Lwencwadi - Iyini? Lwencwadi "Emhlabeni Wonke". "Ukuzingela izikhala" - the lwencwadi

Lesi sihloko ngeke ukhulume enye yezincwadi ezindala kunazo zonke ezake wadala isintu. Lwencwadi - owasinda tetemibhalo, abhekana nakho ngenxa yomlando wabo omude izinguquko eziningi, kodwa akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo kanye nokuphuthuma.

definition

Lwencwadi - sokushicilela serial izinombolo Ngokuqhubeka egumbini iqoqo, okuyinto has a izihloko etemibhalo kwezobuciko noma lengemaciniso. Igama elithi kuhlehlela emuva Arab "Almana", okusho ukuthi "isilinganiso isikhathi". Ekhulwini le-14 futhi 15 ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka kuyinto ikhalenda nethebula kwalokho yezinkanyezi.

Kusukela lolu hlobo iphephabhuku ukushicilelwa by ukungabikho PERIODICITY njalo - ngokuvamile lwencwadi aphume noma kanye ngonyaka noma ukhetha ukungabuthinti nhlobo uneminye izinsuku eziqondile ukukhululwa. Liqukethe ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi yokuxhumana: ulwazi mayelana izibuyekezo tetemibhalo, kwentuthuko yesayensi, izinguquko zomthetho, nokunye. Ngakho, endaweni yabo lwencwadi ukuvala nohlobo amakhalenda zemibhalo.

Lwencwadi endulo

Ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka uvele kudala. AmaRoma asendulo ukusakaza amaqoqo wesandla, luvete tinsuku ngamaholide enkolo. AbaseGibhithe babe ngokuhamba izibhebhe zamatshe, eyayinekheli ulwazi mayelana ukunyakaza amaplanethi. Ngo eDenmark naseNorway endulo ekhiqizwa nezingcwecwe zethusi zokunyathelisa, ngokhuni, bakhomba Nemikhosi ezahlukene. Endulo, ama-lwencwadi - kuyinto wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke kwaba isithenjwa zekhalenda bese uhlamvu ezinkanyezi.

Lwencwadi eYurophu

EYurophu, Anthology lokuqala olunyathelisiwe uvele Vienna e 1457. Wayengase asebenzise ngisho nomuntu futhi bengafundile, ngoba ngosizo izinhlamvu ahlukahlukene sedlule kanye nemfundo yezinkanyezi ziye okuvezwayo. I lwencwadi liqukethe ulwazi mayelana ukuhamba amaplanethi, izinsuku inyanga egcwele, izibikezelo nesomiso, umlilo nendlala. Ngo 1474, iqoqo efanayo yanyatheliswa ngo Hungary, ngesiLatini nesiJalimane. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 isiko lokukhululwa anthologies ahlukahlukene eYurophu ivume sokugcina. Ngaphezu ulwazi oluyisisekelo, lolu hlobo kuhlanganisa ulwazi Mint, imeyili womgwaqo, amahholo enkantolo, izimakethe kanye Fairs. Ukuze adonse okufunekayo isithakazelo yezikhulu, ku Anthology waqala ukusakaza uhlu abefundisi, ngohlu lozalo izimpande nokunye. amaqoqo maKristu abizwa inkantolo noma wasebukhosini. Basuke eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-France ke Saxony futhi Prussia, futhi kamuva - eNgilandi. Kancane kancane, ngaphezu sendlalelolwati ku ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka zase zihlanganisa izinkondlo, ezilula, tindzaba letimfisha. Ngemva okuvela amakhalenda, zinyatheliswe kula maqoqo babé uhlobo ncwadi nakomagazini. Kwakukhona kwezomnotho, ngohlu lozalo, zenkolo, ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka zamanxusa.

lwencwadi etemibhalo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lolu hlobo ukushicilelwa isibe ngokuya sithakazelise futhi. Okwamanje lwencwadi - umagazini equkethe uhlobo ulwazi oluwusizo, okuningi kwakho okubangelwa unesithakazelo samanje. Iyatholakala emaqoqweni ngohlobo encyclopedia, lapho idatha efanele ashicilelwe njalo ngonyaka. Lezi ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka babizwe ngokuthi unyaka. Isethenjwa eyaziwa kakhulu lolu hlobo - iyona "lwencwadi we Mura ubudala", eyasungulwa ngo-1970 ngu Francis Moore. Nokho, ethandwa kakhulu, okokuqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu bese kwamanye amazwe, waqala ukusebenzisa anthologies etemibhalo. Bavele phakathi nekhulu le-18 eFrance. Omunye okokuqala adedelwe Paris (1746-1833) «L'Almanach des Muses». EJalimane kwaduma lwencwadi «Musenalmanach», esanyatheliswa kuyi Gottingen e 1770-1807 GG. Kamuva uvele «Musen-Almanach», lapho Schiller eshicilelwe izinkondlo zakhe asishicilelwa (1796-1800).

Lwencwadi eRussia

Okokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo lwencwadi Russian - iqoqo "anodes" N. M. Karamzina Sidalwe kwekhulu le-18 elingisa abezindaba entshonalanga. Ngo 1920-1830-yalolucwaningo eRussia saphumela anthologies engaphezu kwamashumi amabili. A. S. Pushkin ngokuthi "Almanashnik" uhlobo olukhethekile abamemezeli. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, abangane kanye nezitha imbongi omkhulu ekhiqizwa uchungechunge anthologies etemibhalo. Lwencwadi "Polar Star" (izincwadi 3, 1823-1825 GG.) Kushicilelwe K. F. Ryleevym futhi A. A. Bestuzhevym, iqhaza abalobi ezidumile ezifana V A. Zhukovsky, A. S. griboedov, i-FV Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, VK Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Ukuqoqwa "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 GG.) Samelana edishini ezine, yathela VK Kyuhelbekker futhi V F. Odoevsky. Anthology "Izimbali Northern" Kwaphuma 1824 kuya 1831 ngaphansi kokuqondisa O. M. Somova futhi A. A. Delviga. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 Symbolists aseqalile ukukhiqiza iqoqo kwezincwadi igama elifanayo. Kubuyekeziwe "Izimbali Northern" wema-editions emihlanu - e 1901-1904 no-1911.

lwencwadi yesimanje

Namuhla lwencwadi - iqoqo ezithakazelisayo nezilaleli ezazihluke. Kungaba uneminye ezithakazelisayo izihloko abafundi. Abalobi bavame ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo i amaqembu ezinqumela aqine. Isibonelo edume etemibhalo lwencwadi "Metropol", ezikhishwe hlobo amakhophi 12 nje ngo-1979 eMoscow indlela samizdat. Ukuhlanganyela lokhu kukhululwa iqoqo uncensored wathatha Bella Akhmadulina, evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, uVladimir Vysotsky, Yuri Kublanovsky, uHenry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky Yuri Kurabchievsky nabanye anikwamukelanga ngokuba isikhamo sewayini olusemthethweni. abalobi Recalcitrant eSoviet Union kwavele zonke izinhlobo ukuhlukunyezwa, ikhophi "Metropolis" ikhishiwe e-United States futhi basakaza khona banyathelise indlela, futhi Vasily Aksenov uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa indaba inoveli yakhe "Say Cheese".

Lwencwadi "Islam ezweni lanamuhla" anikezelwe izinkinga zenkolo futhi setepolitiki lamazwe Muslim, itholakala ku-elekthronikhi futhi ephepheni. Abalobi salolu shicilelo ukuxoxa isimo sempucuko Islamic kusuka imibono yezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye kwendawo.

ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka eziphezulu Russian

"Izikhala ukuzingela" - Anthology kokuqukethwe etemibhalo kwezobuciko, eyasungulwa ngo-1950. Phakathi nomlando wakhe omude banamathela izigameko eziningi of ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi futhi manje omunye omdala ukuzingela izincwadi ngesiRashiya. Phakathi abalobi bayo ososayensi abaziwayo nabezombusazwe, izimbongi futhi abalobi, abaqondisi kanye nabalingisi, kanye abantu ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene. "Izikhala ukuzingela" - Owasinda Inzuzo engokomlando.

Ezikhathini zamuva ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka avele hhayi kuphela ngesimo amaqoqo ezinyathelisiwe, kodwa futhi ezikrinini ithelevishini. Ngokwesibonelo, lwencwadi "Emhlabeni Wonke" - TV ukuthi Radio and Television wase-USSR wakhipha ibhekwa "Abavakashi 'Club". Kinoalmanah yokwethula emoyeni kusukela 1988 nonyaka ka-1990-th, futhi equkethwe ulwazi bezijabulisa mayelana karate, ukuthatha uhambo, uhlobo nezobuciko. Dlulisa lavuselelwa okukhulu.

isiphetho

Ngakho, lwencwadi - uhlobo ncwadi, okuyinto ngaso sonke isikhathi bahlala ethandwa futhi olufanele. Ukuveza imibono yabo kuzo zonke izinhlobo izindaba, ukushicilela indalo yakhe tetemibhalo noma ulwazi bezijabulisa of interest uhla abafundi kungenzeka kulelo qoqo. Manje ezincwadini zonyaka ezazisakazeka ayatholakala kumafomethi ahlukahlukene: ukuphrinta, electronic futhi ithelevishini.