Kuyini umzimba biology: definition

Isimo kuphoqelekile ukuba khona noma yimuphi eziphilayo supply njalo izakhi kanye nokususwa imikhiqizo yokugcina kwamazinyo.

Kuyini umzimba biology

Umzimba, noma umzimba - isethi olukhethekile zamakhemikhali ezenzeka iyiphi eziphilayo ukulondoloza ukusebenza izimpiko zaso nokuphila. ukusabela okunjalo ukunikeza umzimba ithuba ukuthuthukisa, ukhule futhi wande ngenkathi esaziwa isimo sawo futhi ephendula ezishukumisa kwezemvelo imvelo.

Umzimba zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: catabolism futhi anabolism. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala abaphukile zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi phansi bese uba ngaphezulu elula. Ngesikhathi yesibili, kanye namandla izindleko kwemiqondo nucleic acid, lipids namaprotheni.

Indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke e umzimba kudlala enzyme ezisebenzayo yelikhono begazi. Bayakwazi ukunciphisa amandla ukusebenza ukusabela ngokomzimba futhi ilawule indlela umzimba.

izifunda umzimba futhi izingxenye ayafana ezilwaneni eziningi, okuyinto ubufakazi bobunye azalelwa zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Lokhu ukufana libonisa nesenzakalo kuqhathaniswa ekuqaleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emlandweni ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo.

Ukwahlukanisa uhlobo umzimba

Kuyini umzimba biology, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni Umhlaba zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu eziyisishiyagalombili, eqondiswa amandla carbon, amandla kanye substrate oxidized.

Eziphilayo njengoba umthombo wamandla angasebenzisa amandla zamakhemikhali, noma ukukhanya. Njengoba substrate oxidizable kungaba kokubili eziphilayo izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Umthombo we-carbon kuyinto carbon dioxide noma organic.

Kukhona nezilwanyana ezincane ukuthi, nokuba ezimweni ezahlukene khona, sebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene umzimba. It kuncike nomswakama, ukukhanyisa nezinye izinto.

eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kungenziwa ungachazwa lowo umzimba ofanayo kungase kudingeke amaseli nezinhlobo ezahlukene izinqubo umzimba.

catabolism

Biology, umzimba amandla ngokucabanga into efana "catabolism". Leli gama libizwa ngokuthi izinqubo umzimba izinhlayiya enkulu amafutha, zehlukaniswe ngesikhathi lapho ama-amino acid kanye carbohydrate basuke. Phakathi catabolism avele molecule elula ehilelekile ukusabela biosynthesis. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo umzimba uyakwazi viva amandla, waliguqula ku ifomu etholakalayo.

Organisms ezihlala ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis (izitshalo futhi cyanobacteria), ukudlulisa electron ukusabela musa ukukhipha amandla futhi aqoqana ngenxa yelanga.

Izilwane catabolic ukuphendula eziyinkimbinkimbi elihlobene ne wokuqhekeka up izakhi lula. izinto ezinjalo nitrate kanye nomoya-mpilo.

Catabolism ezilwaneni uhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu:

1. Cleavage izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwabangcwele lula.
2. Cleavage zishintshe okulula ngaphezulu elula.
3. amandla ukukhululwa.

anabolism

Umzimba (biology grade 8 ibona lokhu kungcono umqondo) kanye anabolism libhekene - iqoqo izinqubo umzimba biosynthesis nge nezindleko energy. yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyisisekelo amandla izakhiwo amaselula akhiwa ngokulandelana kusukela kokumethemba kakhulu elula.

Okokuqala kwemiqondo amino acid, ama-nucleotide, monosaccharides. Khona-ke la makhemikhali amafomu asebenzayo energy ngenxa Apr. Futhi isinyathelo sokugcina zonke monomers asebenzayo ehlangana izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana amaprotheni, lipids futhi polysaccharides.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngeke zonke izinto eziphilayo synthesize molecule asebenzayo. Biology (umzimba wachaza ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko) inike eziphilayo ezifana autotrophs futhi heterotrophs chemotroph. They zuza amandla awo imithombo.

Amandla eyatholakala kusukela elangeni

Kuyini umzimba biology? Inqubo lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni, futhi ihlukanisa eziphilayo kusuka ndaba nezingaphili.

Amandla of kwelanga udle lenyama, izitshalo kanye cyanobacteria. Kulezi abameleli umzimba kwenzeka ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis - inqubo ukumuncwa oksijini unekhemikhali-carbon dioxide.

ukugaya

molecule anjalo like isitashi, amaphrotheni kanye cellulose kuthiwa wajinge wanamatsela ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe njengoba amaseli. Ngo inqubo ukugaya akuzi enzyme ekhethekile sokudiliza amaprotheni ku-amino acid kanye polysaccharides - ukuze monosaccharides.

Izilwane kungaba ukukhulula enzyme ezinjalo kuphela emangqamuzaneni akhethekile. Kodwa nezilwanyana ezincane ezifana sisodwa esikhaleni ezizungezile. Zonke izinto okuyinto akhiqizwa ngenxa enzyme extracellular ukuthi ufake umzimba nge "ezokuthutha asebenzayo".

Control nekulawulwa

Kuyini umzimba biology, ungafunda kulesi sihloko. Ngamunye homeostasis umzimba libhekene - ukuqinisela imvelo yangaphakathi. Ukuba khona izimo ezinjalo kubaluleke kakhulu nganoma yisiphi umzimba. Njengoba bonke kwemvelo kushintsha njalo nangobuqotho ukuze sigcine kwezimo ezifanele ngaphakathi amaseli wabo bonke ukusabela umzimba kumele elawulwa ngendlela lefanele. umzimba Good kwenza izinto eziphilayo contact njalo imvelo futhi uphendule izinguquko.

Imininingwane zomlando

Kuyini umzimba biology? Ukunqunywa uku ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko. Nombono wokuthi "umzimba" ngokokuqala wasebenzisa Theodor Schwann ku forties yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Lolu cwaningo lokugayeka kokudla, ososayensi bekwi amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, futhi konke kwaqala nemizamo ukutadisha izilwane. Kodwa igama elithi "umzimba" yaqale esetshenziswa Ibn al-Nafis, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke umzimba njalo esimweni ukudla kungonakali, kanjalo libhekene izinguquko njalo ngaye.

Biology sifundo "Umzimba" ukuvula okushiwo umqondo futhi uchaze izibonelo ukuthi kuzosiza ukuthi yolwazi ukujula.

Okokuqala isipiliyoni egadiwe ekuhloleni umzimba etholwe Santorio Santoro e 1614. Wachaza isimo sakhe ngaphambi nangemva ukudla, umsebenzi, isiphuzo amanzi nokuphumula nokulala. Yena waqala ukuqaphela ukuthi iningi ukudliwa kokudla lalahleka phakathi "ukuhwamuka imperceptible" inqubo.

Ngo izifundo kokuqala, ukusabela umzimba azitholakalanga, futhi ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi ophilayo izicubu ilawula namandla.

Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, u-Eduard Buchner esethula umqondo enzyme. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ekutadisheni umzimba iqala ekutadisheni amaseli. Phakathi nale nkathi, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo isibe isayensi.

Kuyini umzimba biology? Incazelo inganikelwa okulandelayo - isethi okhethekile ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukusekela khona umzimba.

amaminerali

Umzimba indima enkulu kakhulu eyadlalwa izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Zonke organic compounds aqukethe semali phosphorus, nomoya-mpilo, futhi i-nitrogen.

compounds Iningi wezinto ungalawula ingcindezi ezingeni ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Futhi, emakamu kunomphumela omuhle ukusebenza kwemisipha futhi ezinzwa.

Inguquko izinsimbi (yensimbi ne-zinc) lokulawula umsebenzi amaprotheni ezokuthutha kanye enzyme. Zonke namaminerali wezinto bumuncwa amaprotheni ezokuthutha kanye neze kukhona esimweni khulula.