Isiqhingi Solovetsky nezinto zalo ezikhangayo. Indlela ukuya Solovetsky Islands, yini ukubona

Solovetsky Islands ayindawo esiyingqayizivele. On inhlonhlo esendaweni elincane White Sea uye wazakhela zemvelo, zomlando namasiko eziyinkimbinkimbi esiyingqayizivele, akukho analogue emhlabeni. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi ecebile ezikhangayo kuyinto esiqhingini Solovki, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka isebenza yesigodlo odumile Solovetsky.

uhlobo

Iziqhingi yavela eminyakeni 9,000 edlule kwelinye izigaba kumiswa White Sea, lapho emva ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu iphutha compensatory ukuphakamisa inhlabathi. 2/3 of lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi endaweni ithatha Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Archipelago Itholakala zone ehlathini. Kakhulu olunothile futhi landscape ezihlukahlukene kulesi siqhingi: izintaba eziphakemeyo eziphansi akhale amachibi, nezimfunda ezinezimbali - emaxhaphozini. 70% endaweni imbozwe ihlathi, ngokuyinhloko sonwele and kaphayini. Mayelana 5% kwendawo ewela izakhiwo nezimfunda. Dry voronichnye emathafeni ejwayelekile esogwini lapho kulandelwa birch band krivostvolnyh (birch emazombezombe). Esikhathini ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi esiqhingini esikhundleni ukugawula nemililo zenzeka birch namahlathi e-aspen. Izimfunda ogwini futhi maphakathi siqhingi elalihlala 0.1-0.2% kwendawo inani zinezikhathi ocebile zinhlobo yokwakheka edlelweni kwezimila. Mayelana 15% iziqhingi ezakha marsh nge predominance of upland nezinhlobo zesikhashana. anhlobonhlobo okunjalo ebukeka, yethulwa endaweni amakhilomitha square mayelana 300, ingenye amazing kakhulu izici zemvelo eziqhingi Solovetsky.

Esiqhingini kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-550 emachibini. Ziyashiyana isayizi, simo, imvelaphi, umbala amanzi, kodwana woke ebabazekayo kakhulu.

Baphi Solovetsky Islands

qoqo leziqhingi Solovetsky ehlanganisa iziqhingi ezinkulu eziyisithupha futhi engaphezu kwekhulu encane, etholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-White Olwandle 290 km enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye emzini Arkhangelsk, maphakathi Arkhangelsk esifundeni. Le ndawo ingqikithi iziqhingi lingu-300 amakhilomitha square. Bahlanganisa iziqhingi + ngokungathi:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Lesibanti) - 218,72 amakhilomitha square;
• Anzersky - 47,11 km²;
• Iningi Muksalma - 18,96 km²;
• Muksalma ephansi - 1.2 amakhilomitha square;
• 3ayatsky Big - 1.25 amakhilomitha square;
• Small Zayatsky - 1.1 km².

indaba

Umlando Solovetsky Islands iqala ukuthuthukiswa yomuntu ku Mesolithic Late. I III yeminyaka BC ulwandle abazingeli nabadobi wathola Solovetsky Islands futhi waqala ukuthuthukiswa yabo, eyathatha kuze Ephakathi. Solovki wathola iminonjana eziningi imisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho-utilitarian kanye zenkolo: nemizana engaphezu kwengu-20, amakamu kanye nemihlangano yokufundisa, izindlu ezine lihambisana emanxiweni asendulo, eziningi labyrinths olulodwa itshe, izinkulungwane zobuciko.

Izakhamuzi lwasekuqaleni ka Solovki wahlanganyela ethize ukuzingela zasolwandle izilwane futhi lesi siqhingi echibini futhi ihlathi umdlalo, ukudoba ababutha ugu, okwenza ngamathuluzi. Emkhakheni wezingalo iqoqo amasayithi Kwatholakala imicibisholo, javelins, ukuzingela izimbazo, itshe amahange, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, esiyingqayizivele yisakhiwo sodumo imishini ngembazo kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Izakhamuzi lezi ziqhingi lasendulo babehilelekile ukwakhiwa labyrinths zamatshe, esakhiwe engcwele.

Kumila Stauropegial Solovetsky Monastery

isiqhingi Solovetsky yaba indawo yezimpi sezindela yasungulwa 30s kwekhulu xv babevela uCyril ka Belozersk futhi Valaam Monastery izindela Savvatii, Germany kanye Zosima njengoba abode "noMsindisi Chudotvortsa Nikolaya". Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka angu xv-XVI. sezindela kancane kancane lakhula, ukuthola esesandleni sakhe iziqhingi ezinkulu kuleli qoqo leziqhingi.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu xv ngu izindela ezakhiwa amasonto amathathu okhuni: Assumption, St Nicholas kanye isimo, amaseli lokhuni eziningi futhi izindlu, eyayikade ivalwe ocingweni lamapulangwe.

Inqaba obungokomoya balabo North-Russian

Phakathi Isigodlo XVI ekhulwini ingena inkathi yezinguquko sina kwezomnotho ehambisana nokulingana igama Abbot Philip (Kolycheva), wezinguquko, wezakhiwo, Economist lisebenza futhi abanamakhono. Lapha e 1550-1560-yalolucwaningo Kwakuseshwa komgwaqo, kodwa lesi siqhingi sasibizwa eyasungulwa B. Muksalma "ubisi egcekeni" nge inyamazane kanye nezinkomo. Ukuhlinzeka labantu amanzi sezindela egijima 52 iziqhingi Lake Solovetsky exhunywe iziteshi ukuphuza. Ngokuba sokuzivikela e 1582-1594 GG. It lamiswao kukhona udonga lwamatshe ngapha nge imibhoshongo namasango. Annunciation (Gate) Isonto lakhiwa 1596-1600 GG.

Phakathi nekhulu XVII sezindela Solovetsky siyaqhubeka zimiswe njengenhlangano zokuphatha, kwezomnotho, ezingokomoya, ezempi, isikhungo ezombusazwe nezamasiko White Sea. Esikhathini XVIII-XX eminyaka. Wayengomunye izindawo besekudingisweni nokuboshwa izigebengu zezombusazwe.

nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngemva inguquko 1917 ngaqala ukwakha Russia entsha. Solovetsky Islands saphela isikhungo ngokomoya futhi Isigodlo uyekwa. Ngo-April 1920, Arkhangelsk yesifundazwe Commission okuqaliswe ukusungulwa impahla yesigodlo. Ingabe ihlelwe yiHhovisi iziqhingi Solovki, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlelwe ipulazi "Solovki", okuyinto yayikhona kuze 1923. Ukusungulwa kwe ipulazi akusho nokuqedwa monasticism. Babalelwa ku-200 izindela babe abasebenzi abangekho empini, kwakuhlelwa umphakathi ongokwenkolo, ogama imisebenzi iqondiswa ngu iziqhingi IHhovisi Solovki.

I Gulag qoqo leziqhingi

Kusukela ngo-1923 kuya ku-1939 kulesi siqhingi zonke izakhiwo ayengaphansi sezindela Solovetsky matasa Solovki ekamu eliyijele NKVD (NEZINDLOVU). Kuhlelwe ngesisekelo Kholmogory, Pertominskogo futhi Arkhangelsk, ekamu Solovki wayengomunye walaba esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Ukwakheka iziboshwa kulelo jele SLON washintsha ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-abameleli Izicukuthwane isiRashiya, isonto, nezihlakaniphi, wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, izakhi neselelesi balahlwa yicala izindaba zasekhaya, abameleli izinhlangano zikazwelonke kanye nabanye abaningi.

Phakathi kwabathunjwa yabalwa ososayensi NEZINDLOVU nabaculi, abalobi, izimbongi, abaholi benkolo Russia: uprofesa, Isazi-mlando sezobuciko AE Anisimov, isazimlando ID Antsiferov umsunguli BA Artemyev, uProfesa SA Askol'dov mlando BB Bakhtin, umculi IE Braz, owayeyinzalo yalo Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, imbongi MN Crow, NN ethnographer Vinogradov, umbhali 0.B. Bolkiah, isazi-mlando u-Herman Gordon, imbongi AK Gorsky, academician DS Likhachev, engumpristi, isazi futhi wesichazamazwi DA Florensky nabanye.

Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomlando namasiko

Ensemble KWEMASIKO yomlando we Solovetsky Islands - alifani nelamuntu, eyingqayizivele ubuqotho futhi ukuphelela lokusinda ensembles therein kanye izakhiwo, izindawo zokukhulekela, ezezindlu, ukuzivikela, kwezomnotho, imisele yamanzi, imigwaqo kanye neensetjenziswa izinhlelo ephakathi, kanye zemivubukulo, izikhumbuzo, futhi ibonisa lasendulo futhi medieval domonastyrskuyu esiqhingini isiko. Basuke bagxila ezingxenyeni ezahlukene iziqhingi ezinkudlwana zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi, kodwa ngokwendawo futhi ngokomlando oxhumene, umthetho owodwa, ebumbene. izingxenye zalo ezihlukahlukene zonke izinkathi emlandweni ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo futhi yonke North Russian.

Izingxenye ephambili we zomlando namasiko Solovetsky eziyinkimbinkimbi qoqo leziqhingi yilezi:

• Isigodlo-inqaba xv-XX eminyaka, Umlisa owayengumBuddha isiphetho wezindela XVI-XX eminyaka, Izigodlo kanye ezingwadule XVI-XX eminyaka...;
• Kuvuna eqhugwaneni esiqhingini izinhlelo wokubacindezela kanye neensetjenziswa;
• Izakhiwo "engcwele-yokupaka» III-mina zeminyaka BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky naseziqhingini;
• izakhiwo yesikhumbuzo Amaqembu Lwemisebenzi Solovetsky emakamu 1923-1939 GG. endaweni endaweni ethile mboni yezitini;
• namathafa zemvelo.

Centre of eziyinkimbinkimbi zomlando namasiko eziqhingi indlu yezindela Solovetsky - a ephelele Ensemble yezakhiwo esiyingqayizivele. ukwakhiwa wayo emangalisayo omkhulukazi, elikhanyayo uhlamvu ngazinye izindawo eziningi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuqotho zonke izingxenye zawo.

Okunye ezikhangayo

Ingabe Ngubufakazi Bemivubukulo futhi esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo, izingosi mlando kanye izinto ezimangalisayo zaziwa cishe kuyo yonke indawo Solovetsky Islands. Okubonwayo azinake ekhethekile zitholakala kulezi ziqhingi ezilandelayo:

• Anzersky: zintathu sezindela (i-XVII), zintathu Church (1880-1884), eGolgotha-Ukubethelwa Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky sezindela (St Andrew) (i-XVI), imbokodo Harbor, Stone Sikhungo Semikhumbi (i-XVI), iChurch of St Andrew.
• Iningi Muksalma: Sergiev Hermitage (XVI), imbokodo edamini, yokuxhuma Muksalma nge ezinkulu Solovetsky Isiqhingi (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands kuhlala 500 zezitshalo. Phakathi izakhiwo zemvelo-indawo Island has izindawo izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, futhi ezingavamile izitshalo. Isifundo sabo ukongiwa kanye nekusita ososayensi ababandakanyekayo. Efika esiqhingini, kudingeka unakekele ye izitshalo zendawo, eqinisweni zidabukile imbali engavamile kungaba zezinyoni ezingavamile. Abadinga ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile flora ezilandelayo: Rhodiola rosea, daphne abavamile, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis nezimagqabhagqabha, Dryopteris wesilisa, orchis ezibanzi enezicabha, uphayini laseSiberia, girchovnik enyakatho, lauzeleuriya recumbent, lwesinaphi nezinye ulwandle Arctic.

emanzini angasogwini iWhite Sea - omunye ecebile ukuyedlula Algoflora pool endaweni (lapho kukhona 160 zama-ulwelwe benthic).

nezilwane

Nezilwane endaweni engenabantu kulesi siqhingi ngenxa izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga Solovki qoqo leziqhingi nasenyakatho indawo akahlukile ezihlukahlukene omkhulu ezincelisayo. Amabili yohlobo lwazo uvele lapha ngiyabonga ndoda. Lokhu reindeer, alethwe esiqhingini ekhulwini XVI, futhi muskrat, eyabonakala lapha 1920.

Acebile inani zezintaka avifauna zeziqhingi. Birds Solovki eqoshiwe cishe 200. Phakathi kwabo kukhona "Red Book": ukhozi elimhlophe-tailed, nengqungqulu, shelduck ezivamile, i-ukuphela efile. Of isithakazelo esikhethekile ingenye amakoloni elikhulu esibonelweni arctic yaseYurophu futhi koloni elikhulu gull broody waseRussia. Izinguqulo eziningi kunazo zonke zinhlobo labelwe Solovetsky Island.

Of ezincelisayo zasolwandle emanzini asogwini kophawu ezivamile ringed, umkhomo Beluga, izimvu zamanzi darnel nehabhu. Ogwini esiqhingini Anzer nokuvuthwa waphawula mass pinnipeds futhi engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Big Solovetsky Isiqhingi umhlambi ezifaneleke kwemikhomo elimhlophe kuze kube abantu abangamakhulu amaningana.

nakwezokuvakasha

Leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala Sinesithakazelo esikhulu abantu abathanda imvelo. Hhayi kuphela ngokuvakashela sezindela abadumile zezihambeli ziyafika kuya Solovetsky Islands. Nature ezikhangayo futhi azinake. Ngokumangalisayo namathafa ezihlukahlukene uvumele endaweni compact ukuba enyuka ehlathini, ukujabulela ubuhle esinendawo eluhlaza namachibi, ukugcina izilwane zasendle.

Usebe lwesiqhingi abahlukile zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. Beautiful, nge eziqhingini eziningi ezincane Long Bay umzimba esiyingqayizivele yamanzi, okuyinto eyayihlala amafomu Arctic relict of ezingenamgogodla, emelela ecosystem cishe avaliwe. Beautiful zintathu Bay, cishe dissecans isigamu Anzersky isiqhingi.

Imvelo eziqhingi Solovetsky has oluvelele eyigugu kuwo wonke, ngoba ibonisa eziyisisekelo nezikhathi post-glacial yomlando Geological of the North, umlando nokuxhumana womuntu ihlanganisa namathafa emangalisa kanye Iyikhaya kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi inyoni amakoloni enkulu. Abantu ezizoqhubela umama nemvelo, it is kakhulu Kunconywa ukuba uvakashele Solovetsky Islands.

Kanjani ukuze uthole Solovki ebusika

isiqondiso umzila incike vagaries of sezulu nezinkathi. Ebusika, ukunyakaza sincane kakhulu, kukhona izivakashi evamile esiqhingini kuphela ngezindiza bevela Arkhangelsk:

• izindiza yezindiza "Air Nord" (AN-24) flying kusukela «Talagi» Airport ngoLwezibili ngamaSonto. indiza isikhathi - imizuzu 45.
• Kusukela sezindiza "Vaskovo" ngoLwesihlanu inkampani isebenza izindiza "2nd AOAO" (L-410).

Indlela ukuya esiqhingini ehlobo

Nge inombolo ngcono sezulu ongakhetha ukuvakashela Solovetsky Islands inyuka kakhulu. Kanjani ukuze uthole leziqhingi entwasahlobo and ekwindla okuseduzane. Ngaphezu izindiza ezivela Arkhangelsk, evulekile kanye nemizila Karelia ngalesi sikhathi.

Kusukela izifunda ukuya Arkhangelsk ezinconywe indiza noma isitimela. Mayelana nezimoto Imigwaqo yendawo yona kube inselele yangempela. Njengoba ebusika, Solovki, ungathola emoyeni. Izindiza ezisuka «Talagi» Isikhumulo sezindiza (NordAvia) eyenziwa ngoLwezibili, ngeMigqibelo ethile nangezikhathi ngamaSonto. Kusukela "Vaskovo" (AOAO 2nd) - ngeMisombuluko, ngoLwesithathu, koLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo.

Indlela romantic kunazo - ukuthola izikebhe phezu Solovetsky Islands edolobheni Karelian ka Belomorsk futhi Kem. Ezindaweni eMoscow Petersburg emzini engafinyelelwa ngesitimela Murmansk. Kusukela pier Rabocheostrovsk (Kem) useyili nsuku zonke imikhumbi Solovki "isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa" futhi "Vasiliy Kosyakov". umkhumbi "Sapphire" isuka Belomorsk. Iziqhingi futhi zidlula "umfula amatekisi" - izikebhe ezincane ukuthi alethe ama-pilgrim kanye nezivakashi ngabanye. Aircraft nezikebhe ukuthatha abagibeli baye esiqhingini esikhulu - Solovetsky.