bomhlaba.

Isixazululo: S =: siyazi indlela siwela umzimba, ukuthi Isivinini kokuqala ilingana 0. Singasho futhi ukunquma ukuthi umzimba kuphela amandla adonsela phansi izenzo, kuvela ukuthi lesi ukunyakazisa umzimba ngaphansi isenzo adonsela phansi, ngakho kufanele usebenzise kule formula yaziwa V ₀ x t + a x t ^2/2. Njengoba esimweni sethu a = g, bese emva ezinye kugucuka sithola ezothando ezilandelayo: S = g x t ² / 2. Manje uhlala isikhathi express kuphela ngokusebenzisa kule formula, sithola ukuthi t ² = 2S / g. Esikhundleni elaziwayo (kuleli cala ucabange ukuthi g = 10 m / s ²⁾ t ² = 2 x 20/10 = 4. Ngenxa yalokho, t = 2 s.

Ngakho impendulo yethu: umzimba ukuba liwele emhlabathini 2 imizuzwana.

Ukuphamba ukuxazulula inkinga ngokushesha, okulandelayo: kungabonwa ukuthi ukunyakaza komzimba ezichazwe inkinga elandelayo kwenzeka kwelinye direction (thwi phansi). Kuyinto efanayo kakhulu ukunyakaza nombala esasizosheshisa, kusukela umzimba abekho ngaphandle amandla adonsela phansi (amandla emoyeni ukumelana atinakwa). Ngenxa yalokhu singasebenzisa ifomula lokuthola umgudu lula ngaso ezinyakazayo nombala yashesha, edlulisa ilungiselelo izithombe nemidwebo ayisukumele amabutho umzimba.

Isibonelo imisebenzi nzima

Manje ake sibone indlela engcono ukuxazulula inkinga ukunyakaza komzimba amandla adonsela phansi, uma umzimba akusho Hambisa ngokuqondile, kodwa has a ukunyakaza eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi olandelayo. Ezinye into ezihambayo mass m nge ukushesha engaziwa phansi indiza enalokho kuthambekela, Coefficient friction ilingana k. Nquma ukubaluleka ukushesha, elitholakala ngesikhathi ukunyakaza komzimba lapho α ukuthambekela engela waziwa.

Isixazululo: Kuyadingeka ukusizakala uhlelo, elichazwa ngenhla. Umncintiswano kuqala ukudweba kundiza enalokho kuthambekela nge ngomzimba futhi wonke amabutho siphile ngokuvumelana nalo. It kuvela ukuthi unakho izingxenye ezintathu: amandla adonsela phansi, ukuxabana futhi phansi yokusabela force. Kubukeka kwesibalo jikelele njengoba amabutho nomphumela: F _Friction + N + mg = ma.

Okwavelela eyinhloko yenkinga isimo ukuthambekela engela α. Lapho projecting amabutho inkabi ahlangene-eksisi oy, kulesi simo kufanele ucatshangelwe, bese sithola inkulumo elandelayo: mg x isono α - F _ngomshikisho = ma (-eksisi inkabi) kanye N - mg x cos α = F _ngomshikisho (I-oy-eksisi) .

F _ngomshikisho kalula ibalwa ngokuthola amandla ifomula kokukhuhlana, ke ilingana k x mg (Coefficient friction iphindwe umkhiqizo isisindo kanye ukusheshisa okudonsa). Phela computations izohlala kuphela esikhundleni amagugu etholwe ku ifomula, sithola kwesibalo lula ukubala ukushesha lapho umzimba ezinwabuzelayo indiza ezintweni ezingafanele.