Izinqaba Gothic eYurophu. izakhiwo Gothic

I Gothic isitayela yezakhiwo wazalwa phakathi nekhulu le-12 enyakatho yeFrance. Nomthelela kulo mzamo Abbe Suter. lalichumile enkulu isitayela safinyelela ku engxenyeni yokuqala ka c 13., Sabalalisa ensimini ka iSpain namuhla kanye Czech Republic, Austria naseJalimane, nase UK.

Hlangana izakhiwo Gothic, kungenzeka futhi e-Italy. kamuva Nokho, kuleli zwe isitayela ukuthi leaked, kokuba nezabo. ukuguqulwa enamandla. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14. International isitayela Gothic zasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Amazwe empumalanga nezwekazi, lesi sitayela eyavela kamuva kakhulu, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-16. Gothic wanika jikelele hhayi kuphela izinhlobo eyinqaba. Lesi sitayela idale ukuqonda entsha ngokuphelele sokuqanjwa ngobuningi Iinhlangano isikhala.

Izigaba ukuthuthukiswa Gothic

Kukhona periodization ukuthuthukisa le izakhiwo ezimangalisayo. Gothic Ngakho, ovelele:

- ekuqaleni, (12 e.)
- Isitayela elichumayo; (13 e.)
- Flaming (14-15 cc.);
- ngamazwe.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva e zodcheskih izixazululo izakhiwo kuphela tincenye isitayela okungavamile yasetshenziswa. izakhiwo ezinjalo elithi "neo-Gothic" lisetshenziswa.

izici ezakhiwo

Ukuze isitayela Gothic libhekene Ukwakheka mpo, uhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi ukweseka izinhlelo, egumbini ribbed futhi lwaleli ezicijile. Lezi zici design uvumele sokwakha izakhiwo nge vaults ezinkulu (ngenxa yokuba khona lwezimbambo) kanye izindonga ohlabayo (ngenxa imithwalo kubo ezenzé zaba buttresses uhlelo). Architects ukunciphisa izakhiwo omkhulu bazakha. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngokwethula uhlaka. Ngenxa yalokho, izindonga Akasekho ukukhonza njengoba izakhi ukwesekwa.

izici

Ekhona ngesikhathi esithile zomlando isitayela esiteji izakhiwo yezakhiwo nezinguquko ezithile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi isitayela Romanesque iye kancane kancane uguqulwe ube Gothic.

Yiziphi izici zako ezisemqoka? Zikhona izici eziyisikhombisa esasenza isitayela Gothic:

1. imibala imfashini kanye evelele - blue, red yellow.
2. imigqa ezicijile ukwakha iqoqo lwesikhathi ezimbili intersecting.
3. ukuma elingunxande of isakhiwo ngokuya kuphenduke izinsika nemengamo.
4. Fan egumbini eyakhelwe zinsika. Kunalokho, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kutholakala ophahleni coffered. Amagumbi ezakhiweni ezinjalo kukhona eside kaJesu. Noma ububanzi, kuchazwe isikhungo isekela. Uphahla lwangaphakathi kulezi zindawo ngempela eliphezulu.
5. ezicijile, uzimele, jumpsuit, itshe, ukudonsa lwaleli, kanye dwebela amathambo endoda lonke uhlaka.
6. Multi-ezinemibala amafasitela ibala-glass. Isimo sabo kungase kube round noma side phezulu.
7. ezihlotshiswe ngamapulangwe kwesihlahla se-okhi iminyango kanye ribbed nemengamo eminyango.

Isici ebalulekile art khona eziqoshiwe. izidalwa wasenganekwaneni kanye sibalo belusizi avame ukuhlotshiswa izindonga zezindela, ngapha nangapha amasonto amancane.

Abaningi izinqaba yangenkathi ephakathi-European walakha ngesitayela Gothic. Lena isibonelo synthesis ubuciko eziningi, ezifana kweqiniso:

- izakhiwo;
- ebaziwe;
- Umdwebo omkhulu;
- yobuciko neyezandla.

Amasonto ababhishobhi ngeminyaka yawo-isitayela Gothic maphakathi edolobheni square sikhwele elibazungezile imizi emibili noma emithathu-storey. Leli lungiselelo kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Italy.

Lesi sakhiwo lokuqala isitayela Gothic

Ngokusho umtlamo Abbot Suger Yakhiwa ibandla Saint-Denis. Kwakuwusuku isakhiwo lokuqala elakhiwa isitayela Gothic. Nge ukwakhiwa kwalesi lombhishobhi isuswe inqwaba ngodonga elingaphakathi izisekelo. Ngenxa yalokho, isakhiwo Ngathatha look ngomusa, ngeke ngokuqinile nanoma ikuphi ukuqhathaniswa ne castle Romanesque.

lamaGoth ibithwele abanye incazelo wakha Umeluleki wenkosi futhi Abbot Suger. Usinikeze ubukhulu yesigodlo, kuyinto indawo yokungcwaba yamakhosi French lasendulo. Ngokusho besikhathi, ithempeli, eyakhelwe Suger, kwaba nokukhanya okuqhubekayo futhi ezimangalisayo ayegcwele ubuhle wezangaphakathi. Isinqumo ngesikhathi, Louis IX, abagqoke tombstones esasisanda kuyilungisa eyishumi nesithupha mithi French. Konke lokhu ukuqinisa isithunzi sasebukhosini.

Cathedral St kukaStefanu

izinqaba Abaningi Gothic kukhona tavelonkhe lamazwe lapho zazakhiwe. Lokhu kusebenza Catholic Cathedral of St kukaStefanu, eliseVienna. He kubhekwa uphawu kazwelonke we-Austria.

Lesi sakhiwo omangalisayo, wakha iminyaka ecishe ibe ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, elakhiwa enhliziyweni kwesihloko Austria. Njengezilwane eziningi Gothic inqaba ephakathi, kuyazuzisa ngempela esigcawini. Kuze kube namuhla, kule lombhishobhi aphethwe njalo ngosuku lwesabatha.

Ngokokuqala ngqá iSonto LamaKatolika okukhulunywa emibhalweni eziphathelene 1137. Ekhulwini le-12. Cathedral St kukaStefanu has a isinyathelo evelele we isitayela Romanesque. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka 14-16. lesi sakhiwo ngokuphelele kabusha futhi baba Gothic ngokugcwele. Kakade ekhulwini le-17. kancane washintsha wezangaphakathi lombhishobhi. Njengoba ayenakho wenza amanothi kwaduma isitayela Baroque.

Cathedral I St kukaStefanu has zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde. Omunye wabo konke ungakapheli, - North. ukuphakama Its 68 m isakhiwo sesibili -. eNingizimu. It kunqoba emhlabathini 136 metres uphinde uthele kancane has a ithala umbono ngendlela ekhexisayo Vienna hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izindawo zako ezizungezile. On the North Tower kuyinto insimbi ngobukhulu kuleli zwe. It unesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu-21 futhi ububanzi - amamitha amathathu. Insimbi toll kuphela ngamaholide ezinkulu, akukho izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-11 ngonyaka.

Chartres Cathedral

izinqaba Gothic wazithinta ngokujulile e komphefumulo wawo wonke umuntu. Kuthinta ukuphakama yabo nobuhle ngilulekela maqondana esibhakabhakeni kwemibhoshongo eminingi futhi nemengamo ezicijile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqaba isitayela Gothic kakhulu phezu. Ngakho, Chartres Cathedral, elise eFrance, has a ubude 130 m. Nge ngalinye akhethiwe umbono castle ubukeka kabusha. Futhi konke sibonga ngomklamo omangalisayo olungaphambili lwesonto.

Ngokungafani amasonto Romanesque, has a ifomu ebonakalayo lulula futhi lucacile, lapho libhekwa Chartres Cathedral kubonakala ukuntuleka izindonga. Igalari, nemengamo, imibhoshongo, amafasitela omkhulu, amasayithi eziningi nge zokudlala kukhona umdlalo never-ophela amafomu openwork. Njengazo zonke izinqaba Gothic, Chartres Cathedral nezwi uhlalwe mass ukubaza ezahlukene. Ezinye eziqoshiwe ethempelini, kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Lezi zinombolo akuzona kuphela inthanethi nemipheme. Bona kungabonwa kulo uphahla nophahla phezu izitebhisi Kuvunguza futhi downspouts, on aduduze futhi ngaphansi amakhothamo angu Izindlwana. Ngamanye amazwi, izinqaba Gothic izivakashi kukhona izwe elingaziwa futhi emangalisayo.

Notre Dame

Isitayela Gothic izinqaba ephakathi, futhi iye yasetshenziswa ngendlela ithempeli elikhulu, ogama lokwakha lwaqala ngo-1163 Itshe isisekelo lombhishobhi of Notre Dame yasungulwa by Louis VII futhi UPapa u-Alexander III. Ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kancane kancane waya kusukela empumalanga kuya engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye isakhiwo. Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo yokuqala, leli sonto kufanele uqukethe zonke labantu Paris, njengoba kuqale unyaka ka ukwakhiwa zezakhamuzi 10 000. Nokho, emva ukwakhiwa komuzi ethempelini selikhule kaningi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba nokuqalisa uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu.

Isikhala kwangaphakathi sethempeli likhona umbuso itshe esincane Uhlaka izinsika zazo oxhumene nemengamo ezicijile. The elingaphakathi ungumbuso wangempela imigqa mpo, phambili emazulwini. Engilazi emibalabala, ezifakiwe isimo ibala ingilazi chitha kwelanga, okuyinto uthela emifanekisweni eminingi zamaqhawe nababhishobhi, abesifazane nezingane, amadoda namakhosi. Izindonga kule ithempeli alisilo nhlobo. Kunalokho, akha uhlaka ehlanganisa amakholomu zixhunywe nemengamo. Gcwalisa lokhu design amafasitela Lancet, okuyinto azifane omkhulu imidwebo kweshumi izibalo. kwelanga kwenza multi anemibala emawindini engilazi apendiwe efana amagugu omkhulu. Kulesi kukhona othile ithoni ezingaqondakali elikhulula umuntu Isimo esingokwenkolo zenzisa.

Cologne Cathedral

Ukwakhiwa kwalesi isakhiwo enkulu isitayela Gothic wacala 1248 Cathedral ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya umbhoshongo olungaphambili lwesonto entshonalanga ne ophahleni ezinophahla olungunxantathu, kanye isixazululo nenhle yonke imininingwane ukwakhiwa nokuphakama engavamile kwethempeli.

Leli thempeli kunazo - edume kunazo liyabonakala wonke iplanethi. Buka lesikhumbuzo emangalisayo bokwakha Gothic, okuyinto by ukuphakama kwalo lesithathu eliphakeme phakathi kwawo wonke amasonto ababhishobhi emhlabeni, konke izivakashi uyalangazela evakashele eJalimane.

Palazzo Ducale

Lokhu lombhishobhi kuyinto yisibonelo esikhazimulayo Venetian izakhiwo Gothic, okungasekelwe beqonda izici kwesakhiwo nomphumela zokuhlobisa lesi sitayela emangalisayo. Olungaphambili lwesonto ithempeli engavamile kakhulu ngezithako zawo. Uchungechunge zamatshe amhlophe ezimhlophe ozungeza uqimba engezansi enqabeni. isakhiwo Monumental zibukeke odlulela lezi amakholomu phansi. Kumiswa yesibili phansi ngumuntu Loggia evulekile okuqhubekayo. It ixhunywe nemengamo keel namakholomu eziningi mncane. Lesi sigaba libhekene umusa kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho liyaphuma esitezi sesithathu, pink izindonga eye kabanzi esilinganayo amafasitela. Le ngxenye lalolu hlangothi olungaphambili lihlotshiswe imiklamo Jomethri in white. Yonke esigodlweni Ubamba iso sonority yayo izixazululo zokuhlobisa. Sihlanganisa ubukhazikhazi eByzantium ne ngokwenama wokuziphilisa.