Izindlela ze-TGP. Isihloko kanye nezindlela zombono wombuso nomthetho

Ngekhulu lama-21, indima yomthetho wezomthetho ikhula, ngoba umthetho usebenza cishe kuwo wonke amagatsha okuphila komphakathi. Leli qiniso lihle kakhulu, ngoba ngomthetho wezomthetho umbuso ulawula ukulawula hhayi kuphela umphakathi, kodwa nezakhamuzi ngabanye. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi emthethweni wezenzo zanamuhla, ukubaluleka okukhulu kudlalwa yizinto ezenzekayo emkhakheni wezomthetho. Siyabonga, abameli-benzi banethuba lokusebenzisa imigomo yomthetho empilweni yangempela yokuphila ngokugcwele nangempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zezomthetho zithuthukisa njalo indlela yokusebenzisa umthetho wezomthetho. Izindlela zombuso zizuzisa kakhulu indima ephakeme yomthetho. Ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokuziphatha, uhulumeni ophakathi ngokushesha futhi uqondisa ngokunembile zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ezweni. Inqwaba yolwazi lwama-theory lwakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isayensi ebalulekile ekuqeqesheni abameli bezobuchwepheshe.

Umbono woMbuso noMthetho - umqondo

Inkolelo evamile yombuso nomthetho yisayensi eyisisekelo ezikoleni eziningi zomthetho. Eqinisweni, leli gatsha lesayensi lwakhiwa ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwenqwaba yezinkolelo nezindlela ezihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwenqubo kahulumeni, umthetho, ukusebenzisana njalo kwalezi zakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yombono wombuso nomthetho (ngemuva kwalokhu - TGP), wonke amanye amagatsha akhiwa. Ngakho-ke, i-TGP yiyona "impahla yomthombo" lapho amagatsha asebenzayo nesayensi wesayensi yezomthetho aziwa namuhla. Mayelana nokucwaninga kulo mboni, zenziwa nge-orientation ezinhlobonhlobo zamanje nezindlela zomthetho, kucatshangelwa zonke izici zenkathi yomlando. Ngenxa ye-TGP, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa izindlela zendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwanoma yiluphi igatsha lomthetho.

I-TGP - izimpande zesayensi zeSoviet

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela izimpande zaseSoviet ezifana nenkolelo kahulumeni nomthetho. Isayensi yasungulwa ezinsukwini zokuba khona kwe-USSR kanye nezikole zalo zomthetho zendabuko ngokuhlanganisa imiqondo eyenziwe emasimini ahlobene nesayensi. Ngokuyinhloko, i-TGP iyisiyalo esakhiwe ukuze uthole ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kusuka kwabanamacala abasebenza esikhathini esizayo. Emazweni aseYurophu naseNtshonalanga, akufundwanga. Imiqondo yalesi sayansi ivela ngamanye amagatsha. Leli qiniso alimangazi, ngoba indaba yombuso nomthetho iqukethe ulwazi oluhlukahlukene lwesayensi, okungukuthi, inkolelo yombuso (uhlobo lwesimo sombuso, izimbangela zokuvela kombuso, izinhlobo zemibuso, njll) kanye nenkolelo yomthetho (isakhiwo nomqondo wemithetho yezomthetho, imithombo yomthetho , Umthwalo wemithetho kanye nokuchazwa komthetho, njll). Intshisekelo kule ndaba yesayensi ikhula ngokuphindaphindiwe njalo ngonyaka, ngoba ngezindlela eziningi yandisa ukufundiswa kwemfundiso yendima yomthetho nombuso.

Isihloko sombono wombuso nomthetho

Njengazo zonke izinsizakalo eziningi zezomthetho, indlela yokuchaza indaba ye-TGP iqukethe impikiswano eminingi, ngoba ososayensi baveza imibono ehlukile ngalesi sigaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko se- TGP yesayensi sinemininingwane yaso, esizoxoxwa kamuva esihlokweni. Ngokuqondene nezinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile zendaba yesayensi yezomthetho, kufaka phakathi izici eziningana, ezibonisa ukuhambisana kwazo. Isibonelo, inhloso yokutadisha i-TGP ilungile ngokuthi:

1) Ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nomthetho njengezici ezihlukene nezizimele, ikakhulukazi emphakathini.

2) Indlela yokwakhiwa, ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa komthetho kanye nombuso.

3) Amafomu, izici, izici kanye nezici ezithile zombuso nomthetho.

4) Indima yalezi zigaba empilweni yomphakathi, uhlelo lwezepolitiki.

5) Ukuqwashisa ngezomthetho, pravorealizatsiya, umbuso wobulungiswa kanye nomthethosisekelo.

6) Inqubo ejwayelekile neyomthetho.

7) Ukubusa komthetho.

8) Isibopho.

Ukucabangela izici zesakhiwo ezibhalwe phansi mayelana nesimo sombuso nomthetho, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izici zemisebenzi, izindlela nezindinganiso zesayensi namuhla. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqala ukucabangela izici ezithile zendaba ye-TGP.

Okucacile ngendaba yombono wombuso nomthetho

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi indaba yombono wombuso nomthetho Akuyona nje umqondo wesistimu, kodwa futhi uyashintsha, kanye nezinsimbi zawo.

Lesi sici esithile sitholakala emibonisweni kanye nemibono eqhubekayo esetshenziswa ensimini yesayense. Isibonelo, emibhalweni yama-Soviet theoretians of state kanye nomthetho, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kwakhokhwa ekutadisheni kobudlova be-proletariat, isimo somphakathi kanye nokuhle. Izici ezihluke ngokuphelele zilahlwe emisebenzini yezazi zanamuhla, ezaqala ukugxila kakhulu emibonweni enjengomphakathi, intando yeningi, indima ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho njengomthombo omkhulu womthetho nokuhleleka, njalonjalo. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sezomlando sinomthelela omkhulu ekubonweni okuqakathekileko kwezigaba ezifanayo ezivela emazingeni ahlukahlukene, ngoba yonke imisebenzi yesayensi ibhaliwe ososayensi nabantu. Njengoba kunikezwe izinguquko eziqhubekayo hhayi kuphela emphakathini kodwa futhi ezinhliziyweni zabantu bonke, akuyona into emangalisayo ukubona ushintsho embonweni wezici ezifanayo zombuso nomthetho.

Indlela ye-TGP

Isihloko kanye nendlela ye-TGP- Lezi yizici ezingenakunyaniswa . Lesi sigaba sakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lento yokutadisha. Izindlela ze-TGP zingahle zimelelwe ngokomzimba ngendlela eyodwa, ogama layo lingu "indlela." Leli gama lichaza izindlela eziningi, izindlela, izindlela ezahlukene ezisiza ukutadisha indaba yesayensi ye-TGP. Izindlela ze-TGP zisetshenziswanga kuphela ekuthuthukiseni imiqondo emisha nokuthuthukisa ngcono, kodwa nasendleleni yokuqondisa, inkolelo yombuso nomthetho. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi indlela ngayinye iyingqayizivele futhi iyathakazelisa ngendlela yayo, kodwa akekho kubo ongaphendula ngokuphelele yonke imibuzo ephakama lapho umuntu efunda izigaba ezibalulekile neziyinkimbinkimbi njengombuso nomthetho. Ngakho-ke, kuvela indlela - uhlelo lwezindlela ezihambisanayo.

Amaqembu Izindlela

Ososayensi abazoqhathanisa nabo bahlukanisa izindlela ze-TGP ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ngamaqembu. Le ndlela isiza ukucabangela izinga lokubaluleka nokuphumelela kolunye uhlobo noma olunye uhlobo lokutadisha, izinkinga ezithile zemibono. Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zezindlela, okungukuthi:

- Isayensi jikelele (iqembu lihlanganisa izindlela ezenzeka hhayi kuphela kwisayensi yombuso nomthetho, kodwa nakwezinye izimboni, hhayi ngokomthetho).

- Isayensi yangasese (izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziselwa izimboni zomthetho ezihlobene nezomthetho).

- Okukhethekile (iqembu lezindlela ezisemthethweni kuphela ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwezomthetho).

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi amaqembu asebenza kanjani, udinga ukuwacabangela ngokuhlukile.

Izindlela ezejwayelekile zesayensi ze-TGP

Izindlela ezejwayelekile zesayense azisebenzisi nje kuphela kwisayensi yombono wombuso nomthetho. Njengomthetho, asetshenziselwa ezinye iziyalo kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zesayensi ukuthola ulwazi oluthile. Uhlelo lwezindlela ze-TGP zesimo sezesayensi jikelele yisigaba sokuqala sokutadisha, ngenxa yokuthi amaqiniso avela kakhulu angabonakala. Noma kunjalo, ngosizo lwezindlela ezivamile zesayensi, kunzima ukuthola idatha ethile mayelana nezinqubo ezithile zomthetho nezombuso, nakuba lokhu kungenzeka. Izindlela zesayensi jikelele ziyi:

- Induction;

- ukudonsa;

- ukuhlaziywa nokukhishwa;

- ukulinganisa;

- ukwakha kanye nokuqhathanisa.

Okuyinhloko yalezi zindlela ukuthi bakha "ukudla okucatshangwayo". Ngamanye amazwi, ngosizo lwezindlela nezindlela zesayensi jikelele, "i-skelet" yezinkolelo nemibono yesikhathi esizayo emkhakheni we-TGP idalwe. Izinhlobo eziningi ezikhethekile ezikhethekile zingabandakanya izinkampani eziningi zesayensi, ngaleyo ndlela zakha indlela entsha ngokuphelele yokutadisha umbuzo.

Isistimu Yezindlela Zesayensi Yobumfihlo

Izindlela zesayensi ezizimele zisetshenziselwa lezo zimo uma kudingeka ukuba ufunde isenzakalo esingaphakathi "kwemingcele" yezesayensi eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulula nje, izindlela ezisekelwe ngasese ziyizindlela zokufunda ezibolekwe ezifundweni ezahlukene. Basiza ukubona isithombe esengeziwe sokukhonjwa kwesenzo sesigaba sokucwaningwa ngethonya lezici ezithile ezithile kulo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa:

- Ukusebenza ngokuhlelekile. Le ndlela yokufunda ngezindlela eziningi isisiza ukuba ungaboni nje ulwazi lwesayensi, kodwa futhi ukuqonda indima yayo esimweni somthetho noma sezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yento ngayinye iphindwe.

- Indlela yesistimu ifana nalowo ochazwe ngenhla. Iphinde ikhombise indlela, ukunakwa kuphela akugxile ezakhiweni ngabanye kanye nendima yabo, kodwa ngesenzo sohlelo lonke. Ngakho, umuntu angabona ukuthi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zithinta kanjani isihloko sokutadisha.

- Ngosizo lwezenzo zomphakathi, umuntu angabona indima nokusebenza kwezakhiwo zomthetho kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi emphakathini. Futhi le ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba ihlanganisa izindlela eziningi ezithakazelisayo zokutadisha: ukubonwa, ukuhlola kanye nokulinganisa.

- Indlela engokwengqondo yezingxenye eziningi ihlola ukuziphatha komthetho kwabantu ngabanye kanye nezixuku zenhlalo.

- Indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke idlalwe yindlela yomlando. Ngesizo salo, umuntu angaqhathanisa imibono ekhona, futhi abone inqubo yentuthuko yabo, ukuze esikhathini esizayo angaphinde abuyele isipiliyoni esivele sitholakale. Ngamanye amazwi, indlela yomlando yindlela yokutadisha imithetho yentuthuko kahulumeni nomthetho.

Iyiphi indima yezindlela ezikhethekile ezidlala?

Izindlela ezikhethekile zesayensi ye-TGP Ingabe iyinhloko. Kungenxa ngosizo lwabo namuhla ukuthi umuntu angakhuluma ngokukhona kwemfundiso kahulumeni nomthetho njengegatsha elizimele ngokuphelele lesayensi nesemthethweni. Izindlela ezikhethekile ze-TGP yizinhlelo zezindlela nezindlela ezicwaninga kuphela izici zomthetho nezombuso. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi nezindlela ezikhethekile eziye zavela ngenxa yomsebenzi wabameli abasebenza ngokuqhubekayo nolwazi lwabo, ngoba ukuphila akumi.

Izindlela ezikhethekile zombono wombuso nomthetho

Izindlela ezikhethekile zifaka okulandelayo:

- Ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho. Ezesayensi eziningi zezomthetho le ndlela "i-classical." Ngosizo lwaso, imiqondo emisha yesayensi evela kwisayense yasemthethweni yesimanje ithuthukiswe, ihlukaniswe futhi ihumushe.

- Indlela yokuqhathanisa ngokomthetho iyindlela yokubona imibono kanye nokungaphumeleli kwesimiso sezomthetho, indlela yokuzibophezela ngokomthetho, umbuso wezomthetho, izakhiwo zomthetho ngokuqhathanisa nezikhungo ezifanayo nezinqubo, eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla.

Izethulo ezimbili zenzelwe ukuthi zendabuko kakhulu. Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezikhethekile, isibonelo, ukubambisana, ukuhumusha, ubukhulu obulodwa bokusebenza okujwayelekile, njll. Iqiniso lokuthi le ndaba kanye nendlela ye-TGP ixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, ngokuvamile ivame ukudala ngokuphelele, izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha.

Iyini umsebenzi we-TGP?

Ngenqubo yokutadisha isayensi evezwe kulesi sihloko, umuntu uthola umbono wokuthi imisebenzi yombono wombuso nomthetho akakho nje, ngoba isayensi iningi ngezindlela eziningi kuphela futhi ayikho uxhumano nenqubomgomo esemthethweni esemthethweni kuhulumeni. Noma kunjalo, iziphetho ezinjalo azihambisani nokuyiqiniso, ngoba umsebenzi wesayensi usaphila. Isayensi ibalulekile, ngakho-ke imibono yasebenza ngezindlela eziningi ithonya amagatsha omthetho akhona.

Imisebenzi ye-TGP

Esikhathini samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, imisebenzi elandelayo yombono wombuso nomthetho iyahlukaniswa, okuyi:

1) I-intological. I-TGP inikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo enjengaleyo umthetho nombuso, futhi yikuphi okushiwo yizigaba.

2) Umsebenzi we-epistemological uqukethe ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono emisha yesayensi kanye nemibono.

3) Ubuhle - ukutholakala kwezindlela ezintsha ezithembisayo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-TGP.

4) Ukubikezelwa.

5) Okungokwemvelo, okungukuthi, umthelela ekuqapheliseni ngabanye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ulwazi olufanele lwesifundo sesayense.

6) Indlela yokusebenza.

Ngenxa yokusebenza okwanele kwalesi sayensi, imibono eyisisekelo yombuso nomthetho yenziwa, okuyiyona eyasiza kakhulu ekwakheni intando yeningi, umphakathi wezenhlalakahle.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko umlobi unemininingwane echazwe ukuthi yiyisayensi yombuso nomthetho, futhi wabonisa ukuthi isisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yayo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula amathemba amakhulu ale sayensi, ngoba ngosizo lwaso abantu abangafakwa ngomkhuba wezomthetho nokuqwashisa okujulile ngendima yabo emishinini yombuso.