Isikhova i-great wabahloli-Russian futhi abakutholile

Isikhova i-great abahambi isiRashiya, uhlu okuyinto mikhulu, utshelwa ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba zasolwandle kanye ephakanyiswe isithunzi lizwe. Umphakathi yesayensi uye waqaphela ukwaziswa okwengeziwe nokuningi hhayi kuphela geography, kodwa futhi mayelana yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, futhi okubaluleke - abantu ababehlala kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, nemikhuba yazo. Masilalele ezinyathelweni lezihambi omkhulu Russian uhambo lomkhumbi kwabo ukutholakala.

Fodor Filippovich Konyuhov

Omkhulu Russian isihambi Fyodor Konyukhov akuyona lover kuphela owaziwa adventure, kodwa futhi komdwebi, master ahlonishwe kwezemidlalo. Wazalwa ngo-1951. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, ubengenakwenza ukuthi bazonikezwa ngempela kunzima kozakwabo - zibhukuda emanzini abandayo. Wayengase kalula ulale eliphezulu lokubeka utshani. Fedor kwaba sesimweni esihle ngokomzimba futhi bakwazi ukusebenzisa ibanga elide - emashumini ambalwa amakhilomitha. Eminyakeni engu-15, wakwazi ukuba bawele uLwandle Azov, usebenzisa ukugwedla esikebheni sokudoba. Kakhulu ukuthonywa uTheodore, noyisemkhulu, owayefuna le nsizwa ukuba abe isihambi, kodwa umfana wafuna lokhu. Isikhova i-great abahambi Russian ngokuvamile baqala ukulungiselela kusengaphambili imikhankaso yabo futhi isikhala ulwandle.

Konyukhov ukuvulwa

Fedor Filippovich Konyuhov waba nengxenye-travel 40, wakuphinda yacht Bering umzila, futhi wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka Vladivostok kuya Commander Islands, wafika Sakhalin futhi eKamchatka. Eminyakeni 58, wanqoba i-Mount Everest, kanye 7 iziqongo eziphakeme kunazo zonke e iqembu nabanye bezintaba. Waya kokubili North nezigxobo South, ngenxa aluthatha ephindelela 4 nxazonke zezwe, bawela izikhathi Atlantic 15. Okuvelayo yakhe Fedor Filippovich kuboniswa umdwebo. Ngakho wabhala 3000 izithombe. Isikhova i-great okutholakele ezindawo lezihambi Russian ngokuvamile zazibonakala izincwadi zazo, futhi Fedor Konyukhov washiya izincwadi 9.

Athanasius Nikitin

Omkhulu Russian isihambi Athanasius Nikitin (Nikitin - .. Igama lomthengisi, ukuthi igama likayise kwakungu Nikita) okwakudliwa ekhulwini le-15, futhi ngonyaka lokuzalwa kwakhe ayaziwa. Akabanga khona ukuthi ngisho nomuntu evela emkhayeni ompofu angahamba kuze kube manje, into esemqoka - ukuze usethe igoli. Wayengumuntu yomthengisi abanolwazi owayehamba eNdiya ngo eCrimea, waseConstantinople, eLithuania nase ubukhulu of eMoldavia futhi baletha ekhaya izimpahla kwamanye amazwe.

Wayengumuntu ongowokuzalwa Tver. abathengisi Russian uhambo oluya e-Asia ukusungula ubudlelwano abahwebi yendawo. Bona ayelethwa lapho, ikakhulukazi uboya. Njengoba Isiphelo Athanasius kwaba eNdiya, izwe ahlala kulo iminyaka emithathu. Ekubuyeni kwakhe wabanjwa inkunzi wabulawa eduze Smolensk. Isikhova i-great wabahloli-Russian futhi abakutholile baye kuze kube sekugcineni emlandweni, ngoba intuthuko abathandi nesibindi futhi kwakwakhiwa ngokuvamile ezulazulayo bafela mikhankaso esiyingozi futhi eside.

Ukuvula Afanasiya Nikitina

Athanasius Nikitin baba isihambi wokuqala Russian abavakashele India nasePheresiya, ziyabuya wahambela eTurkey Somalia. Ekuhambeni kwakhe wathatha amanothi "Journey Beyond amathathu iziLwandle", kamuva elaba emabhukwinitifundvo for ekutadisheni ngamasiko nalamanye emave. Ikakhulukazi kusenzo emibhalweni yakhe medieval India kahle. Wanqamula iVolga, oLwandle Arabian kanye iCaspian, Black Sea. Lapho eduze abathengisi Astrakhan bephangwa yi AmaTatar, wayengafuni ukuba zonke ungahamba uye ekhaya ezikweletini nasesihibeni, nasezinkanukweni baqhubeka nohambo lwakhe, ushona Derbent ke Baku.

UNikolai Maclay

Maclay livela umndeni esihle, kodwa kwadingeka bafunde ukufa kukayise, ukuthi iphile impilo yobumpofu. Wayengumuntu ihlongandlebe ngokwemvelo - eminyakeni engu-15, waboshwa ngoba eye iqhaza imiboniso umfundi. Ngenxa yalokhu, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kwenzakala kokuboshwa emboniselweni, wahlala khona izinsuku ezintathu, kodwa waxoshwa esikoleni ukuvinjelwa eminye ku yokuvuma - ngakho ngoba wayelahlekelwe ithuba lokuthola imfundo ephakeme eRussia ukuthi kamuva wenza eJalimane.

Ernst Haeckel, eziningi semvelo owaziwa, waphawula ukwazi umfana oneminyaka engu-19 ubudala futhi wamema Maclay owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo, ogama njongo kwaba ukufunda nezilwane zasolwandle. Nicholas wafa eneminyaka engu-42, kanye sitholakele izwi lakhe, "ziwohloke enamandla umzimba." Yena, njengezinye abahambi eziningi ezinkulu Russian yini, kunikelwe ngayo ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe e igama okutholakale muva.

Ukuvula Maclay

Ngo-1869 Maclay ngokusekelwa Russian Umphakathi Geographical waya New Guinea. Beach lapho sifika ngaphesheya, manje ebizwa ngokuthi "Maclay Coast." Ngemva kokuchitha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo, yasihlephula bomhlaba bube busha. Abomdabu asifunda isihambi Russian njengoba ithanga ukhulile, ummbila, ubhontshisi, indlela yokunakekela izihlahla zezithelo. iminyaka engu-3 ayihlala e-Australia, wavakashela e-Indonesia, ePhilippines, eziqhingini Melanesia futhi Micronesia. Wabuye wanxusa bendawo hhayi ukugxambukela izifundo anthropological. neminyaka engu-17 yokuphila kwakhe ehlola abantu bomdabu Pacific Islands, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Ngenxa Miklouho-Maclay waba ukulahlwa kokuqagela ukuthi Papuans kukhona olunye uhlobo lomuntu. Njengoba singabona, nabahloli bamazwe ezinkulu Russian futhi abakutholile avunyelwe lonke izwe hhayi kuphela ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nocwaningo womhlaba, kodwa yayihlanganisa nokuthi abanye abantu abaphila ne-Nguqulo Territories.

UNikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski

Przhevalsky sakubona kukuhle umndeni zombusi, ngemva uhambo lokuqala lapho laba nelungelo ukuhlangana u-Alexander II, owanikela iqoqo lakhe Russian Academy of Sciences. Indodana yakhe u-Nicholas bathandile imisebenzi UNikolai Mikhailovich, futhi wayefuna ukuba umfundi wakhe, naye ukusiza ukushicilelwa izindaba mayelana uhambo 4th, wakhononda ayizinkulungwane 25. ruble. I Tsarevich njalo babelangazela izincwadi ezivela isihambi futhi ngajabula ngisho izindaba esifushane mayelana bomkhankaso.

Njengoba singabona, ngisho naphakathi nokuphila Przewalski babe nobuntu ngempela owaziwa nemisebenzi nangezenzo zakhe Uthole eziningi emphakathini. Kodwa, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka, lapho abahloli bamazwe ezinkulu Russian futhi abakutholile ayabaluleka abadumile, imininingwane eziningi ekuphileni kanye izimo sokufa kwakhe namanje oyimfihlakalo. Inzala Nicholas Mikhailovich wayengekho, t. Ukuze. Eqondayo kusengaphambili lokho isiphetho emlindele, ubengeke wazivumela ukusilahla othandekayo lesibuko sokubekwe eceleni unomphela nokuba nesizungu.

kuvulwa Przewalski

Ngenxa mikhankaso Przewalski, udumo yesayensi Russian kwashesha entsha. Phakathi 4 mikhankaso isihambi lidlule angaba yizinkulungwane 30. Amakhilomitha, wahamba waya Central and Western Asia, ithafa Tibetan kanye ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Taklimakan Ugwadule. Wavula emikhulu eminingi (eMoscow, engaqondakali, nokunye. D.), Chaza imifula emikhulu sase-Asiya.

Abaningi wezwa ngalokho okwenzeka ku ihhashi Przewalski sika (a zenyathi ihhashi zasendle), kodwa bambalwa bayazi mayelana amaqoqo abacebe etshalwe ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye nenhlanzi, inani elikhulu amarekhodi ngezitshalo nangezinye herbarium amaqoqo. Ngaphezu izimila nezilwane, kanye izinto ezintsha womhlaba, isihloli omkhulu Russian izizwe Przewalski nesithakazelo elingaziwa ukuze baseYurophu - Dungan, enyakatho-Tibetan, Tangut, magintsami, lobnortsami. He qamba "kanjani ukuhamba e-Asia Ephakathi" umsebenzi, okungase ukukhonza isiqondiso esihle kakhulu kubacwaningi ezempi. Isikhova i-great abahambi Russian, okwenza okutholakele, njalo inikezwe ulwazi sokuthuthukiswa isayensi kanye nenhlangano ngempumelelo uhambo entsha.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern

isihloli Russian wazalwa ngo-1770. Wayesebenza kahle ithuba lokuba induna kuqala ngokushesha emhlabeni isuka eRussia, njengoba ingenye abasunguli National Oceanology, i Umkhuzi, ilungu ohambelana futhi ilungu zokuhlonipha we-Academy of Sciences Petersburg. Omkhulu Russian isihambi Kruzenshtern futhi wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo, yadalwa ngesikhathi Russian Umphakathi Geographical. Ngo 1811 waba nethuba ukufundisa oLwandle ubusosha Corps. Ngemva kwalokho, ekubeni umqondisi, wahlela ikilasi isikhulu ephakeme. Lokhu-ke baba Academy of Naval.

Ngo 1812, yena wakhetha eyesithathu ingcebo yakhe ukuze Wabantu Militia (waqala neMpi Yezwe II). Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwathatha ukushicilelwa imiqulu emithathu izincwadi, "Ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke", okuyinto ziye zahunyushelwa ezilimini eziyisikhombisa European. Ngo-1813, u-Ivan Fedorovich afake isiNgisi, isi-Danish, isiJalimane kanye French imiphakathi zesayensi kanye zezifundiswa. Nokho, eminyakeni engu-2 Ngemva kwesikhashana, lapho uthunyelwa ikhefu nanini ngenxa isifo samehlo asathuthuka, nzima isimo kanye ubuhlobo nzima noNgqongqoshe Marine. wabahloli abaningi abadumile futhi labo bashumayeli balibhekisa ukuba Ivan Fedorovich iseluleko nokusekelwa.

ukuvula Kruzenshtern

iminyaka engu-3 wayeyinhloko yabangamashumi bomkhankaso Russian emhlabeni wonke ngemikhumbi "iNeva" futhi "Ethembeni". Phakathi nohambo lwabo lwasolwandle kwakudingeka kwenziwe bahlola soMfula Amur. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni ngoxhaxha Russian sawela yenkabazwe. Ngalesi uhambo, no-Ivan Fedorovich, okokuqala uvele kumephu empumalanga, enyakatho futhi enyakatho ntshonalanga ugu lweNyakatho Sakhalin Island. Futhi, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe bakwazi ukubona umkhanyo "Atlas South Sea", ephelele amanothi lokuhlola amanzi. Ngenxa amakhadi uhambo abangu ukusulwa esiqhingini nhlobo, isikhundla esiqondile omunye amaphuzu georgaficheskih wayezimisele. isayensi Russian abayifundile Mezhpassatnyh umshoshaphansi ePacific kanye Atlantic Oceans, sasibalwa lokushisa lamanzi (kufika ku-400 ukuphakama nokujula), kuchazwa isisindo ethize zalo, umbala kanye ukucaciseleka. Ekugcineni kwaba ukusula isizathu lapho ulwandle ukukhanya. Futhi, kukhona idatha umfutho womoya, ukukhuphuka nokwehla ezingxenyeni eziningi ulwandle ukuthi wasebenzisa nezinye izihambi omkhulu Russian e mikhankaso yabo.

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov

isihambi Omkhulu, yazalwa ngo-1605. Navigator, umhloli wamazwe futhi abadayisi, wayebuye abe yisikhulu Cossack. Wayengumuntu ongowokuzalwa Omkhulu Ustyug, bese eSiberia. USemyon Ivanovich yayaziwa ithalente lakhe zamanxusa, isibindi kanye nekhono hlelembisa, nekutiphatsa ngalokunetibopho abantu. Igama lakhe lanikezwa iphuzu ezindawo (inhlonhlo, bay, isiqhingi, isigodi, Peninsula), i-premium ice-full, ukuthatha uhambo, emgwaqweni, njll

ukuvulwa Dezhneva

USemyon Ivanovich engu-80 ngaphambi iBering Strait owawuse (ngokuthi iBering) phakathi Alaska Chukotka (ngokugcwele, kuyilapho iBering kwaba kuphela ingxenye yayo). Uthe yena nethimba lakhe wathola indlela yasolwandle emhlabeni ingxenye esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga ye-Asia, safinyelela eKamchatka. Akekho ngaphambili angizange ukwazi ukuthi ingxenye yezwe lapho Melika cishe zihlangana ne-Asia. Dezhnev lidlule Arctic Ocean, ngokudlula olusenyakatho ye-Asia. Yena esikuyi Strait phakathi amabhange American futhi Asian, kanye Peninsula Chukotka. Kwake kwathi ngo-Olyutorskii Bay umkhumbi, isikwati, kuphela eqhweni futhi nezibhulo, wayethola amasonto 10 ngaphambi eMfuleni Anadyr (usayithola abantu 13 kusukela 25). Kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi kwabantu bokuqala abahlala e-Alaska baba ingxenye Dezhnev ithimba, ahlukaniswe evela emkhankasweni.

Ngakho, alandela ezinyathelweni isihambi omkhulu Russian, ungabona kanjani ukuthuthukisa nokusukuma wezesayensi isiRashiya, ekucebiseni ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba ngaphandle, okwakunginika yisisusa omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni nezinye izimboni.