Kuyini isici se-teratogenic? Izimbangela ze-anomalies ezingokoqobo

Muva nje, inani lezingane ezizalwa nge-pathologies yentuthuko liye landa. Lokhu kubangelwa umthelela we-teratogenic (kusukela ku-Greek teros monster, ezimbi) izici, ngoba phakathi nenkathi yokuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine ukuthi umzimba uvikeleke kakhulu. Kulesi simo, okuningi (nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi) kuxhomeke emthwalweni womama.

Ngakho-ke, iqhawe likaHugo Quasimodo lalisesesibelethweni esisongelwe ngumama wakhe, siqinisa ngokuqinile isisu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuze sithengise izingane ezibizayo kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi igama elithi "factor tatatogenic" liyaziwa abantu isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Izitebhisi zokuhlukunyezwa kombungu

Izinga lokungcupheni kwe-fetus ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa lihluka, odokotela babela izigaba ezintathu.

1. Lesi sigaba sithatha kusukela kumahora okuqala wokukhulelwa kuya ku-18. Ngalesi sikhathi, uma kunenqwaba yamaseli awonakele, ukuphuma kwesisu okungahambi kahle kwenzeka. Uma ukungenwa kwesisu kungenzeki, umbungu ungasheshe ulungise amaseli awonakele ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yomuntu. Kalula nje, kulesi sigaba nje izindlela ezimbili - noma umbungu ufa, noma uqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo.
2. Isigaba sesibili sibonakala sengozini enkulu ye-fetus. Isiteji sithatha ezinsukwini ezingu-18 kuya kwezingu-60. Kule nkathi lapho kutholakala khona amagciwane amakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokungahambisani nokuphila. Odokotela bathi ukukhubazeka okuyingozi kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwakha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-36, kamuva kungabonakali futhi kwenzeke okungajwayelekile, kungabi nokubala amaphutha wesistimu ye-genitourinary ne-palate enzima. Yingakho abesifazane abanesisindo sokukhulelwa kwezinyanga ezintathu bevame ukusongela ukukhulelwa kwesisu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela impilo yomuntu, ngoba impilo yengane ezayo ixhomeke kuyo.
3. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ingane ivele isungule izitho nezinhlelo zazo, ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okungalungile akunakwenzeka. Kodwa kunengozi yokukhubazeka kokukhula komntwana, ukufa kwamangqamuzana amaningi, ukuwohloka komsebenzi kwanoma yiziphi izitho. Isistimu yezinzwa yengane isengozini kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zezici ze-teratogenic

Umqondo we- "teratogenesis" (okwenzeka ngezinkinga) uhlukaniswe ngohlobo lwezinhlobo ezimbili - izimo eziphuthumayo ezivela emithonjeni engavamile yemvelo kanye nokukhubazeka okubangelwa izifo ezifa. Noma kunjalo, igama elithi "factor teratogenic" lisho kuphela uhlobo lokuqala. Lezi yizimo zamakhemikhali, eziphilayo kanye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukungabikho kokuzalwa okungezansi kokuthuthukiswa kwezitho nezinhlelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezici ze-teratogenic kulandela lokhu.

1. Amakhemikhali.
2. Imisebe ye-ionizing.
3. Indlela engalungile yokuphila kowesifazane okhulelwe.
4. Izifo.

Amakhemikhali njengengxenye ye-teratogenic

Omunye wemithi uzoqinisekisa ukuthi noma yimaphi amakhemikhali amanani amaningi ayingozi kumzimba. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abakhethwe ngokucophelela kakhulu ukwelapha izidakamizwa, uma kunesidingo.

Okwamanje, akukwazi ukusho ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo oluvela kulolu hlu, njengesici se-teratogenic, luzobangela ukuba kube khona ukungalingani kwentuthuko, nakuba ezinye izidakamizwa ziyakwazi ukwandisa ingozi yalesi simo izikhathi ezingu-2-3. Kuqinisiwe ukuthi ingozi enkulu kakhulu imelelwa izidakamizwa ku-trimester yokuqala yokukhulelwa, kepha ithonya labo phakathi kwe-II ne-III trimesters aliqondi kahle. Imiphumela emibi kuphela ye-thalidomide yaziwa, ikakhulukazi ngosuku lwama-34-50 lokukhulelwa.

Ingozi enkulu kunawo wonke owesifazane okhulelwe yi-mercury, i-toluene, i-benzene, i-chlorodiphenyl kanye neziqhamo zayo. Futhi futhi namaqembu alandelayo wemikhiqizo yokwelapha:

1. I-Tetracyclines (ama-antibiotics).
2. I-Valproic acid isetshenziselwa ukuxubha kanye nesithuthwane, kanye ne-trimetidione.
3. "Busulfan" (isidakamizwa esinikezwe i-leukemia).
4. Amahomori nesenzo se -rogenic.
5. "I-Captopril", "Enalapril" (ekhonjiswe nge-hypertension).
6. Izakhi ze-iodine.
7. "Methotrexate" (ine-immunosuppressive effect).
8. I-lithium carbonate.
9. "Thiamazole" (i-thyreostatic agent).
10. "I-Penicillamine" (esetshenziselwa ukuphendula ngokuzenzakalela).
11. "Isotretinoin" (i-analogue yevithamini A).
12. "Diethylstilbestrol" (ukulungiselela ama-hormonal).
13. "Thalidomide" (amaphilisi okulala).
14. "Cyclophosphamide" (i-antitumor drug).
15. "Etretinat" (esetshenziselwa izifo zesikhumba).

Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi kuthinte kabi amaqembu e-fetus wezidakamizwa asetshenziselwa izifo ezihluke ngokuphelele, kubalulekile ukuyala abesifazane abakhulelwe ngokuqapha okukhulu. Qinisekisa ukwazisa udokotela ukuthi usemeni.

I-radiation ionizing

Eminye imisebe ye-ionizing ithwala i-ultrasound (nakuba odokotela sekuyisikhathi eside bemisa ukuthi akukho ukulimaza okuphawulekayo kumntwana ongenayo ingane), i-fluorography, i-fluoroscopy nezinye izindlela zokucwaninga ezibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi e-ionizing.

Ezinye izibonelo zezinto ezithinta izidakamizwa yizigameko zokukhishwa kwezinto ezinomsakazo emvelweni, ukwelashwa nge-iodine ye-radioactive, ukwelashwa kwemisebe.

Ama-infectious agents kanye nokukhulelwa

Njengoba i-placenta inesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuphelela, kukhona ingozi yokuthelelwa kwesisu noma ukutheleleka kwe-intrauterine ye-fetus eziningana zezifo. Ukwelashwa emasontweni ayisikhombisa okukhulelwa kungaholela ekutheni i-fetal pathologies ehambisana nokuphila. Ukwelashwa kwengane ngezigaba kamuva kungaholela ekwakhiweni kokutheleleka kumntwana osanda kuzalwa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubukhulu bokubonakaliswa kwesifo kuwesifazane okhulelwe kanye nombungu kungase kuguquke.

Isici se-teratogenic sinezifo ezilandelayo:

• I-Toxoplasmosis;
• I-Cytomegalovirus;
• Izinhlobo ze-Herpes I no-II;
• I-Rubella;
• ISyphilis;
• I-venezuela encephalitis;
• I-virus varicella-zoster.

Futhi, imiphumela engathandeki yengane ihlanganisa ukutheleleka nge-chlamydia kanye nezinqubo ezivuthayo zokuvuvukala ezenzeka emzimbeni wesifazane okhulelwe.

Iphutha lesifazane okhulelwe

Abesifazane besimweni banomthwalo wokuphila kanye nempilo yengane yabo, ngakho-ke kufanele baphele noma yikuphi ukuphuza utshwala, ukubhema nokuphuza ngokweqile ikhofi. Izici ezithinta izidakamizwa zihlanganisa nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa embonini yasemaphandleni, ama-powders kanye nabahlanza.

Kubalulekile ukuba udle kahle futhi wenqabe ukulimaza, okushiwo izakhiwo eziwusizo, ukudla. Ukudla kumele kwakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi owesifazane okhulelwe anakho konke okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni i-fetus. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwamaprotheni kuholela embryo hypotrophy. Umzimba wesifazane udinga ama-micronutrients njenge-selenium, i-zinc, i-iodine, i-manganese ehola, i-fluorine. Ekudleni kufanele kube nokudla okwanele kwe-calcium namavithamini.

Ezinye izici ze-teratogenic

I-fetal pathologies ingabangela isifo sikashukela, i-goiter eqhubekayo, i-phenylketonuria nezicubu ezikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone a-androgen. Kanti futhi odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi kuyingozi ukuthi ingane ikwazi ukugcoba, ukungabi nalutho lwe-folic acid.

Izinto ezibalwe ngenhla zibizwa ngokuthi i-teratogenic. Lo mqondo uhlanganisa konke okungaphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kwe-fetus futhi kuholele ekusikeleni kwayo. Maye, kunezinto eziningi ezinjalo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi owesifazane aqaphele impilo yakhe kanye nokudla ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.