Izinga lentandokazi kanye nenzalo yangempela ... Izinga lentengo yangempela yenzalo

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wesimanje ukwehla kwezimali zokutshalwa kwezimali ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokwehla kwamandla emali. Leli qiniso lenza kube kuhle ukufaka isicelo esinqunyiwe kuphela kodwa nesilinganiso senzalo sangempela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezithile emakethe yemali - mboleko. Iyini izinga lesithakazelo? Kutholakala ngani? ? Indlela yokunquma isamba senzalo sangempela ?

Umqondo wezilinganiso zenzalo

Izinga lesithakazelo kufanele lizwakale njengesigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sezomnotho, sibonakalise inzuzo yefa ngokwemibandela yangempela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi yisilinganiso senzalo esenza indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni izinqumo zokuphatha, ngoba noma yikuphi isihloko somnotho sinesithakazelo kakhulu ekutholeni izinga eliphezulu lemali engenayo ngezindleko ezincane phakathi nemisebenzi yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu osomabhizinisi, njengombuso, uphendukela emazingeni omdlandla wezinga lesithakazelo ngendlela ngayinye, ngoba kulokhu isici esinqumayo yiluhlobo lomsebenzi kanye nomkhakha lapho, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwenkampani ethile kugxile.

Ngakho-ke, abanikazi bezimali eziyinhloko ngokuvamile bavumelana ukusebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo sezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lesithakazelo, futhi ababolekayo kungenzeka bathole inzuzo kuphela uma kunesithakazelo esincane. Izibonelo ezicatshangwayo ziwubufakazi obusobala ukuthi namuhla kunzima ukuthola ukulingana emakethe enkulu.

Izithakazelo nezindleko zemali

Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke emnothweni wemakethe kukhona ukutholakala kwamanani emali, okwenza ukuthi kube nokuhlelwa kwezinga lentengo (futhi, ngokwemvelo, umkhiqizo wokukhiqiza) ngokusemthethweni nangempela. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uhlole ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwezimali. Uma kwenzeka ngokweqile izinga lokunyuka kwamanani emali ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso senzalo esitholwe ngumtshali-zimali ngokutshalwa kwezimali, inani lokuthengiselana elihambisanayo lizoba nombi. Yiqiniso, ngokwezinga elikhulu, izimali zalo ziyokhula kakhulu, okungukuthi, ku-ruble kuzoba nemali engaphezulu, kodwa amandla okuthenga, okuyisici kubo, azokwehla kakhulu. Lokhu kuzoholela ekubeni kungenzeka ukuthi imali entsha ithengise inani elithile lempahla (amasevisi), ngaphansi kwalokho okungenzeka kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuqala kwalokhu kusebenza.

Izici ezihlukile zamanani okuqokwa kanye namaqiniso

отличаются лишь в условиях инфляции или же дефляции. Njengoba kuvele, amazinga okwethakazelisa okwenqunyiwe kanye nokwenene ahlukile kuphela ezimweni zokukhuphuka kwemali noma ukwehluleka kwemali. Ngaphansi kwe-inflation kufanele iqondwe njengokunyuka okuphawulekayo futhi okubukhali kwamanani, futhi ngaphansi kwe-deflation - ukwehla kwabo okuphawulekayo. покупательная способность, присущая доходу и обозначаемая как процент. Ngakho-ke, izinga eliqokwe yibhange libhekwa njengelisho, kanti izinga lenzalo yesithakazelo yiwona amandla okuthenga ayenayo engenayo futhi asho njengephesenti. Ngamanye amazwi, izinga lesithakazelo sangempela lingachazwa ngokuthi yi-nominal, elungiswa ngenqubo yokunyuka kwamanani.

от номинальных. U-Irving Fisher, umcwaningi wezomnotho waseMelika, udale umbono wokuthi kuchaza ukuthi izinga lezinzalo zenzalo lithathwe kanjani ngokubaluleka. Umqondo oyisisekelo womphumela we-Fisher (okuthiwa i-hypothesis) ukuthi inani lokutshala inzalo linomhlaba wokuguqula ukuze uqobo lugcine "lilungiswe": r (n) = r (p) + i . Isibonisi sokuqala salolu fomula sibonisa izinga lokutshala inzalo, okwesibili - isilinganiso senzalo sangempela, futhi isigaba sesithathu silingana nesilinganiso esilindelekile sezinqubo zokukhuphula imali ezivezwe ngamaphesenti.

Isilinganiso senzalo sangempela ...

Isibonelo esithinta umphumela weFisher esixoxwe esahlukweni esandulele yisithombe lapho izinga elilindelekile lezinqubo zokukhuphula imali lilingana nephesenti elilodwa ngonyaka. Khona-ke izinga lesithakazelo esizobizwa ngalo lizokhula futhi ngamaphesenti owodwa. Kodwa empeleni amaphesenti wangempela ayohlala engashintshi. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi inani lesithakazelo sangempela lilingana nesilinganiso senzalo, kodwa kunciphisa izinga lokulinganiselwa kwamanani emali. Leli nani likhishwe ngokugcwele kwamandla emali.

Ukubalwa kwe

Inzalo yangempela yenzalo ingabalwa njengomehluko phakathi kwesilinganiso sokuthi sinomtshisekelo kanye nenani lezinqubo zokukhuphula imali. следующему отношению: r(р) = (1 + r(н)) / (1 + i) – 1 , где рассчитываемый показатель соответствует реальной ставке процента, второй неизвестный член отношения определяет номинальную ставку процента, а третий элемент характеризует уровень инфляции. Ngakho-ke, izinga lesithakazelo langempela lilingana nesilinganiso esilandelayo: r (p) = (1 + r (n)) / (1 + i) -1 , lapho isibonakaliso esibalwa silingana nesilinganiso senzalo sangempela, ilungu lesibili elingaziwa libeka isilinganiso sesithakazelo sokuthi, Isici sesithathu sibonisa izinga lokukhuphuka kwemali.

Izinga lentandokazi

покупательная способность дохода). Esikhathini sokukhuluma ngamanani esikweletu, njengomthetho, sikhuluma ngamazinga wangempela ( inzalo yangempela yenzalo yiwona amandla okuthenga engenayo). Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi abakwazi ukubhekwa ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke, lapho kugqiba isivumelwano sesiboleti, inhlangano yezezomnotho inikezwa ngolwazi ngamanani okubamba inzalo.

Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sezinga lesithakazelo, umuntu kufanele aqonde ukubonakala kokusebenza kwesithakazelo emibhalweni eningi, ngokubheka amanani wangempela. Ngalesi sizinga, isikweletu sikhishwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi angeke ibe mkhulu kunezinga noma lilingane nalo. Okuwukuphela kokukodwa yisikweletu ngokwemibandela yamahhala. Isilinganiso sesithakazelo esibizwa ngokuthi yi-interest rate akuyona into engaphezu kwephesenti evezwe ngemali.

Ukubalwa kwesilinganiso sokuthi sinesithakazelo

Ake sithi, ngokwemalimboleko yonyaka yamayunithi ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, amayunithi angama-1200 akhokhelwa njengephesenti. Khona-ke izinga lesithakazelo sokuthi lenzalo lilingana namaphesenti ayishumi nambili ngonyaka. Ngemuva kokuthola isikweletu semali engama-1,200, ingabe umbolekisi uyothola? Ngokuziphendulela impendulo yalo mbuzo kungenziwa ngokunemba kuphela ukuthi ukwazi kanjani ukuthi amanani phakathi nonyaka azoshintsha. Ngakho-ke, nge-inflation yaminyaka yonke elingana namaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili, imali engenayo yomthengi iyoba ngaphezulu kuphela ngamaphesenti amane.

Ukubalwa kwesilinganiso sokuthi inzalo isho kanje: r = (1 + amaphesenti enzuzo etholwa yibhange) * (1 + ukwanda kwentengo ye-inflation) - 1 noma R = (1 + r) × (1 + a), lapho isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sithandwa Linganisa, okwesibini - isilinganiso senzalo sangempela, kanti okwesithathu - izinga lokukhuphuka kwamanani emali ekubalweni okufanele kwezwe .

Iziphetho

Phakathi kwezilinganiso ezithandwayo kanye nezenzalo zangempela, kukhona ubudlelwane obuseduze, okwenzelwe ukuqonda okuphelele, kuhle ukuletha kanje:

1 + isilinganiso sesithakazelo sokuthi = (1 + isilinganiso senzalo sangempela) * (izinga lentengo ekupheleni kwesikhathi / izinga lentengo ekuqaleni kwenkathi ecatshangelwe) noma 1 + isilinganiso senzalo sokuthi = (1 + isilinganiso sangempela senzalo) * (isilinganiso esingu-1 + Izinqubo zokungenisa imali).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphumelela kanye nokukhiqiza kwangempela kwemisebenzi eyenziwa ngumtshali-zimali kubonakala kuphela ngenani lesenzalo. Ikhuluma ngokukhushulwa kwamandla okuthenga wezimali zemali yebhizinisi. Izinga lentela elikhethiwe lingabonisa kuphela ubukhulu bokwanda kwenkokhelo ngokugcwele. Akuyithathi i-inflation. говорит о росте уровня покупательной способности денежной единицы. Ukwanda kwenani lentando yeningi kubonisa ukwanda kwamandla okuthenga weyunithi yezimali. Futhi kungenzeka ngokulinganayo ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, lesi simo singaphathwa njengomvuzo wokulondolozwa kwamanje.