Iyini i-telegram? Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe

Lesi sihloko sitshela ukuthi yiyiphi i-telegram, mayelana nama-prototypes we-telegraph yanamuhla kanye nesimo samanje salolu hlobo lokuxhumana.

Izikhathi zasendulo

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu, kwavela isidingo sezindlela zokudlulisa idatha ngokushesha nokuxhumana. Ekuqaleni, lokhu kwenziwa ngezinyathelo zomsebenzi wezinyawo noma zehhashi, kodwa indlela enjalo yokudiliva imibiko yayihamba kancane, futhi ngisho nasezimweni zokusebenza kwezempi, umkhululi angabulawa nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nezinsizakalo zokuposa ezivela eNkathini Ephakathi azikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zabantu ekukhulumisaneni, futhi kuwo wonke umlando, abakhiqizi baye bafuna izindlela zokuxhumana okusheshayo nokuthembekile kwebanga. Futhi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, yiyiphi i-telegram, okuqala ukubiza ukuthi lolu buchwepheshe lwakhiwe kanjani.

Mhlawumbe owokuqala ukubhema izibonakaliso zomshukela ezivela emaphandleni, indlela efanayo esetshenziselwa izizwe zase-Afrika. Kukhona nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwawo eRoma lasendulo. Kodwa le ndlela yayingathembeki ngokweqile, efanele kuphela izibonakaliso ze-monosyllabic futhi ixhomeke kakhulu ngesimo sezulu noma isikhathi sosuku, futhi kancane kancane kwafakwa indawo ye-heliograph - indlela yokudlulisa isignali ngezibuko zelanga elibonisiwe. Wayexhomeke kakhulu ngesimo sezulu, futhi ibanga lalilinganiselwe emgqeni wokubona.

Ama-Optics

Ngomnyaka ka-1792 eFrance inethiwekhi yokuqala ye-telegraphic optical yadalwa. Le ndlela yayisekelwe ekunikezeni izibonakaliso zokukhanya ngezibani nezibani ze-semaphore. Noma kunjalo, akatholanga ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezohwebo, njengoba kwakudayisa futhi kudinga inombolo enkulu yeziteshi zokukhanya eziphakathi.

Ugesi

Imizamo yokudala ucingo lwezocingo lwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, futhi ososayensi abaningi baphumelela. Kodwa-ke, owokuqala owayenelungelo lobunikazi olunjalo futhi waliletha ekupheleleni kwakunguMelika uSamuel Morse ngo-1840. Baphinde bahlakulele ikhodi ye-Morse, lapho incwadi ngayinye ihambelana neqoqo lamachashazi kanye nezinhlayiya. Ukwakhiwa kwezimoto zakhe kwaphumelela kakhulu kangangokuthi kwahlala kungashintshi iminyaka eminingi. Futhi maduzane izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwekazi omhlaba zingakwazi ukushintshanisa i-telegram. Ngakho iyini i-telegram?

Incazelo

I-telegram ngumyalezo othunyelwa ngezinto zokusebenzisa i-telegraph usebenzisa ifomu lobuchwepheshe lokuxhumana phezu kwezintambo. Ake sihlaziye le nqubo ngokuningiliziwe. Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi, ngokuya ngesikhathi noma imishini, indlela yokudlulisela kungenzeka ukuthi ihluke kancane, kodwa incazelo yayo isolokhu ihlala njalo.

Okokuqala, opharetha wenkonzo ye-telegraph wabhala phansi umbhalo noma wakhipha umlayezo kumvakasifisa ukuthumela umlayezo onjalo, njenge-telegram, ifomu ayezigcwala yena futhi wabonisa le nkampani. Khona-ke, ngokusebenzisa ikhodi ye-Morse, ulwazi ludluliselwa esiteshini sokugcina noma sesisemkhatsini, lapho umshini uphrinta khona ngokuzenzakalelayo i-tape yamaphepha ehlanganiswe ngamachashazi kanye nezinhlayiya. Emva kwalokho, isisebenzi esamukelayo siyihumusha ezincwadini ezijwayelekile, futhi isithunywa sanikeza i-telegram kumakheli. Ngakho manje siyazi ukuthi i-telegram iyini.

Isimo sezwe samanje

Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka nengxenye, kusukela kokusabalalisa okusabalalisiwe nokusetshenziswa kwezingcingo, bahlala bewukuphela kwendlela yokuxhumana eyanikezela ukuthumela imibiko esheshayo ngokushesha. Kamuva, ngokuthuthukiswa kocingo lwezokuxhumana, lokhu kwashintsha, kodwa umyalezo onjalo njengeteklomelo wawusetshenziswa kakhulu. "Imeyili yaseRussia", ngendlela, ingomunye wabambalwa lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthumela i-telegram.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90 ekhulwini lokugcina, njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-telephony ephathekayo ne-Inthanethi, izinsizakalo ze-telegraph sezilokhu zithandwa kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bavumela kusukela ngo-1891 ukuthumela umlayezo cishe masinyane kunoma yikuphi emhlabeni, kungenziwa ngefoni ejwayelekile noma e-mail. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthumeli usadinga isikhathi sokuletha iteklani kumakheli.

I-Netherlands, i-India, iDenmark - lawa mazwe ashiye ngokuphelele indlela enjalo yokuxhumana njenge-telegram. "Imeyili yaseRussia" kanye neJalimane, eSweden, eJapane naseBelgium isabanika labo abafisa ukuthumela imiyalezo yalolu hlobo. Kodwa-ke, ensimini enkulu kuleli zwe inethiwekhi yezingodo ze-telegraph sekuyisikhathi eside idiliziwe, futhi imiyalezo isakazwa yizobuchwepheshe zedijithali zanamuhla.

Ithonya emphakathini

Njenganoma yikuphi ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa okuningi, i-telegraph yaba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini. Ngokubeka izintambo ze-transatlantic kwaba khona ukuxhumana nazo zonke amazwekazi awakhiwe amazwekazi. I-Telegraph isetshenziswe izintatheli ezingahambisa izindaba futhi zichaze izenzakalo ezivela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, abathengisi bamasheya nabantu abavamile. Futhi wadlala indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokuziphatha kwezimpi, lapho amasaka omsakazo engakaqalwa, kanti indlela kuphela yokuxhumana yayiyi-telegram. I-Russia ingenye yamazwe asekela ukuthunyelwa nokudluliselwa kwawo.