Isifundazwe Vilna - omunye amakhasi omlando kazwelonke

isifundazwe Vilna elinabantu abangaphezu kuka abantu abayingxenye yesigidi, futhi emnyango kanye uMbuso Russian njengenhlangano iyunithi ezimele zokuphatha, isibe yinto yesikhathi esidlule. Namuhla insimu yalo lihlukaniswe phakathi Belarus naseLithuania, umuzi omkhulu wabantu Vilna, ukushintsha igama, isibe owaziwa emhlabeni Vilnius.

Isifundazwe, ezakhiwe esinqumweni uCatherine II

Ngemva 1794 kuvukela yaphela nge ukunqotshwa nabasePoland ngaphansi kobuholi Kosciuszko, isimo Polish-Lithuanian wagcina kwavala. Ngemva konyaka, Russia, e-Austria futhi Prussia usayine lesi sivumelwano siyalandelwa, owawuthi ngamunye wabo sahamba kude zensimu lamahlubuka e-Commonwealth. Lesi senzo eyagcina yaziwa ngokuthi "iphathishini Okwesithathu kwezintathu yePoland."

Ngokusho idokhumenti, uMbuso Russian yazuza ifa lezwe impumalanga we Bug kanye umugqa elilinganiselwe Grodno - Nemiroff, endaweni ingqikithi eyodwa eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili amakhilomitha square. Ngemva konyaka, umyalo Umbusikazi uCatherine II kubo kwamiswa isifunda Vilna, elaliyisikhungo kwedolobha Vilna (manje Vilnius).

ukuguqulwa Okwalandela sifundazwe Vilnius

Njengoba lasungulwa isifundazwe ihlukaniswe ngezigodi nanye: Shavelsky, Troki, Rossiensky, Kovno, Vilkomirsky, Braslavsky, Upite, Telshevsky, Ašmiany, Zavileysky futhi Vilna. Nokho, uPawulu mina, owathatha sobukhosi 1796, yaqala ukubusa kwakhe nge uchungechunge zokuphatha kanye indawo yizinguquko kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi, nasesifundazweni elalisanda kumiswa.

Ngokusho isimemezelo sakhe December 12, 1796, isifundazwe Vilna munye ne Slonimsky vicegerency, ngokuletha kumephu Russia kuleyo minyaka kwakukhona sifundazwe Lithuanian, isikhungo sokuqondisa lapho waqhubeka emzini Vilnius.

Lokhu esanda wamisa zokuphatha inhlangano indawo lweminyaka emihlanu kuphela emuva kokuthi eqale yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Alexander ngaphinde luhlukaniswe ngaphambilini ngokomthetho endaweni yakhe ezimele. Owabe sifundazwe Slonim phathelana mabangabe udluliselwe Grodno, futhi Vilna kuze 1840 yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Lithuanian-Vilna.

Kugcine lokwabiwa kabusha pre-mbuso ka esifundazweni

Isikhathi sokugcina Vilna nsi koMbuso Russian washintsha ezakheke kumephu ngo-1843, ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas I. izifunda eziyisikhombisa okuqondene ngaphambili wakhe - Novoaleksandrovsky, Vilkomirsky, Shavelsky, Kovno, Rossiensky, Telshevsky futhi Panevezys - lalihlukene a subject ehlukile inhlangano futhi zakha Kovno sifundazwe.

Ngakho, usayizi kwalo kakhulu ziyancipha, futhi kuze kube ukuqedwa yayo ngo-1920 esifundazweni Vilna lalinabashumayeli Troki, Oshmiany, Sventsiany futhi Vilna izifunda. Babephinde babizwe wajoyina Grodno futhi Minsk izifundazwe ngaphambili owayengenalusizo okuqondene Disna, Vileyka Leeds izifunda.

Usayizi kanye nokwakheka labantu esifundazweni

Esikhathini 1897 yokubala abantu jikelele kwenziwa eRussia, imiphumela okuyinto kusenza sikwazi ukusukumela phezulu umahluleli ngubani ngaleso sikhathi lalakhiwe sifundazwe Vilna. Uhlu ezindaweni lapho ukuqhuba accounting abantu abahlala ihlanganisa yonke insimu yalo ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ngokusho idatha walondoloza, sebebonke kwaba 1.591.308, babo 52,2% babe Belarusians, naseLithuania - 13.7%, amaJuda - 17.1%, nabasePoland - 12.4% isiRashiya, futhi% 4.7 kuphela. It is eyaziwa kanye isilinganiso amaqembu ngokuvumelana nenkolo yabo. Zaba kakhulu amaKatolika - 58,7% kubo babe yizinkulungwane Orthodox - 27,8% yamaJuda, kwakunabamemezeli abangaba ngu-12.8%. Ngakho into enjengale noma ubheke namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo esifundazweni XIX leminyaka Vilna.

Kwamadoda asebukhosini, kanye ingxenye enkulu izakhamuzi ezivamile ophilayo insimu yayo, akazange azamukele inguquko futhi ngesikhathi kulwiwa, asekelwe ukunyakaza White, uzibeka yokuma nezitha umbuso wamaSoviet. Nokho, nomthelela obalulekile inkambo yomlando ababe besaba.

Ukuqedwa esifundazweni futhi ingxenye yalo

Ngo-1920, ekupheleni the izimpi phakathi Russia, Belarus ne-Ukraine ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi Poland, ngakolunye, kwathiwa dweba thula vumelwane. Ngesisekelo le dokhumenti, ngemvume Mashi 18, 1921 ku Riga, isifundazwe Vilna baphela njengesizwe kweyunithi ezimele zokuphatha.

Iphuzu lokugcina i sika Kwamiswa ngo-Okthoba 1939, lapho, indiva umbono uhulumeni Belarusian, ubuholi eSoviet Union, emzini Vilnius futhi endaweni Wilno zadluliselwa Lithuania isikhathi iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Lesi sivumelwano futhi sinikela ngelungelo ukungena ngamabutho ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili Soviet ensimini ka Lithuania. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, waba inhloko-dolobha Republic of Lithuania, esagcina lithathwa USSR, idolobha yashintsha igama layo yangaphambili Vilnius.