Izinsiza Administrative - siyini lesi nokuthi ukulisebenzisa zebhizinisi kanye nezombusazwe?

Abezindaba bavame ukukhuluma ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo zokuphatha emikhankasweni yokhetho. Ngaso sonke isikhathi esikalini njengoba into ngokuphelele negative futhi ezephula umthetho. Kodwa uyini umthombo zokuphatha, iziphi izimpawu zayo, umlando, amasu? Sitshele ngale mkhuba, izici zayo, nakho kanye nefomu lokwenza isicelo.

Umqondo "imithombo zokuphatha"

Ngaphambi bakuchaza, kubalulekile ukuqonda etymology yayo. Umqondisi - umuntu ophethe, ngandlela-thile kube ukuthi leligama lisho ukuthini igama elithi "umphathi." Hhayi ize ukuphathwa kukhona into okuthiwa umphathi isisetshenziswa zokuphatha. Futhi le nkulumo kungekho engasho lutho ezimbi. Libhekisela kungenzeka futhi indlela ukuze afinyelele imigomo ekuphathweni kanye nezinhloso. Kodwa namuhla, abaningi nomqondo umthombo zokuphatha engqondweni lapho wokukhuluma ngezombusazwe kanye lungabi khona ukhetho futhi kukhona ibinzana livele libe isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki. ukuphathwa kwalo ngokuqondene ukuhlukumeza ezihlukahlukene amandla ngesikhathi sokhetho. Kodwa ngesimo jikelele kakhulu kwezinsiza zokuphatha - kuba amakhono athile zokuphatha ukwenza okuthile, ukufeza imigomo, usebenzisa iziyisikhombisa zokuphatha. Ingasetshenziselwa e izinjongo zabo noma emphakathini, bebe ingasetshenziswa kabi, bese kukhona lezinyathelo zokuziphatha futhi zomthetho. Kuyinto ngokwencazelo yaleli kabi kwezinsiza zokuphatha futhi kukhona isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki, okuyinto ethandwa kangaka namuhla. I engavamile yoqondayo yanamuhla ochwepheshe mkhuba bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto esebenza bakahulumeni abasebenzisa igunya ekhona ukufeza imigomo yobugovu ngomqondo ebanzi kuphela.

Umlando imicimbi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imithombo zokuphatha - lokhu akukona okusungulile isiRashiya, nakuba leli gama liye livele ezweni lethu. Ngo-1995 Dmitry Olshansky, owayehola Centre for Strategic and Analysis izibikezelo, enkulumweni yakhe, owokuqala ukusebenzisa le nkulumo ukuze ubheke izinzuzo ezithile eyengeziwe esetshenziswa amaqembu phakathi umkhankaso wokhetho. Lamagama ukuthi wathatha masinyane by izintatheli namuhla isiyi-ajwayelekile Inkulumo esitebeleni. izinsiza Administrative abonakala bureaucratic management system, abaphathi baye njalo wazama ukusebenzisa amandla atholakale ukuba sifinyelele imigomo, ikakhulukazi siqu. Ngakho, bonke nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi bebelokhu emlandweni waso, izigaba kumiswa uhlelo lokhetho abuye etame ukusebenzisa izingalo ukuphathwa kwempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezamabhizinisi izinsiza zokuphatha Sekuyisikhathi eside esetshenziselwa inzuzo engaphezulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ezweni lethu lokhu mkhuba selikhule organically ezazivela eSoviet uhlelo umyalo-bureaucratic zokuphatha. Iminyaka engu-70 abantu yezwe esetshenziswa yokuthi uhulumeni uyabatshela bani ukukhetha, futhi uyaqhubeka esebenza, naphezu ukuvela amathuba ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa okudlangile lamathuba okhethweni elihlobene ne kobushiqela, noma izinhlobo ezifanayo kwamandla. Emazweni athuthukile lasavele asungule izindlela ukulawula ukhetho, ngakho kukhona lesi simo sibangelwa ngempela ezingavamile. Futhi emazweni lapho intando yeningi kodwa abasha nabangaqinile bakuhlanekezela, lezi zinhlelo okwamanje.

Izimpawu kwezinsiza zokuphatha

Abacwaningi okwamanje yanquma ngokugcwele izici izici zalesi simo. ngezinye izikhathi Lokhu kuholela ukudideka terminological. Ngomqondo ebanzi, ukuqaphela umthombo zokuphatha kungaba ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

- izikhonzi zaKhe ehlangene uhulumeni kunoma yiliphi izinga basebenzisa izindlela apharathasi lokulawula isimo sawo wonke amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ukuze afinyelele imigomo ethile.

- izihloko isisetshenziswa ekuqaleni ukusekela emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo yokuma iziphathimandla, imisebenzi yabo liqinisekiswa ongaphakeme ukujikeleza izisebenzi ohlelweni bese eside izinkontileka. Civil izinceku abaphathi isikhathi eside umsebenzi endaweni efanayo ikhula ezihlukahlukene uxhumano, ezisetshenziswa okufinyelela imigomo. Bazizwa ndaba zalutho ezithile nokwethembela yokuthi aphume emshinini, abakaze ukuhamba, kungaba ezimweni abampofu ukushintsha imisebenzi.

- isimo sokuba khona imithombo zokuphatha kuyinto isakhiwo phezulu yenhlangano lenhlangano lapho uthishanhloko has asizakale phezu abangaphansi, usekhululekile ukwenza izinqumo. In izinhlelo ezinjalo, abaphathi ngokuvamile abanalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, abakwenzayo the "intando 'neziphathimandla nje.

- ubudlelwane Legislative phakathi ababambe iqhaza ohlelweni. Ama-oda ayikwazi yaxoxa futhi wangabaza, bayazibuza nje enze. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona imithombo zokuphatha ngasekhanda kwenza ukuthi umuntu ezithile ukuyekelela, nge sikhathi kukhona ukusonteka professional, umphathi sengathi angase oda ongaphansi ukwenza lutho.

Lona nje uhlu engokomfanekiso zezici wafunda imiqondo. Ngo umkhuba, eba eningi womumo ezahlukeneyo.

Izinhlobo izinsiza zokuphatha

Njengoba ukusetshenziswa abaphathi ukuhlangabezana hhayi kuphela kwezombusazwe kodwa futhi ebhizinisini, zikhona izinkinga ngokudala ngezigaba owodwa opheleleko zalesi simo. Ngakho-ke, isinyathelo sokuqala ukunikeza izinhlobo ezimbili eyinhloko ngokuhambisana kwenkululeko ukuqaliswa ibhizinisi noma ezombusazwe. Futhi, umthombo zokuphatha kungenziwa oluthathwa by Ukusabalala womhlaba. Kulokhu, ukwaba ezingeni endaweni, esifundeni sikahulumeni noma kazwelonke. Lemibiko izinsiza zokuphatha esivela kokubili sphere: kokubili sezombangazwe namabhizinisi. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba kwakhiwe Ukwahlukaniswa ngokuya ihogela ukugcwaliseka umthombo, isb. E. On egatsheni lapho sisetshenziswa. Ukusebenzisa imithombo zokuphatha emikhankasweni yokhetho zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo: qala, elithambile, kanzima, futhi ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele.

okufushane Starter iboniswa iqiniso lokuthi it has emehlweni ikhandidethi olusemthethweni labavoti has sibonga inzuzo ukuze isipho yayo igunya. ukubukeka Soft kuzibonakalisa umphumela izindlela abavoti nalabo abangaphansi ngenhloso baphokophelele ukuba isenzo oyifunayo. Ngakho, inketho kanzima - kuba ingcindezi noma isithembiso imivuzo ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele. Ukubuka kukonke nobuntu izinhlelo wobushiqela, kulesi simo, inceku neze unikezwa ukukhetha ongakhetha. Eminyakeni emibili izinketho ezihlobene ukwephula yamazinga zokuziphatha kanye nemithetho yomphakathi wentando yenengi.

Umcwaningi A. Chuklin inike amandla, zezikhungo, ulwazi ngesabelomali nezinhlobo kwezinsiza zokuphatha. Futhi banobufakazi ekulinganisweni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, kuye ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ahlukahlukene zomphakathi. Kulokhu sikhuluma inketho zokulawula, zezikhungo, tekwatisa, zezimali, zomthetho nezempi. Konke lokhu typologies akuzona ohlanganisiwe no zinto zingase zicishe zifane nomunye.

Izihloko kwezinsiza zokuphatha

Umcwaningi Dmitry Paramonov uhlu izifundo ezingaba yomthombo zokuphatha. Ngokusho kwakhe, nascent yokhetho ukuphathwa uhlelo waseRussia, futhi manje le nqubo eziningi amabutho, ngamunye ephethe ikhono lalo ukuthonya labavoti futhi iKhomishana yoKhetho. Njengoba umthombo kwezinsiza zokuphatha by umcwaningi, Yilabo abathweswe iziqu ezikoleni ezihlukahlukene party, izinhloko apharathasi of nenkathi yamaSoviet, abakwazi ukugcina ukuxhumana kanye nokuphathwa namakhono, abaphathi abanye iminyango bentando abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene, abasebenzi lwezenhlalo nocwaningo izikhungo, professional PR Ochwepheshe nabakhangisi ngamakhono zokukhwabanisa umbono weningi futhi ukwazi. Umbono D. Paramonov unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona, kodwa noma kunjalo kuba ngokungadingekile kuyinkimbinkimbi. Izifundo eyinhloko umthombo zokuphatha abantu, bangazihluphi izikhundla ezahlukene kuhulumeni.

Izinto ukudala phansi ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokuphatha

isiko Russian ukusebenzisa amandla ngenhloso siqu waqala endulo. Abanye bakuthola kwaqala oprichnina Ivana Groznogo, abanye bathi imbangela konke - serfdom. Noma kunjalo, umthombo sokuphatha inqubo yokhetho esetshenziswa ukuthembela ezintweni ezijulile zenhlalo nezengqondo, lezi zibandakanya:

- Ukonakala kwamandla. Izikhulu zijwayele njalo wenze imali isikhundla sabo. Ngakho-ke, akudingeki izithiyo zokuziphatha, uma kunesidingo, ingcindezi abavoti noma ikhomishini.

- uzungu Elite. Kukhona eduze ubudlelwano siqu phakathi kweziphathimandla abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene, futhi 'ngenxa yobungane "alungele basizane ukuze afinyelele imigomo ethile.

- Ukwesaba. I lukwazi ukushukumisa ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu ukuziphatha kwezikhulu - lokhu kwesaba "kucasula" abaphathi, ngakho iziphathimandla zendawo ozama ukubikezela eziqongweni kanye nesifiso ukufeza intando kusengaphambili yabo.

inqubomgomo isisetshenziswa yokuqondisa

Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo zokuphatha okhethweni - ifomu ebonakalayo kakhulu yokudlula izikhulu zabo igunya. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kule ndawo okunye okuqhubekayo komgomo ezinjalo. Vele zingabantu resonant kanye kanzulu xaxa ngesikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphikiswa futhi enye imidiya njalo ukuziqhakambisa la maqiniso. Ukuhluka ukuthonya umphumela wokhetho usethe uhlu ambalwa nje:

- Impact ku inqubo kumiswa ikhomishini ukhetho. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-wethula abantu ngokusobala nganhlanye uhulumeni, okuyinto eyokusiza ukuba wenze izenzo ezidingekayo ngokuhamba inqubo yokhetho kanye ukubalwa kwamavoti.

- umthelela kokuphilayo ukhetho. ikhomishini Ukhetho banekhono afeze manipulations nenombolo abavoti, isibonelo, ukushayela up izigaba amasosha noma iziboshwa. Ukusebenzisa imithombo tekuphatsa ukhetho zivame ezihlobene amakhophi amaphepha kukhethwa ezidingekayo ukukhwabanisa kanye obengekho amavoti. Inhlangano okuqala inqubo okhethweni - futhi ithuba elikhulu ukukhwabanisa lokhetho.

- Impact kumkhankaso imisebenzi. Ngokuhamba izikhulu uhlanga anganikeza amathuba akhethekile ikhandidethi kwesokudla sroit izithiyo - angalungile. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa ongalingani yokukhangisa amasayithi noma ukuhoxiswa ukhetho ezingafanele.

- Impact ku izimali imikhankaso yokhetho.

- Ukucindezelwa abavoti. Kungaba ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ukufumbathisa izinsongo.

Imisebenzi yomthombo zokuphatha okhethweni

Kukhona isiko ukuhlola indima izinsiza nezokuphatha phakathi imikhankaso yokhetho kuphela ezimbi. Futhi kukhona incazelo: izikhulu ehlaselwe umphumela ngokuqhutshwa kwenhlelo zokhetho njalo wenze lutho intando yabantu. Labavoti, ngokuphindaphindiwe wabhekana neqiniso lokuthi imibono yakhe akashintshi yini, ayisekho ukuya okhethweni, kuba apolitical. Empeleni, lokhu kubuye igoli uhulumeni wamanje. Uma kungekho muntu oza okhethweni, ngeke kudingeke ukuba yini inkohliso. Kodwa hhayi ukhetho kungathatha indawo ngaphandle abavoti, ngakho kukhona ayimpoqo khona ohlelweni. Akumangalisi ukuthi uDuma State uye wasiphakamisela ngokuphindaphindiwe indaba isingeniso sokufika saziso okhethweni zonke izakhamuzi ngaphansi usongo lwezijeziso. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho emazweni aseNtshonalanga ebonisa ukuthi leso sizinda zokuphatha kungaba iyisibusiso ukhetho. Ungabona ukuthi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu eziphathimandleni imithwalo yemfanelo ukuqapha obala ngodaba lokhetho. Futhi lesi simiso, okumangalisayo isebenza ngempumelelo.

Indlela yokusebenzisa umthombo sokuphatha ibhizinisi

Isikhundla kungaba umthombo omkhulu imali eyengeziwe. Okuningi kaningi umthombo zokuphatha - iyindlela ekwandiseni kuka ukuthonya izenzakalo zezombusazwe. Izikhulu anamathuba amaningi ukuze uthole usomabhizinisi ukwabelana ingxenye inzuzo, noma ngisho ukuba amshiye. Lokhu kungaba nenkohlakalo ngqo: nganoma yisiphi osomabhizinisi isinqumo bephoqeleka ukuba akhokhe ukufunjathiswa. Lona imali izikhundla olusemthethweni. Futhi, nosaziwayo nethuba siyolwela ukuba izinqumo ezithile emazingeni ehlukene kahulumeni ukuze bathole inkokhelo ngokubamba iqhaza kwabo ngokuzimisela. Izikhulu eziningi ukusiza izihlobo nabangane ukubhekana nesincintisana nabo, kufaka phakathi negama lakho isisetshenziswa umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthumela usomabhizinisi ukuze nokuvivinywa okuhlukahlukene, okwenza kube nzima ukuba ukuthuthukisa, nokunye. N.

Kodwa kukhona izinsiza zokuphatha yephrojekthi, okuyinto ngalutho ngenkohlakalo. Wonke amabhizinisi kumele iphathwe, futhi ngokuvamile okusebenza isimiso ubunye umyalo, t. E. Umphathi phezulu unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa oda ongaphansi ukwenza ezinye izinyathelo professional okufinyelela imigomo eziqakathekileyo inkampani. Uma kuleli cala ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezingokomthetho futhi zokuziphatha kwethonya umsebenzi, akukho zihlasela noma nochuku ukuba izikhonzi zayo e izenzo ezinjalo akulona ekhanda. Kulesi simo, umthombo zokuphatha - iphrojekthi noma inhlangano ukuphathwa indlela. Kungumsebenzi we ukuphatha abangaphansi, ukuthwala imiphumela yalokho izinqumo kanye nemiphumela yabo.

Umkhuba nokusebenzisa imithombo zokuphatha emikhankasweni yokhetho

Namuhla baseRussia Ungafunda mayelana nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ikhono izikhulu zokhetho. Inhlangano engenzi inzuzo "I-Transparency International" njalo wahlanganyela observation ukhetho futhi udalula amaqhinga ahlukahlukene emthethweni. Phakathi kwabo kungenziwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe ezifana:

- Ukuphoqelela ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni abasebenzi nezinhlangano kwesabelomali. Odokotela, othisha, abasebenzi amakomiti futhi iminyango bentando bophezela ukuza okhethweni futhi uvotele ikhandidethi ecacisiwe.

- Kuphethe umkhankaso pre-ukhetho izikhungo subordinated, ezifana amanyuvesi, izibhedlela, amayunithi lempi, imihlangano impesheni '.

- Ukusetshenziswa amandla yokudla ukushukumisa labavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube ezokuthutha agibela mahhala umphakathi endaweni yokuvota, isethulo se nezipho ezivela ekuphathweni emva kokhetho, ukushicilelwa umkhankaso izinto ngezithukuthuku abaphathi.

Kunezinye izindlela eziningi ithonya phezu umphumela wokhetho. Kodwa umbuzo kanjani ukunqoba ukhetho ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo zokuphatha, akanayo impendulo enjalo an lula futhi esobala. Kunezindlela eziningana izipesheli amabutho ehlukene kuleli zwe sendlela ukuqeda zokuphatha isisetshenziswa ukuhlukunyezwa okuyinto lukhula kuphela kusuka ukhetho ukuze ukhetho. Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze lokhu ukukhula umthwalo civil labavoti. Lapho abantu titawusetjentiswa esikhatsini lesinyenti ukuya kuma-poll futhi ukuvikela ilungelo umbono wabo, ngakho-ke iziphathimandla kuyoba ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwemithombo.