Baphoqwe izimuncagazi: izinhlobo, izici, izibonelo

Parasitism - yezindlela endala bahlalisane eziphilayo. Kusukela igama lesiGreki "amagciwane" zolimi lwe-angahunyushwa ngokuthi "amagciwane." Ngempela, ngokuyisisekelo parasitism ukuthi umzimba ezimbili zofuzo ezihluke Bahlala isikhathi eside impela isikhathi eside, nomunye eziphilayo isetshenziselwa ezinye olwenzeka endaweni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umthombo wokudla. Ku-ezithakazelisa kangaka, ngokombono begazi buka, lo mkhuba parasitism baphoqwe, kuzoxoxwa ngakho kulesi sihloko.

Lapho benza igama elithi "parasitism"?

EGrisi lasendulo kwakukhona umthetho: umholi wezombangazwe uthola endala kakhulu ukuba agcwalise izibopho zawo oqondile, uya abondliwa isimo. Ukuze laba bantu eyakhelwe zokuhlala ezikhethekile, ngokuthi parasitariyami. Kodwa izakhamuzi amahostela ngokuthi izimuncagazi. Ngakho ekuqaleni amagciwane - ingenye ukuthi uyakwazi khona kuphela abanye.

eziphilayo yisinanakazana

Izimuncagazi manje ngokuthi izidalwa kabani khona awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela abanye abantu okuqondene ezahlukene kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Amagciwane ungalahlekelwa ngokuphelele amandla abaphilayo ozimele (lena okuthiwa izimuncagazi baphoqwe), noma okunye udlulela indlela yisinanakazana wokuphila kuphela izigaba ezithile ngendlela.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izinzuzo amagciwane kusukela co-khona ngendoda enesivakashi, ne yokugcina enza umonakalo. Uma lokhu umonakalo ingahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo kunalokho ububanzi, ekulimaleni izicubu izitho ezihlukahlukene noma Ukuwohloka ngaphambi ushintsho ukuziphatha umninikhaya. Yingakho uma ukutheleleka kudingeka ukwelapha izimuncagazi ngenye umonakalo ongalungiseki umzimba singasetshenziswa. Njengoba isibonelo, izidakamizwa eziningi noma imithi ezivumela ukuqeda izikelemu.

Izici eziphilayo yisinanakazana

Ngokungafani predation, parasitism kuhilela lithathelwe amagciwane izici umninikhaya. Izimuncagazi ukuhlala njengoba surface aphethe umzimba futhi izimbotshana kwezitho zakhe zangaphakathi noma amaseli.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu isici sici zokunciphisa eziphilayo yisinanakazana baye izitho ezithile, okuyinto ngendlela khona akudingekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile izimuncagazi kungekho wokugaya ukudla, bayabona izitho noma nasemilenzeni. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izinambuzane Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo neze "ukubuya," walahlekelwa isitho izinhlelo: kuphela kungenzeka yokuncishiswa obengeziwe emzimbeni. Njengoba isibonelo yokuncishiswa enjalo kungaholela amagciwane, okuyinto kucatshangwa microorganism unicellular siguqulelwa molecule ye-DNA noma RNA, "igcwele" endaweni igobolondo amaprotheni. Ama-virus bakudala ukuze abanye abacwaningi musa ngisho ababheke njengezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuvela parasitism

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi parasitism kwavela ngesikhathi izwe abahlala, lapho esemhlabeni biogeocoenoses uqala ukuvela. Ngenxa ekuqiniseni ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ihlangabezane elithile ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwano iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ukuthi bamele nokuhlalisana kwabantu ngabanye okuqondene zinhlobo ezahlukene. Kulokhu, omunye uhlobo kancane kancane waqala ukuzivumelanisa yomzimba yomunye. Lunye baba ewumngcingo ukuze symbiote wangaphambili lalingekho ngaphandle aphethe futhi iba amagciwane. izimuncagazi Iningi ingashintshwa ukuze izindlela zokuzivikela umzimba aphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, iseli webhaktheriya odongeni ukushwaqa, isakhiwo ekhethekile ukuvimbela ecwaninga nokunye ukuthuthukisa emikhawulweni izibungu. D.

Izimuncagazi: izinhlobo eziyinhloko

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinto eziphilayo yisinanakazana:

- izimuncagazi Akuphoqelekile. Bayisibonelo kuyingxenye yezimpilo zabo njengabantu ngabanye mahhala, kodwa nge indlela yisinanakazana zokuphila kumane kungamanye izigaba yentuthuko, njengoba umthetho, ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Njengoba isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium emathunjini.

- baphoqwe izimuncagazi. Zonke izigaba zomjikelezo amagciwane ukuphila elihlobene ne umninikhaya. In imvelo bangaphandle amagciwane anjalo ngeke kube khona. Baphoqwe izimuncagazi - wonke amagciwane, Rickettsia futhi chlamydia.

- izimuncagazi okungahleliwe. Lena qembu elincane eziphilayo ukuguqulela parasitism ngengozi. Izibonelo isikhunta, ezingavikelekile ezingase zibe imbangela nokuthuthuka mycoses womuntu ongama.

Ukwabela olunye uhlobo eziphilayo yisinanakazana - okuthiwa sverhparazitov. anjengawengxibongo Sebawoti usebenzisa ezinye izimuncagazi. Superparasitism - into lalivamile ngokwemvelo, ibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni: eziphilayo ezifana lokulawula Usayizi labantu eziphilayo yisinanakazana.

"Izindaba ezimbi asemaphaketheni amaprotheni"

Amagciwane izimuncagazi baphoqwe - eziphilayo abakwazi nokuzala ngaphandle cell. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi amagciwane baka eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi baye bathuthela ngendlela yisinanakazana zokuphila futhi walahlekelwa kakhulu zezakhi zofuzo nezakhiwo zawo yeselula. Amagciwane bantula ngisho nekhono lokuzinqumela umzimba: I-amandla basebenzisa izinqubo umzimba kuseli elinegciwane.

Ngu definition, uMklomelo KaNobel P. Medawar, igciwane - 'kuyizindaba ezimbi asemaphaketheni amaprotheni. " Kuyinto ngakho ngempela: isakhiwo viral lula ukuba umkhawulo. Ama-virus DNA noma RNA molecule esivikelekile amaprotheni igobolondo ukubizwa ngegama "capsid". Uma kuseli, igciwane izakhi zofuzo sebeqala reprogram umsebenzi izinhlelo kwamakhemikhali, kubenze nokuzala ezidingekile igciwane ukufanisana amaprotheni.

Zamagciwane izimuncagazi njengoba ngokuphelele

Amagciwane kungenziwa ngokuthi uhlobo 'senkosi' ezidala emhlabeni akukho olulodwa lwento ephilayo, okungenzeka hhayi obala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Amagciwane kungaba Luhlala hhayi kuphela kumaseli zezilwane nezitshalo, kodwa futhi izilokazane ezincane owumphumela. Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi izimuncagazi baphoqwe kuphela, ukuthi akuzona kuphela akanamandla ezimele khona khulula, kodwa futhi abonisa izakhiwo ophilayo ndaba kuphela uma ukuwa umzimba aphethe.

Ingahle ngempumelelo naphezu umonakalo ukuthi igciwane kungabangela umzimba, ukwelapha i izimuncagazi ezithelela amaseli. Ngeshwa, amagciwane, baphoqwe izimuncagazi intracellular wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu nande ngokushesha ngokwanele. ukuziphendukela kwaso phambili embonini eyenza imithi yezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, baphoqwe izimuncagazi intracellular kokuba elula, uma kungekhona isakhiwo bakudala, bese ukunqoba inkosi bemvelo - womuntu ...

Namuhla, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi kuba umzimba yisinanakazana ingenye izinjini main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ungacabangi ukuthi lezi zidalwa balimaze kuphela: baphoqwe izimuncagazi, okuyinto ezibonakala ngayo kulesi sihloko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ekutadisheni izidalwa, ngaphandle lapho inkululeko nentuthuko emhlabeni ophilayo akunakwenzeka.