Kuyini Mars, izici kule planethi. Ibanga kuya Mars

Mars - iplanethi wesine esimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, kanti eyesibili kulencane ngemva Mercury. It okuthiwa i unkulunkulu wamaRoma impi. isidlaliso yayo "Iplanethi Ebomvu" livela ebusweni ngokubomvu, okuyinto ngenxa predominance yensimbi oxide. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka ethile, lapho Mars umelene emhlabeni, kuba ebonakalayo kakhulu esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, Abantu baligcina iplanethi izinkulungwane zeminyaka, futhi ukubonakala kwawo esibhakabhakeni odlale indima enkulu izinganekwane nezinkolelo izinhlelo ezinkanyezi semiphakathi eminingi. Ezikhathini zanamuhla sekuyinto obuyigugu wangempela okutholwe yisayensi ukuthi isihambile ukuqonda kwethu sonozungezilanga kanye nomlando wayo.

Usayizi, orbit kanye nenqwaba Mars

Irediyasi planethi wesine kusukela ilanga imayelana 3396 km senkabazwe kanti 3376 km ezindaweni ezibandayo, okuhambelana-53% yesizwe engaba Earth. Futhi nakuba cishe uhhafu nenqwaba Mars 6.4185 x 10²³ kg, noma 15.1% we mass kule planethi yethu. Itshekisela-eksisi iyafana umhlaba futhi 25,19 ° indiza esemkhathini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iplanethi wesine eLangeni nayo ekujabuleleni izinkathi zonyaka.

Ngezinye ibanga eyaqopha eLangeni, Mars ujikeleza at ibanga 1.666 futhi. e., noma izingozi eziyizigidi ezingu 249,2 amakhilomitha. Ngezinye perihelion, uma esiseduzane inkanyiso zethu, it esuswa nganoma 1,3814 futhi. e., noma izingozi eziyizigidi ezingu 206,7 amakhilomitha. Iplanethi Ebomvu liyadingeka 686,971 izinsuku Earth, okulingana 1,88 Umhlaba iminyaka ukwenza revolution uzungeza ilanga. Usuku Mars, okuyinto Emhlabeni ilingana olulodwa nemizuzu engu-40 ngonyaka ihlala izinsuku 668,5991.

Ukwakheka inhlabathi

Emhlanganweni ukuminyana isilinganiso 3.93 g / cm³ Mars lesi sici okwenza kube ngaphansi obukhulu kunomhlaba. umthamo wayo imayelana 15% iplanethi yethu, futhi isisindo - 11%. Mars Red - phetho khona phezu kobuso yensimbi oxide, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukugqwala. Ukuba khona kwamanye namaminerali uthuli, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala eminye imibala - igolide, onsundu, oluhlaza, nabanye.

Iqembu iplanethi enguMhlaba amumethe amaminerali, aqukethe Silicon nomoya-mpilo, izinsimbi kanye nezinye izinto zazo ngokuvamile kufakwe amaplanethi enamadwala. Inhlabathi kancane ane-alikhali futhi iqukethe magnesium, i-sodium, i-potassium ne-chlorine. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa amasampula enhlabathi abonisa nokuthi pH salo 7.7.

Nakuba ukuba namanzi kungaba ayikho yeplanethi i-Mars ngenxa nomkhathi wawo mncane, lokuhlala ezinkulu ice bagxila ngaphakathi ofeleba polar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela pole kuya ku-60 ° eyiqhwa latitude zone kwelula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi esiba ngaphansi kakhulu ebusweni njengoba inhlanganisela uthi alo okuqinile futhi uketshezi. idatha Radar kanye amasampula enhlabathi waqinisekisa khona komhlaba isitoreji amathangi futhi phakathi nawo-zindawo.

sakhiwo sangekhatsi

Iplanethi Mars, engu-4.5 Ga siqukethe obukhulu metallic core lizungezwe isiphuku silicon. Umnyombo siqukethe yensimbi sulfide ne iqukethe kabili njengoba izakhi wakho ngokulandelayo kuningi ukukhanya kuka core eMhlabeni. I ukujiya isilinganiso uqweqwe imayelana 50 km kanti esiphezulu kuyinto 125 km. Uma thina acabangele osayizi amaplanethi, uqweqwe eMhlabeni, okuyinani elilingana ukushuba isilinganiso 40 km, izikhathi 3 ohlabayo kuka-Mars.

onobuhle yamanje ukuphakamisa isakhiwo layo langaphakathi, ubukhulu ikhenela okungukuthi ngaphakathi endaweni engaba 1700-1850 km, futhi bahlanganisa ikakhulu zensimbi nickel nge mayelana 16-17% sulphur. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo ezincane kanye mass amandla adonsela phansi phezu Mars% 37.6 kuphela umhlaba. Ukusheshisa gravity ilingana 3.711 m / s², kuqhathaniswa 9.8 m / s² eplanethini yethu.

ebusweni izici

Red Mars kuyinto yobhuqu negcwele ezomile phezulu, futhi kuba ngokocwaningo okufana kakhulu eMhlabeni. It has emathafeni futhi izintaba, ngisho ngobukhulu zesihlabathi zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kukhona intaba ephakeme kunazo - mlilo isihlangu Olympus, ende futhi ejulile canyon - Valles Marineris.

Umthelela asemigodini - izici ejwayelekile landscape, okuyinto ligcwele iplanethi i-Mars. Ubudala unezinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka ukhona. Basuke kahle walondoloza ngenxa izinga kancane ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. I enkulu sazo Dolina Ellada. Obungazungeza sigodi mayelana 2,300 km, nokujula salo 9 km.

On yeplanethi i-Mars kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi gullies futhi iziteshi, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yake agelezayo. Ukuqhathanisa nabo zokwakheka ezifanayo emhlabeni, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi basuke okungenani ingxenye ezakhiwe amanzi ashaya leli dwala. Lezi ziteshi inkulu ngokwanele - km 100 ububanzi futhi amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ubude ..

iziphuphutheki Mars

Mars has izinyanga ezimbili ezincane, Phobos futhi Deimos. Zitholakale lapho ngo-1877 ngu-sezinkanyezi u-Asafa Hall, futhi zibizwa izinhlamvu wasenganekwaneni. Ngokuhambisana nesiko yokuthola amagama asuselwa ezinganekwaneni zasendulo, Phobos futhi Deimos ningamadodana Ares - kankulunkulu wamaGreki of war, owawungumnyaka prototype ESonto LamaRoma Mars. Eyokuqala limelela kokwesaba, kanti eyesibili - nesiyaluyalu okukhulu.

Phobos imayelana 22 km ububanzi, kanye nebanga elivela kuwo Mars 9234.42 km perigee futhi apogee 9517.58 km. Lena ngezansi engamamitha zokuvumelanisa, satellite kanye kuthatha amahora 7 kuphela ukundiza emhlabeni. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10-50 iminyaka, Phobos angawa ku yeplanethi i-Mars noma nihlukane ku isakhiwo sazungeza ke.

Deymos has a ububanzi of mayelana 12 km, futhi ibanga lalo ukusuka Mars ka 23455.5 km perigee futhi apogee 23,470.9 km. Okugcwele ithuba satellite kwenza izinsuku 1.26. Mars kungenzeka iziphuphutheki ezingeziwe ezincane kuno 50-100 m ububanzi, futhi phakathi Phobos futhi Deimos has a indandatho ngothuli.

Ngokusho ososayensi, lezi izinyanga sake asteroyidi, kodwa ke bathunjwa amandla adonsela phansi kule planethi. albedo okuphansi kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo izinyanga ezimbili (chondrite carbonaceous), okuyinto kufana impahla elisemkhathini, ukusekela lo mbono, futhi orbit engazinzile Phobos, kubonakala, kusikisela ekuthatheni yamuva. Noma kunjalo, izinyanga ezimbili orbit isiyingi futhi zitholakala indiza yenkabazwe, okuyinto engajwayelekile emizimbeni lithunjwa.

Atmosphere nesimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu mars mncane kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona umkhathi, okuyinto yakhiwa 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% - 1.89% futhi argon - nitrogen ne iminonjana oksijini namanzi. Kuyinto enothuli kakhulu futhi iqukethe izinhlayiya okuqinile kokuba usayizi 1.5 microns ububanzi ukuthi Amabala esibhakabhakeni Mars lapho libhekwa ebusweni umbala omnyama ophuzi. izinguquko ingcindezi Atmosphere ngaphakathi 0,4-0,87 KPA. Lokhu okulingana no-1% Umhlaba ezingeni ulwandle.

Ngenxa ungqimba elincanyana we gasbag kanye lide ibanga kusuka ilanga lifudumeza Mars kunalokho kobuso Earth. Ngokwesilinganiso, kuba elilingana -46 ° C. Ebusika lehla -143 ° C-pole kanye ehlobo emini yenkabazwe kuyinto 35 ° C.

Emhlabeni zineminyaka uthuli neziphepho jikisa tornado encane. Iziphepho Okuningi enobudlova zenzeka lapho uthuli liyaphuma futhi heats ilanga. Imimoya waqinisa, ukudala isiphepho, esikalini zazo kukalwa izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, kanye nesikhathi sabo - kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Empeleni ukufihla cishe yonke indawo ephindwe Mars yasendle ezibukwayo.

Izinsalela ze-methane kanye ammonia

Esimweni planethi njengoba izinsalela ze-methane kutholwa, lokuhlushwa okuyinto 30 PPB. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-Mars kumele ukukhiqiza amathani angu-270 e-methane ngonyaka. Uma emkhathini igesi angaba khona kuphela isikhathi esilinganiselwe (iminyaka 0.6-4). Ukuba khona kwakhe, naphezu isikhathi esifushane, kubonisa ukuthi kumelwe ukuba ukhona umthombo asebenzayo.

Phakathi okukhethwa Johannesburg - mlilo, inkanyezi enomsila futhi khona microbial methanogenic eziphilayo ngalé kwalokhu okubonayo. Methane ingatholakala izinqubo ze-non-eziphilayo, okuthiwa serpentinization, iqhaza amanzi, isikhutha Olivine, okuyinto ngokuvamile kwenzeka ku mars.

Isethelayithi-Mars Express sigameko kuphinde Kutholwe ammonia, kodwa nge esaphila esifushane. Akucaci ukuthi ukhiqiza, kodwa mlilo siphakamisiwe njengoba umthombo okungenzeka.

ukuhlola kwamaplanethi

Izama ukuthola ukuthi yini Mars kwaqala ngawo-1960. Esikhathini kusuka ngo-1960 kuya 1969, iSoviet Union yaqala ukuba Iplanethi Ebomvu 9 mkhathi unmanned, kodwa abakwazanga ukufinyelela umgomo. Ngo-1964, i-NASA umkhankaso Mariner iphenya ukusebenzisa. I steel lokuqala "Mariner 3" futhi "Mariner 4". Umsebenzi wokuqala kuhlulekile ngesikhathi ukuthunyelwa, kodwa yesibili, okuyinto wethulwa Ngemva kwamasonto 3, ngempumelelo Wenze uhambo lwezinyanga ezingu-7.5.

"Mariner-4" wenza ngowokuqala izithombe proximal Mars (ekuboniseni umthelela asemigodini) futhi wanikeza ukwaziswa okunembile mayelana umfutho womoya phezu kanye ukungabikho wathi magnetic field nemisebe ibhande. NASA baqhubeka uhlelo ukuqalisa kwenye pair of nezipani kuphenywe Mariner 6 no-7, okuyinto kwafinyelela iplanethi ngo-1969

Ngo-1970, iSoviet Union ne-United States ligcwaliswe e ubani ozohola isathelayithi lokuqala yokufakelwa ukuzungeza Mars. Uhlelo Soviet M-71 kufakwe ezintathu mkhathi - "Isikhala-419" ( "Mares-1971C»), «Mars-2" futhi "Mars-3". Uphenyo lokuqala esindayo iphahlazeka ngesikhathi uqalisa. Umsebenzi okwalandela "Mars-2" futhi "Mars-3" luyinhlanganisela lo ozungeza emkhathini futhi mkhathi sasingabantwana iziteshi lokuqala, kokwehla ezisemkhathini uzibophezele (ngaphandle Moon).

Aye umkhankaso ngempumelelo maphakathi no-May 1971 futhi indiza sisuka Earth Mars izinyanga eziyisikhombisa. Novemba 27 mkhathi "Mars-2" wenziwe lokubikezela eziphuthumayo ngenxa yokuhluleka computer ugibelile futhi baba into eyenziwe umuntu wokuqala ukuthi ifinyelele ebusweni Iplanethi Ebomvu. Disemba 2, "Mars-3" wenza kokufika esigcwele, kodwa ukudluliswa ngesikhathi eyedwa ngemva 14.5 nge ukusakaza.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-NASA baqhubeka Uhlelo Mariner, kwathi ngo-1971 ezaqaliswa iphenya 8 futhi 9. "Mariner 8" ngesikhathi sokuqalisa watheleka phakathi Atlantic Ocean. Kodwa mkhathi yesibili hhayi kuphela lifikile Mars, kodwa wabuye waba kokuqala ngempumelelo orbit. Nakuba eyathatha uthuli isikali kwamaplanethi, satellite wakwazi ukuthatha ezinye izithombe Phobos. Lapho isiphepho sinqamukile, probe wathatha izithombe, wanikeza ubufakazi oluthe xaxa ngokwenziwa yeplanethi i-Mars yake amanzi agelezé. Kwatholakala ukuthi entabeni okuthiwa Snow Olympus (omunye izinto ezimbalwa ezisele ebonakalayo ngesikhathi kwamaplanethi uthuli) futhi eliphakeme kwetinhlavu komthala wethu, okwaholela ekutheni ekuqambeni kabusha yayo Olympus ekukhuphukeni.

Ngo-1973, iSoviet Union wathumela iphenya ezine: 4th kanye iziphuphutheki 5th "Mars" futhi iphenya esemkhathini wehle "Mars 6" futhi 7. Zonke iphenya interplanetary, ngaphandle "Mars-7", lokudlulisa futhi uhambo "Mars-5" kwaba impumelelo. Kuze mzuzu depressurization izindlu esiteshini Lidlulisela ephethwe ukuze uthumele izithombe ku-60.

Ngo-1975, i-NASA umkhankaso Viking 1 no-2, ehlanganisa iziphuphutheki zimbili reentry. Mission ukuze Mars lwenzelwe ukucinga iminonjana ukuphila nokuqaphelisisa izici zayo Meteorological, ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye uzibuthe. Imiphumela zokuhlolwa begazi ebhodini Uzalo "amaViking" babe ingaphelele, kodwa kabusha ukuhlaziywa, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2012, wasikisela ukuba khona izimpawu eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Iziphuphutheki enikeziwe ubufakazi obengeziwe olwalukhona on Mars Water - big uzamcolo kwakhiwa zigodi ezijulile, esisuka wezinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye notshwala branched e Nenkabazwe eningizimu kusikisela ukuthi kukhona kanye kwezulu.

Resumption izindiza

Iplanethi wesine kusukela ilanga engakaze wafunda kuze 1990, lapho NASA wathumela mission Mars Pathfinder ngaphambi kwalokho, eyayihlanganisa mkhathi, esangenza esiteshini "ogogobeleyo" ezihambayo ukuba kwenziwe uphenyo. Umshini siwela Mars 4 Julayi 1987 futhi waba ubufakazi bomsebenzi ubuchwepheshe ukuthi sizosetshenziswa mikhankaso okwengeziwe, ezifana betshala usebenzisa ama-air bag futhi othomathikhi isithiyo nokugwema.

Inhloso eduze Mars - yangokwesiko satellite yamathuluzi e-MGS, yafinyelela iplanethi Septhemba 12, 1997 futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-March 1999 ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa egcwele engu-Mars ukuphakama ongaphakeme orbit cishe polar, wafundiswa bonke ubuso nasemkhathini, futhi wathumela enye idatha mayelana iplanethi kunabo bonke ohambweni ehlangene.

Novemba 5, 2006 yamathuluzi e-MGS badukelana Umhlaba, Futhi NASA imizamo yokubuyisela ke abangu inqanyulwe Januwari 28, 2007

Ngo-2001, ukuze uthole ukuthi yini Mars ithunyelwe ku-Mars Odyssey ozungeza emkhathini. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba ukuthola ubufakazi bokobana yamanzi kanye mlilo emhlabeni nokusetshenziswa spectrometer futhi imagers. Ngo-2002, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi uphenyo Kutholwe semali hydrogen - ubufakazi bokuba khona imali yeqhwa emikhulu phezulu ezintathu amamitha inhlabathi ngaphakathi 60 °-South Pole.

Juni 2, 2003 -European Space Agency (ESA) wethula "kuyi-Mars Express" - a mkhathi ehlanganisa satellite bese ukwehla we probe "Beagle 2". Wangena orbit Disemba 25, 2003, futhi probe ungene emkhathini we iplanethi ngosuku olufanayo. Ngaphambi ESA ilahlekelwa contact nge-mkhathi i-Mars Express ozungeza emkhathini waqinisekisa khona i-carbon dioxide ice futhi eSouth Pole.

Ngo-2003, i-NASA umkhankaso Ukutadisha Uhlelo iplanethi Mer. Kwakuvamise rovers ezimbili "uMoya" kanye "ithuba." Mission ukuze Mars kwadingeka umsebenzi ukuhlola rocks ezahlukene kanye nenhlabathi ukuthola ubufakazi bokuba khona lamanzi lapha.

12.08.05 wethulwa Mars kwesimo endaweni ozungeza emkhathini (MRO), okuyinto kwafinyelela orbit emhlabeni 10.03.06. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu imoto kukhona amathuluzi esayensi lenziwe ngendlela yokuba libone amanzi, ice namaminerali phezu futhi ngaphansi kwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, MRO ngeke basekelwe ukuze isizukulwane oluzayo isikhala iphenya: nsuku zonke elibukhali sezulu on Mars kanye isimo ubuso bayo, kuseshelwa kokwehla amasayithi esizayo nokuhlolwa uhlelo ezokuxhumana ezintsha ezizoba kusheshiswe maqondana nomhlaba.

Agasti 6, 2012 emgodini wentaba Gale lawela NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover MSL futhi "Kyuriositi". Nabo kwathiwa bathole okuningi eziphathelene yendawo yesimo sezulu kanye ebusweni izimo kanye izinhlayiya organic zitholiwe.

Novemba 18, 2013 ku nomunye futhi umzamo ukuze uthole ukuthi yini Mars Maven wethulwa satellite, injongo okuyinto ukufunda umkhathi futhi sidlulisele amasignali rovers kunendawo enkulu engahlolwa amarobhothi.

ucwaningo uyaqhubeka

Iplanethi wesine eLangeni - the okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu isimiso sethu sikanozungezilanga, ngemva Earth. Okwamanje ku ubuso bayo umsebenzi esiteshini "Ithuba" futhi "Kyuriositi" futhi emzileni 5 mkhathi - Mars Odyssey, i-Mars Express, MRO, umama kanye Maven.

Lezi iphenya kuhlulekile ukudlulisa i izithombe emangalisayo eningiliziwe Iplanethi Ebomvu. Basiza ukuthola ukuthi amanzi kanye wawukhona, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi Mars Nomhlaba zifana kakhulu - banayo polar yiqhwa, ukuguquka kwezinkathi zonyaka, isimo sezulu kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi. Baye kwabonisa nokuthi izinto eziphilayo bangaba khona namuhla, futhi kungenzeka kwaba ngaphambi.

Kukhathazeka wesintu ukuthola ukuthi yini Mars, hhayi buthaka, futhi imizamo yethu ukufunda ubuso bawo, Ukwambula indaba yakhe ayikapheli. Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, siba semathubeni wokuzilimaza ukuqhubeka ukuthumela rovers futhi owokuqala uthume umuntu. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikhumbula nokutholakala kwezinsiza kudingekile, iplanethi wesine kusukela ilanga uyoke efanelekayo ophilayo.