Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, imbongi Russian futhi umbhali: Biography, lokusungula

Poet Korzhavin - umuntu eliyingqayizivele futhi abanamakhono, okuyinto okumele uziqaphele bonke Ongoti izincwadi futhi ephezulu ikilasi isitayela. Ngeshwa, imbongi akuyona eyaziwa kahle kakhulu ngisho ezweni lawo, nakuba negalelo layo ekuthuthukiseni isiko nezincwadi nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Isizathu ukuthi ngempela banal futhi izezzhena - kuba nokungezwani kuhulumeni. Wayengubani Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich? Namuhla sikhuluma brilliant Russian imbongi, wemidlalo, umlobi nesazi, umhumushi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe ogcwele iphuzu eliyinhloko - mayelana nenkululeko nobuntu, ukuziphatha yayo futhi izimiso zokuhle.

amaziyo

Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, ogama biography zizobekwa emashalofini kancane ephansi, wazalwa ngo-1925 e Kiev. Igama langempela imbongi - Mandel. Wazalwa emkhayeni wamaJuda. Mayelana abazali umuntu unekhono cishe lutho waziwa. tzaddik (a indoda eyesaba uNkulunkulu, cishe saint) - Konke ukwaziswa okubalulekile angasulwa amakhasi omlando ... unina kwaba wamazinyo, noyisemkhulu Kuyaziwa.

Lo mfana, kanye nazo zonke izingane esikoleni. Nokho, izikole inhlokodolobha sika kayizanga ngendlela ethandwa nguye, futhi ngaphambi kwempi waxoshwa khona. Imbongi yena Umlando wakhe uthi imbangela kwaba ezingqubuzana umqondisi sikhungo.

intsha

UNahume Korzhavin, ogama izinkondlo athandwa kakhulu kumibuthano emincane ezweni nakwamanye amazwe, kanye ebusheni bakhe kwaba ubuntu elikhanyayo. Ngisho ebusheni bakhe waphawula UNikolai Aseev - eyaziwa imbongi, umbhali kanye owawina Stalin Prize. Lo muntu owethulwa esikhathini esizayo eMoscow imvelo etemibhalo nge umbhali abanamakhono kodwa engaziwa. UNikolai Aseev waba ngowokuqala ababone esikhathini insizwa unamahloni abasha imbongi, ogama isitayela ngeke wonke umuntu umxhwele. It is kakhulu wakhonza Korzhavin ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuvumelanayo futhi ngaphandle komzamo zihlobana imvelo kwezincwadi eMoscow, okuyinto sasigcwele hhayi abantu onamakhono kuphela, kodwa futhi nomona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich ayikaze unamahloni - wayiphendula ngesibindi obala lezitha zabo. Yiqiniso, kwaba esinye sezizathu ezenza akakhulumi obathandayo, kunalokho bawuhlonipha.

Ukuya ekolishi

Lapho eqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, Mandel waxoshelwa kusukela enhlokodolobha. inkonzo yezempi kwakungenakwenzeka ngaye wayehlushwa myopia. Imbongi abasha kuhanjiswe ku Moscow ngo-1944. Into yokuqala ayenza kwaba ukungena Literary Institute Gorky. Kodwa Insizwa ethile yayisineminyaka overestimated amandla abo futhi akazange baphumelele ezivivinyweni zabo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umzamo kwaba irisidi akuphumelelanga, ayizange kuthinte umoya lokulwa yale nsizwa. It is hhayi ogorchilolo njengoba nje kwakusho ukuthi wayengeke abe nzima ukulungiselela futhi lizoqhubeka ngonyaka ozayo.

Ukudalelwa uhambisa eziphikelelayo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1945, Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich uya ngempela esikoleni. A Empeleni ukwazi ukuthi nomakhelwane bakhe abangamaFilisti ehostela babe abantu ezifana uVladimir Tendriakov futhi Rasul Gamzatov.

ukubopha

Ngokushesha umkhankaso uStalin ngokumelene cosmopolitanism, okuyinto wathinta futhi iqhawe lethu. Ngo-1947, imbongi waboshwa. uyakhumbula ngokucacile kakhulu. Mhlawumbe, kunzima ukukhohlwa ngosuku lapho ukuphila kwakho okuxovekile. Kusukela izinkumbulo imbongi Ngiyazi ukuthi kwaba ekuseni, Rasul Gamzatov eqinile elele ngemva kokuphuza kanye kuphela wamemeza wesaba "Ukuphi?".

izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka-8 ubude futhi kanzima Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich wachitha in the Institute. Serbian Yezokuphepha Kahulumeni kanye Ministry of USSR. Ekugcineni, imbongi wagwetshwa. Umhlangano Okhethekile we-MGB wamgwebela ekudingisweni njengoba into eyingozi emphakathini. Ekwindla ka-1948 Mandel wadingiselwa eSiberia. Elapho wayehlala edolobhaneni Chumakov. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu ayihlala Karaganda, kusukela ngo-1951 kuya 1954. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuphila kwakungenjalo, njengoba Ngithanda le nsizwa, akazange aphelelwe ukholo ngokwakho, empilweni kanye nekusasa elingcono. Naum Moiseevich wazuza isikhathi izizindlo sina futhi kubuhlungu mayelana nokuthi kungani okumehleleyo, kanjani ukuphila ngemva kwalokhu, kukhona ikusasa ... Wavele wahlala futhi wayazi isikhathi sakhe uyofika nini. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ayezidinga lapho Karaganda, waze wakwazi ukuthola imfundo ezimayini induna ekolishi.

Ngemva ushwele, owenzeka ngo-1954, imbongi wakwazi ukubuyela eMoscow. Kakade wayethethelela avuselelwa emva kweminyaka emibili. Ngokushesha imbongi zitholwe Literary Institute, iziqu ngo-1959.

Ngemva kokubuyela e-Moscow Mandel kwadingeka ukuze baziphilise. Lolu udaba kwaba sina, ngoba ulinde usizo ezinye izinhlangano sasingahlangene. Ngalesi sikhathi uqala baziphilise yakhe ezinguqulweni. Kakade esikhathini we "ncibilika" wanyathelisa izinkondlo zakhe komagazini etemibhalo. Akukona bambeke umbani kanye impumelelo ekhungathekisayo, kodwa namanje ukufunda. Njengoba incwadi omagazini eyayivela futhi uyakhetha, udumo elikhethekile ebelilokhu nzima ukufeza. Udumo Wide weza umbhali emva kokushicilelwa iqoqo enkondlo "amakhasi Tarusa" ngo-1961. iqoqo entsha enesihloko esithi "Iminyaka" uyaphuma iminyaka emibili. Angase aqukethe amavesi kumbhali kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1961. Lesi sikhathi kwakunzima kakhulu, kodwa futhi izithelo Mandel. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-1967 indalo yakhe "Kwake kwathi ngo amabili" waba ababenza umdlalo ezindongeni Theatre of K. S. Stanislavskogo.

Korzhavin mbongi imbongi olusemthethweni hhayi kuphela. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe yashicilelwa uhlu samizdat ezahlukene. Ngokushesha izincwadi Korzhavina baba esenqatshelwe, ukuthi wayekhonza engxenyeni 1960 yesibili, ngenkuthalo wamelela "neziboshwa zikanembeza" enjalo, njengoba Galanskov, Ginsburg, uDaniyeli Sinyavsky.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

UNahume Korzhavin, ogama izincwadi manje uvinjelwe, akukwazi Thula, ukungqubuzana kwayo ne-sibhebhetheka uhulumeni. Ngo-1973, ngesikhathi kokuphenywa esilandelayo, imbongi umshushisi wabhala isitatimende uphume kuleli zwe, wathi: "yokuntuleka emoyeni kube ukuphila." Kuphi gone imbongi? Wagogobala Boston, USA. Maksimov kuhlanganisiwe ke ohlwini amalungu ebhodi isihloko we "Izwekazi" - indlela yokudala Korzhavin futhi akazange acabange baphonse. Ngo-1976, iFederal Republic of Germany, noma kunalokho, e Frankfurt am Main, yena yanyatheliswa iqoqo umbhali, enesihloko esithi "Isikhathi", ngo-1981 - "plexus".

ngemva ukulungiswa

Ngemva kwenkathi kabusha umbhali ngaba nethuba ukuvakashela Russia. Wafika ukuhlela izinkondlo ukufundwa kanye ukuxhumana Abadali kwezincwadi ngesikhathi. Ekuhambeleni kwakhe kokuqala kwenzeka e Moscow engxenyeni 1980 yesibili isimemo siqu Bulat Okudzhava. Imbongi wakhuluma eNdlini Cinema, lapho kwakukhona isibalo esikhulu sabantu: ehholo Kwakugcwele phezu balcony ohlangothini ukubeka izihlalo owengeziwe. Ngesikhathi lapho Okudzhava futhi Korzhavin ndawonye efika, wonke izilaleli, ngomyalo nombusi ongabonakali, wasukuma ihlombe. Nokho, lo mbono wakho imbongi bahlupheka kakhulu ngaphezulu kusukela ebusheni bakhe kuqhubeke, ngakho wayengakwazi ukumbona lokumamukela ezinjalo. Bulat bemhlebela, ukusabela ihholo, ngemva kwalokho Mandel kubonakale namahloni. Ngalobu busuku, wafunda izinkondlo zakhe futhi waphendula imibuzo abangu strewed ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ehholo, futhi kwakungesona isiphelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukufunda imisebenzi yakhe, wahluleka ukubhuka, kanjalo-ke ngekhanda: isizathu kuyafana - umbono. Lapho kunesidingo ukufunda okuthile incwadi esigabeni liphuma abadlali abadumile wafike wazifundela leli vesi lokuqala Ubamba iso. Okokuqala waveza isifiso sawo sokuba ufunde izinkondlo master omkhulu Igor Kvasha - netiyetha "Contemporary". Yingaleso sikhathi-ke bawalandela nabanye.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva ukusebenza ngempumelelo okunjalo futhi labamukela ngemfudumalo Korzhavin wavakashela ezemidlalo intatheli Arkadiya Galinskogo. Bakhuluma ngokwemuka isikhathi eside futhi sakujabulela ukuthi izwe siyashintsha. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kuyilapho Mandel wathi: "angikholelwa ukuthi kubo." izinkumbulo siqu futhi kwaxoxwa umbhali kungabonakala ifilimu documentary, 2005 "Bathi Wakhetha Freedom", iqondiswe uVladimir Kara-Murza.

ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Izinkumbulo nezihloko lesibonwa Korzhavina kwemvelo egcwele nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe. Lapho esemncane, senqaba ngokuphelele isistimu uStalin, kuyilapho ingxenye esasihlukanisa ezazifundisa ubuKhomanisi. Inkolelo yokugcina kusekelwe ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kokukhulekela empilweni yangempela kanye nobukhomanisi bangempela. Yini imbongi ithi nge kuyacasula sobala nokuzisola, kungcono ukuthi wayezama ukuchaza ezinye izinto ezivelile Stalin wathola izenzo zakhe khona ngemva nje kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kubukwa aluphelanga ngisho nangemva ukuboshwa abadumile. Kodwa ngenkathi bedingiselwe Korzhavin wabuyela ubukhomanisi ukwenqaba Stalinism.

Umbhali ngokwakhe uthi banenkolelo lamaKhomanisi bayibeka 1957. Ukuze lokhu kwaba ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe lakhe e-United States lapho eseneminyaka ohlangothini lwesokudla bohlu zezombusazwe (like iningi abasuka eSoviet Union). Ezincwadini zayo, umlobi ngobuqotho futhi ngesibindi wagxeka ubukhomanisi zonke izinhlobo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni nokuthambekela izinguquko kanye kuqhathaniswa Western "abangane be-USSR". Sam wazinikeza kwencazelo "ovulekile abanolaka olandelanayo noma ovulekile." Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izingxabano "Russophobes" futhi "Russophile" wathatha isikhundla yokugcina, avikela zonke amasiko yezwe lenkaba yawo.

Kakade 1990-2000, izihloko zakhe zigcwele badelelwa futhi ukugxekwa ubukhomanisi liberalism olukhulu. Imisebenzi yakhe etemibhalo ezazigcwele ukuziphatha kobuKristu, futhi izici isiko Russian. Waphikelela ukuba isiko kumele kuthathwe hhayi ubuningi kodwa izinga. Umsebenzi, akudingeki umuzwa womuntu ezijulile, it has isisindo kancane, ngaphandle ukujabulisa zokufunda egumbini lokugezela.

UNahume Korzhavin, ogama izinkondlo kukhona amazing, nokho sasimelene Ukwedelela romantic avant-garde ukuba umuntu kancane. Waphikelela ukuba izincwadi wadala abantu abavamile futhi kumele zisebenze kubo. Kuphela isiko ukuthi unesikhathi nobunye kubhekwe njengento wanelise isidingo kwezobuciko kumfundi. Waphikelela ukuba uma kungekho isifiso bayezwana, kuba banal self-isiqinisekiso ngokusebenzisa ipeni. Ngokusekelwe kulezi izikhundla, yena abuyele igalelo inkathi "Isiliva Age". baxgeki yakhe baye bathola nasezinganeni Blok futhi A. Ahamatova, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke Brodsky yakhe eyayikhathazekile. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Genesise" isitayela ubuhlakani yokulinda ", noma inganekwane omkhulu Brodsky" Korzhavin ngokucijile wagxeka yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi imbongi. Eyiqiniso Nahume Korzhavina kudinga ukunakwa abayithandayo nezazi ephathelene nomsebenzi wakhe. It kungabonakala ngokucacile e temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba lokho imbongi waba ingqondo ngezinto zansuku zonke.

umndeni

unkosikazi Okokuqala owayiloba Valentin Mandel, kusuka lapho indodakazi Elena. Unkosikazi imbongi sesibili kwakukhona philologist Uthando Lweqiniso, umshado okwaqala ngo-1965 kuya 2014, lapho ukuguga wadlulisela ukuphila owesifazane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi namuhla Korzhavin nendodakazi yakhe uhlala e Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

udumisa

Imisebenzi Korzhavina (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich zaziphawuleka ngo-2006 nge umklomelo okhethekile "Ngoba umnikelo kanjani kulezi zincwadi," "The Big Book" umklomelo. Futhi ngo-2016, uMandela waklonyeliswa "The Poet" umklomelo kazwelonke.

ukuhlaziywa lokusungula

Kulesi isigaba, sizohlola ezinye senkondlo, owasinika Naum Korzhavin. "I Ballad yokuswelakala zomlando ukulala" endaweni kuyindida kakhulu indlela izinkulumo lokho nabizelwa izinguquko Lenin. Inkondlo kuyinto ngempela abukhali futhi enesibindi akumangalisi ukuthi imbongi ukuthi Awuvunyelwe ukushicilela. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusabela umphakathi ukuba lesi silwane waba ngesikhathi esihle: bonke babe ukushaqeka, ngoba akekho umuntu owake wavuma obala behleka igunya. Yiqiniso, kule Naum Moiseevich ilunga nokucija sebenzi it jikisa nga izinkinga ezinkulu, kodwa imigqa namanje uhlala khona, ngeke ifundwe nga izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo, ngubani uzokhumbula kwakwakhiwa kakhulu Korzhavina imigqa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lona kanye ivesi lokuqala umsindo funny futhi satirical, ngemva Ukufundwa uhlala ezinye "aftertaste" kuzo zonke sina nhlekelele. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi inkondlo esihambelana sonke isikhathi ...

UNahume Korzhavin ( "Kusukela ngisemncane Ngasithanda okusaqanda") wabhala hhayi kuphela irowu sina, kodwa futhi eqondakalayo nelula. Enkondlweni engenhla lapho kubonakala ethi izinto banal, kodwa nokho kwehla subtext ecacile Into ephawuleka kakhulu. It libhekene wonke umsebenzi wezinkondlo - amagama alula, isitayela elula, kodwa umuzwa ojulile olunembile ezifakwe emgqeni ngamunye. Kungani emakhoneni, kungani eziyinkimbinkimbi Umumo ukuphila? Kungani konke lokhu, uma kukhona okweqanda, uma ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuthula futhi ngaphandle abalimala? Kanjani ukuba indoda umnene futhi unomusa ezithandayo emhlabeni encane eSoviet Union, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlala indoda - yilokho umbuzo enikezwa Naum Korzhavin.

"Ukuhluka ka Nekrasov" iqoqo kombhali "plexus", esanyatheliswa ngo-1981 e-Germany. Kungani siyinaka kangaka evesini kancane? Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, Korzhavin - kuyinto imbongi, lapho inani lemigqa nezinhlamvu ingadlali nhlobo indima. Kungaba ngokuthini inengqondo endaweni esigaba noma "iphakethe" imicabango yabo a bezingoma. Inkondlo isitshela indaba owesifazane Russian: oqinile elula, idinga isibindi futhi. Kulokhu, uhlamvu yayo kazwelonke ( "ayeke ihhashi agijima ...") kungabonakali usulu, okubonisa ukuthi iminyaka ihamba, kodwa lutho sishintsha. Lo wesifazane, kufanele kube umqaphi kwemizi nekhaya induduzo, siyaqhubeka 'ukumisa amahhashi ungene endlini evuthayo. " Leli vesi liye waqonda ukuba Akumangalisi efudumele ngisho izilaleli female, okuyinto kwaba esinye isizathu ukucabanga ngendima yazo emphakathini. Siphukuto futhi ngendlela elula Korzhavina kwenza kube lula ukufunda inkondlo, kodwa othile othinta izintambo umphefumulo.

izinkondlo Nahume Korzhavin ezibhaliwe mayelana nowesifazane ngokucophelela, wazi ukuthi ulula futhi usentekenteke bemvelo besifazane. Kulokhu, asikwazi usolwa ngokunukubeza ukuthi obuhlanekezela nombono owawukhona owesifazane ngemisebenzi yakhe. It akasebenzisi isipho etemibhalo ukucasula, idunyazwe noma babukise ubulili besifazane nganoma iyiphi indlela. He yodwa ugxila amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele enze abesifazane ngizovuka lizibuka ngemehlo lehlukile. Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich (waseHerzen inkumbulo amavesi kuba ukwesekwa okungcono) ngokusebenzisa wonke umsebenzi wakhe etemibhalo athwala umqondo okuhle "iphupho" njengenhlangano umphakathi inert izimpambosi. Lokhu parallel ingatholakala cishe yonke imisebenzi umlobi.

Amanye amavesi nombhali ukukhathazeka kancane izikhathi ngokuphila kwakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, enkondlweni "Wena ngokwakho wabonisa intshiseko encomekayo ... 'utshela ubuhlobo kombhali kanye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umshado wabo behlukana umuntu ngesisa nangokuthuthumela uyakhumbula mayelana owayeyintombi yakhe umfazi, akhe "intombazane abayiziwula." Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich uthando izinkondlo engafuni ukubhala. Empeleni, akukho eziyinqaba kule. Kodwa ngisho lapho ebhala mayelana nowesifazane, imigqa zakhe zigcwele ngesisa enjalo onokuthula, uthando, ungathuli, okuyinto bayakwazi kuphela amadoda engcono. Hhayi imigqa eziningi kangaka umbhali abazinikezele umfanekiso abesifazane, kodwa labo izinkondlo azalelwa, okufanelekelayo ukuba udumo.

Inzuzo enkulu yale umbhali ukuthi, ngokungafani nabantu abaningi ayephila nabo futhi ngaphambili, wafuna Ilungile ngokuvumelana. Wabhala, ukuze ikhulise umfundi, amnike amapharele yokucabanga. Angifuni ukubalula amagama athile, kodwa izimbongi eziningi owaziwa abanikwa iziqu e isiko Russian wafuna yokuzibeka kuphela. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi wabo wayevamile zokuzilimaza, abhubhisayo futhi edelelekile abesifazane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ababenako isitayela enhle ithalente imbongi, ayesebenzisa kuphela ukubonakalisa umbonwabo emhlabeni, kuyilapho Naum Korzhavin wasebenza ukugcwalisa umfundi ukukhanya namandla. Xoxa ngalokhu kungaba eside kakhulu futhi kanzima, kodwa ngokwanele ukuba bazinike iqoqo Korzhavina nezinye izimbongi (ikakhulu "Isiliva Age") futhi ukuqhathanisa imizwa yabo ngemva kokufunda ambalwa amavesi. Nakhu isivivinyo esilula ukuqonda okushiwo lokusungula Nahume Korzhavina futhi bazizwa ngokujulile ezweni lakhe.

Efingqa imiphumela lesi sihloko, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi Korzhavin (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo namasiko yezwe lenkaba yawo. Lona indoda ngohlamvu capital, okuyinto wahamba ekuphileni kwakhe konke ngaphambi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi. Njengoba sifundile kusukela sihloko, wayephile ukuphila okucebile eside, okuyinto amshaya unyaka nonyaka. Ngisho sokukhipha zikhathi etemibhalo (ngenkathi sikwenza - ubugebengu), ungajabulela Korzhavin nje ngomlando wendoda eyaphila nge engilakhele isithunzi sobukhulu indlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi olunameva ezinjalo. Ukuthatha futhi libhekelele ithalente lakhe etemibhalo ifa ocebile zamasiko ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, singasho ukuthi Naum Moiseevich - lena umuntu kungaba isibonelo okukhulu ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha ezweni ukuthi ufuna ukukhula abantu ngokugqamile, ezimele futhi mahhala.