Kanjani isiRashiya? Kumiswa isiRashiya

Kukangaki sizwa abashisekela, okhuluma isiRashiya, cabanga iphuzu ezibalulekile, njengoba umlando ukuvela isiRashiya? Phela, bangaki izimfihlakalo kufihlwe kulo, ukuthi ziningi kangakanani izinto ezithakazelisayo ungathola, uma ekumbeni ujule. Kanjani isiRashiya? Phela, ngolimi lwethu - kuyinto izingcingo zasekhaya hhayi kuphela, inomlando ocebile.

Umlando yentuthuko isiRashiya: kafushane mayelana main

Lapho ama-Israyeli ngolimi lwethu lwendabuko? Kunemibono eminingana. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa (isibonelo, sezilimi Guseva) isi-Sanskrit ngabe ngubani onolwazi of isiRashiya. Noma kunjalo, ukusebenzisa isi-Sanskrit Indian ososayensi nabapristi. Lokhu kwaba Latin izakhamuzi Europe lasendulo - ". Okuthile lihlakaniphile funny" Kodwa njengoba inkulumo, owasetshenziswa ososayensi Indian, uye ngokuzumayo uvele uhlangothi lwethu? Ingabe nge amaNdiya waqala kumiswa isiRashiya?

Legend of the othisha eziyisikhombisa mhlophe

Izigaba emlandweni isiRashiya zonke usosayensi uyazi ehlukile: .. Kuyinto umsuka, ukuthuthukiswa, kuhlukaniswa ulimi etemibhalo kubantu, ukuthuthukiswa-syntax futhi abuke timphawu tekubhala apele Konke lokhu kungahluka oda (namanje awazi ngokuqondile lapho ulimi etemibhalo wahlukana zomphakathi) noma incazelo. Kodwa, ngokusho kwe-legend elandelayo, "obaba" of isiRashiya angabhekwa lothisha eziyisikhombisa emhlophe.

ENdiya, kukhona legend ukuthi siqhuba ngisho nezifundo zeBhayibheli emayunivesithi Indian. Ezikhathini zasendulo ukuze nemakhata North (zaseHimalaya) bangabafundisi eziyisikhombisa emhlophe. Banika abantu bebeka isisekelo-Sanskrit Brahmanism, okuvela kulo kamuva Buddhism wazalwa. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Nyakatfo wayengomunye ezifundeni eRussia, ngakho amaNdiya wesimanje ngokuvamile ukuhamba uhambo.

Legend namuhla

It kuvela ukuthi amazwi amaningi-Sanskrit uqondane amazwi Russian - lena mbono ethnographer abadumile Natalia Guseva, owabhala imisebenzi yesayensi ezingaphezu kuka-150 e-sezomlando nezenkolo waseNdiya. Iningi lazo, ngasendleleni, abangu ukulahlwa abanye ososayensi.

Lo mbono akunjalo "kusukela emoyeni" sathathwa. ukubukeka kwakhe wakhonza njengomdala icala ezithakazelisayo. Uma Natalya ephelezelwa usosayensi ihlonishwe kusukela e-Indiya, oye wanquma uhlele zivakashele imifula enyakatho yeRussia. Ixhumana izakhamuzi zakule ndawo lendawo, Hindu yamane yaba izinyembezi futhi benqaba umhumushi, ethi kwamjabulisa ukuzwa-Sanskrit bomdabu. Khona-ke Gusev futhi wanquma ukuchitha ukuphila kwakhe abahlola lesi simo yimfihlakalo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusungula indlela yokuhlakulela isiRashiya.

Kuyamangalisa ngempela! Ngokwale ndaba, nangale zaseHimalaya siphile abamnyama, ekhuluma ngolimi efanayo ngakho nezethu. Zemfihlakalo, futhi akukho okunye. Noma kunjalo, umbono elafika amaphimbo ethu kusukela Indian-Sanskrit, iyindawo ukuba. Lapha kuba - umlando Russian ulimi kafushane.

ithiyori Dragunkina

Kodwa omunye usosayensi, ngubani yanquma ukuthi umlando ukuvela isiRashiya kuyiqiniso. Isazi owaziwa Alexander Dragunkin wagomela ngokuthi ulimi kukhulu lisuselwa ngaphezulu elula, lapho ngaphansi temagama-wokwakha amazwi emifushane. Isi-Sanskrit okuthiwa lula kakhulu ukwedlula Russian. Ulimi ebhalwe-Sanskrit - lutho kodwa ingasebenza modified amaHindu Slavic Runes. Kodwa lo mbono - nje umthetho dialectics, iphi umsuka ulimi?

okufushane yesayensi

Kodwa inguqulo avumela futhi amukela iningi ososayensi. Uthi eminyakeni engu-40 000 edlule (esikhathini ukubukeka komuntu wokuqala), abantu kwakufanele isidingo nokuveza abakucabangayo inqubo isinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela. Ngakho uvele ulimi. Kodwa ngalezo zinsuku labantu laliphakathi kwaphela kakhulu, futhi bonke abantu bakhona bakhuluma ilimi elifanako. Ngemva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, kwakukhona yokufuduka abantu. DNA yabantu zishintshile, izizwe behlukene futhi baqala ukukhuluma ngezinye izindlela ezahlukene.

Izilimi ayehlukile kuzo nomunye ngesimo kwemagama. Ngamunye iqembu labantu ukuthuthukisa ngolimi lwabo, ukuze anezele ngayo amagama amasha, izinto ngemizimba yabo. Kamuva kwaba khona isidingo isayensi, okwakuyoholela ukubhekana neqiniso eyayichaza ezintsha noma izinto lapho abantu beza.

Ngenxa yalokhu kwemvelo kule ezingqondweni zabantu yimuphi okuthiwa "i-matrix". Lezi matrices ngokuningiliziwe abathintekayo kulo sezilimi esidumile George Gachev oye wacwaninga ezingaphezu kwezingu-30-matrices - Ulimi izithombe zomhlaba. Ngokusho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, amaJalimane kuthiwa kakhulu linamathele emzini wabo, ngaleyo ndlela abe okhuluma isiJalimane ejwayelekile. A isiRashiya yokucabanga lisuselwa umqondo noma umfanekiso komgwaqo, indlela. Lokhu matrix e enganakile yethu.

Ukuzalwa nokuthuthukiswa kolimi Russian

Abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi 3 iminyaka BC, wayevelele phakathi lwesigodi of Proto izilimi Indo-European, okuyinto iminyaka eyinkulungwane kamuva waba nolimi lwamaSlav. I VI-VII cc. n. e. ke lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu amaningana: empumalanga, entshonalanga naseningizimu. ulimi yethu ngokuvamile kwiqembu empumalanga.

Futhi ekuqaleni indlela yolimi lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka Kievan Rus (IX ekhulwini). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Kirill mina Mefody yasungulwa zamagama lokuqala Slavic.

ulimi lwesiSlavic lakhula ngokushesha, futhi izinga ukuthandwa sekufinyelele nge zesiGreki nesiLatin. Kwaba isiSlavonic Esidala Sesonto (owandulela Russian yesimanje) iphethwe yokuhlanganisa zonke lwamaSlav, kuso ukubhala nokushicilela imibhalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye izikhumbuzo ezincwadi. Ngokwesibonelo, "Beka."

ukuzinza of nezincwadi zokufunda

Khona-ke kwabe sekulandela inkathi feudalism, kanye ukunqoba Polish-Lithuanian kuholele eminyaka XIII-XIV yokuthi lolu limi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu ezilimi eziyimixhantela: Russian, Ukraine futhi Belarus, kanye ezinye izilimi zezigodi Lesisemkhatsini.

Ekhulwini XVI Muscovy wanquma kujwayeleke Russian ebhaliwe (ababebizwa ngokuthi "mova elula" futhi wathonywa Belarusian futhi Ukraine) - faka predominance izibopho coordinative ngemisho kanye nokusebenzisa njalo izinyunyana 'yebo', "futhi", "kodwa". lalahleka Dual, nemabito ukwehla yayifana kakhulu yesimanje. Futhi ngesisekelo ulimi etemibhalo baba izici isici enkulumweni eMoscow. Ngokwesibonelo, 'Akane, "ungwaqa" g "Ukuvalwa" Ovo "futhi" evo "tabito tekukhomba (uqobo wena et al.). Qala ukuphrinta ekugcineni evunyiwe ulimi etemibhalo Russian.

inkathi Petrine

Inkathi Petrine kuthonywa kakhulu ke. Ngoba ngalesi sikhathi isiRashiya kwaba ukhululeka "esitokisini" yesonto, futhi 1708 ngilunge zamagama, ukuze lube eduze imodeli European.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili Lomonosov wabeka imithetho entsha isiRashiya, esihlanganisa konke okwakufika ngaphambi: lulwimi lolukhulunywako, abantu izinkondlo ngisho ulimi mandative. Ngemva nolimi lwakhe iguqulwe Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. Bona isibalo sezikhungo bomcondvofana isiRashiya, ukuze ukuthola ukuthi umcebo walo.

Negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo yethu wenza Pushkin, abenqaba yonke imikhawulo ku isitayela kuhlanganiswe amagama Russian nabanye European, ukwakha isithombe esiphelele ezimibalabala isiRashiya. Yena sasekelwa Lermontov futhi Gogol.

Amathrendi ukuthuthukiswa

Kanjani isiRashiya esikhathini esizayo? Kusukela maphakathi XIX - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka XX, isiRashiya inamathrendi eziningana ukuthuthukiswa:

1. Kutfutfukiswa kwezinkambiso etemibhalo.
2. Kuhlanganiswa ulimi etemibhalo olimini olukhulunywayo.
3. isandiso Ulimi sibonga lwesigodi walijikijela.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa "okwangempela" uhlobo ezincwadini, izinkinga zefilosofi.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni useshintshe bheke of isiRashiya, futhi amabili abezindaba ekhulwini inkulumo zilandele izilinganiso ezithile.

It kuvela ukuthi yethu isiRashiya yesimanje, nazo zonke imithetho yayo lucebe futhi lwetakhi telulwimi lisuselwa kuhlangana ahlukahlukene East Slavic sigodzi, okuyinto nazo zasakazwa kuzo eRussia kanye ulimi Isonto lwamaSlav. Phela bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele sekuyinto omunye izilimi ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

Kancane kabanzi mayelana lokubhala

Nokho Tatishchev (nombhali "Umlando Russia") wayeqiniseka ukuthi uCyril noMethodius akuzange kusungulwe lokubhala. It likhona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. LwamaSlav akuzona kuphela ukwazi ukubhala: ababenakho izinhlobo eziningi lokubhala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusikeka, izici, Rune noma incwadi. Futhi abafowabo, ososayensi wathatha njengesisekelo kakhulu iconsi cap futhi umane uyishintshe. Mhlawumbe ibizwa zihlakazekile izincwadi kweshumi ukwenza kube lula ukuhumusha iBhayibheli. Yebo, Kirill mina Mefody wadala zamagama Slavic, kodwa incwadi yakhe Wawugujelwani. Yilokho eRussia futhi kukhona wayebhalela.

izinsongo yangaphandle

Ngeshwa, ulimi lwethu njalo nabantu abacabanga kanjalo i songo zangaphandle. Bese umbuzo kwaba ikusasa lizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-XIX, zonke "ukhilimu ongcono" wakhuluma kuphela isiFulentshi, begqoke isitayela esifanele, ngisho imenyu Yayinesikhwanyana kuphela French cuisine. Ezicukuthwaneni kancane kancane azikhohlwa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, behlala ndawonye bengashadile akusashiwo nakanjani abantu isiRashiya, ukuthenga ifilosofi entsha namasiko.

Ngenxa ukwethulwa inkulumo isiFulentshi, Russia angase alahlekelwe ulimi wazo nje kuphela kodwa futhi impucuko. Ngenhlanhla, isimo ukulondolozwa wayeyisazi ngekhulu XIX: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. Kuyinto ba, njengoba abathandi benarha yekhethu kweqiniso, akazange anike ulimi die Russian. Ziye zabonisa ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani ukuba amahle.

yesimanjemanje

Highly eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi bengayiqondi ngokugcwele umlando isiRashiya. Kafushane it is hhayi zibekwe. Kuzothatha iminyaka ukufunda. isiRashiya futhi umlando wabantu - into emangalisayo ngempela. Futhi 'ungahlala kanjani ubize ngokwakho Patriot, zingayazi bomdabu ngolimi, temdzabu, izinkondlo, kanye nezincwadi?

Ngeshwa, intsha yanamuhla wasiyeka izincwadi, kodwa ikakhulukazi ezincwadini zobuciko. Lo mkhuba ebonwe abantu abadala. TV, i-Internet, ebusuku amakilabhu nezindawo zokudlela, omagazini ecwebezelayo namabhulogi - konke lokhu, thina esikhundleni "iphepha abangane." Abantu abaningi ngisho wayeka ukuba imibono yabo siqu, ukubeka evamile ebekwa umphakathi kanye clichés abezindaba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zabuna babekhona futhi bahlale lwezifundo zesikole, bayingcosana abafunda, ngisho ngesimo isifinyezo, okuyinto "odla" zonke ubuhle futhi okwakhe yemisebenzi abalobi Russian.

Kodwa njengoba umlando onothileko nesiko isiRashiya! Ngokwesibonelo, izincwadi uyakwazi ukunikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi ingcono kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi izinkundla ku-intanethi. izincwadi Russian eveza amandla ngokuhlakanipha kwabantu, okwenza uzizwe uthando ezweni lethu, futhi nokuyazi kangcono. Umuntu ngamunye kufanele aqonde ukuthi ulimi lwendabuko, isiko bomdabu kanye nabantu bangamathe nolimi, ungomunye. Futhi uyasiqonda futhi ecabanga isakhamuzi Russian zanamuhla? Iqiniso lokuthi kudingeka ukushiya izwe lakubo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka?

Ingozi main

Futhi-ke, usongo olukhulu ukuze amagama angaphandle kangakanani ngolimi lwethu. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, yinkinga olufanele ekhulwini XVIII, kodwa, ngeshwa, wahlala ezingaxazululeki kuze kube manje futhi kancane kancane ozuza izici nenhlekelele kazwelonke.

Akukhona nje ukuthi umphakathi onesithakazelo kakhulu ezahlukene amazwi isitsotsi, ulimi oluyinhlamba, yasungulwa izinkulumo, ngakho namanje futhi ihlale isebenzisa kwemali langaphandle, enkulumweni yakhe, akhohlwe ukuthi isiRashiya kukhona ezithakazelisayo lahlotshaniswa okuningi. La mazwi: "stylist", "umphathi", "ubudlelwane zomphakathi", "isiqongo", "zokudala", "umsebenzisi", "Ukubloga", "Net" kanye nabanye abaningi. Uma Kwathi kuphela kusuka amaqembu athile emphakathini, inkinga ke angase alwa. Kodwa, ngeshwa, emagama angaphandle ukukhuthalele olusetshenziswa ngothisha, izintatheli, izazi ngisho izikhulu. Laba bantu izwi labantu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwethula umlutha. Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi izwi angaphandle ngakho ngokuqinile axazulule isiRashiya ukuthi uqala kubonakale sengathi primordial.

Yin'indaba?

Ngakho kanjani ukuyibiza ngani? Ukungazi? Fashion kuwo wonke kwezilwandle? Noma umkhankaso yalahla iRussia? Mhlawumbe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Futhi le nkinga kumele ixazululwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kungenjalo kudaleke umonakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, bavame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "umphathi," esikhundleni sokuthi "umphathi", "ibhizinisi ukudla kwakusihlwa" esikhundleni "ibhizinisi kwasemini" nokunye. D. Ngemva ukushabalala abantu iqala ukushabalala ulimi.

mayelana izichazamazwi

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi mayelana nendlela ukuthuthukisa isiRashiya. Kodwa akugcini lapho. isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe ufanelwe umlando izichazamazwi of isiRashiya. Sekube izichazamazwi zanamuhla kuhlanganise kusuka yesandla yasendulo, futhi ngemva, futhi izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe. Ekuqaleni base encane kakhulu futhi ayehloselwe yombuthano ewumngcingo zabantu.

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke-Russian isichazamazwi ubhekwa isicelo esifushane Kormchaia Novgorod (1282). Bahlanganisa amazwi 174 kusukela zezigodi ezahlukene: Greek, iSonto lwamaSlav, isiHebheru amagama ngisho eziseBhayibhelini efanele.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-400 izichazamazwi yaqala ukubonakala ivolumu olukhudlwana. Aye wayala ngisho zamagama. Ngalezo zinsuku izichazamazwi zenzeka kakhulu yemfundo noma encyclopedic ngokwemvelo, ngakho asikwazanga abalimi nje.

Eyokuqala isichazamazwi ephrintiwe

Kubonakala sengathi isichazamazwi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa 1596. Yaba enye ibhekwa ebhukwinitifundvo lolimi umpristi Lavrentiya Zizaniya. Yayiqukethe ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane amazwi, okuye ihlelwa ngokulandelana kwama-alfabhethi. Isichazamazwi bekulokhu ezinengqondo futhi wachaza umsuka eziningi isiSlavonic Esidala futhi emagama labolekiwe. Kushicilelwe ngezilimi Belarusian, Russian futhi Ukraine.

ukuqhubeka izichazamazwi

XVIII leminyaka eminingi etholakale okukhulu. Abazange indiva futhi sichazamagama selulwimi lunye. ososayensi Omkhulu (Tatischev Lomonosov) kungalindelekile wabonisa isithakazelo esijulile umsuka amagama amaningi. Ngaqala ukubhala amanothi Trediakovskii. Ekugcineni, njengoba abaningi eziningi izichazamazwi yadalwa, kodwa enkulu "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" futhi esenezelwe yayo. Esikhathini "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" incazelo sathola amazwi engaphezu kwengu-20 000. Le ncwadi yabeka isisekelo isichazamazwi normative of isiRashiya, futhi Lomonosov, kanye nabanye abacwaningi baqala indalo yakhe.

Eliphawuleka kakhulu Dictionary

Umlando ekuthuthukiseni ulimi Russian ukhumbula usuku abalulekile esinjalo sonke - kokudalwa 'esishoyo Dictionary Ulimi Russian "V I. Dalya (1866). Lokhu-ivolumu ezine wathola inqwaba yezinhlobo futhi iyafaneleka osukwini lwethu. 200,000 amazwi netisho kuka 30,000 namayunithi phraseological elingangena ngokuphepha kubhekwe umcebo langempela.

namuhla

Ngeshwa, umphakathi wezwe lonke akanandaba umlando ukuvela isiRashiya. isimo njengamanje ingafaniswa Kwesinye isigameko, ukuthi uma kuvele usosayensi abanamakhono ngokungavamile Dmitri Mendeleev. Ngempela, Mendeleev akazange neze ayeke ukuhlala yilungu zokuhlonipha we Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences (manje Russian Academy of Sciences). Kube kungamanyala omkhulu, futhi zaziyoqhubeka: usosayensi hhayi ukuthatha Academy! Kodwa uMbuso Russian futhi izwe layo ayenamandla: zathi ukuthi kusukela Russian Lomonosov Tatishchev futhi uphakathi kwabambalwa abamkhonzayo, futhi impela okuhle omunye usosayensi Russian - University.

Lo mlando ngolimi lwanamuhla Russian kusenza sizibuze: lokho uma kwenzeka isiNgisi (noma iyiphi enye) esikhundleni saleli Russian eyingqayizivele? Phawula indlela abaningi abakhona amazwi ethu isitsotsi angaphandle! Yebo, ukuxuba izilimi exchange friendly - kuhle, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi indaba emangazayo yokukhuluma yethu sesinyamalele emhlabeni. Vikela ulimi lwendabuko!