Ishayina: Umnotho, labantu, umlando

Abantu abaningi ngisho nokuwabona ukuthi izwe manje angaphezu kwelilodwa Ishayina, futhi ababili kubo, kuphela omunye wabo has isiqalo "abantu". Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ngesikhathi esifushane kwakunebandla elilodwa Republic of China, kodwa lesi sikhathi lo "namaSoviet". Zama ukuthola ukuthi yimuphi kubo ngubani.

China

Lena isimo enamandla emhlabeni laziwa kabanzi ngaphansi kwegama ngaphezulu ajwayelekile "China". Yasungulwa 01.10.1949 Inhloko-dolobha ye leli lizwe e-Beijing. China (PRC) iyisimo sezenhlalo. Kuze kube manje, it is Usihlalo Xi Jinping. Leliya lizwe iCommunist Party of China. Leli zwe eyilungu unomphela we-UN Security Council. Futhi usuku ngalunye oludlulayo isisindo sayo kwezombangazwe zezwe kanye umnotho ukhula ngokushesha.

UHulumeni Yabantu Republic of China ubelokhu emnakekela njalo ngalokho okungenziwa ukuvikela izwe. Kusukela namuhla, China ungumnikazi ibutho enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi unalo arsenal elikhulu izikhali zenuzi. Elikhulu kunawo wonke amadolobha e China kukhona Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lenqwaba abantu abaphila kuleli zwe abakhuluma izilimi zezigodi ezihlukahlukene, ulimi olusemthethweni benayo - amaShayina.

indawo kanye ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana China

Abantu Ishayina iseningizimu empumalanga Asia. izixhumanisi zako ziyizindlela 32 ° 48'00 "enyakatho latitude 103 ° 05'00" longitude empumalanga. Lesi simo osesikhundleni ingeyesithathu emhlabeni endaweni yayo. Ihlanganisa indawo cishe 9.6 izigidi ezingu square metres. km. Kodwa ngokuya labantu eChina, akekho ukuncintisana. Kulinganiselwa 2013 sabantu 1.366.500.000 kulelizwe.

IChina wageza ngu ezilwandle ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean (East China, Yellow, South China). Abomakhelwana bakhe kukhona Russia, North Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, eVietnam, Laos. Coast of China iqala kusukela emngceleni neNyakatho Korea afinyelela eVietnam. It has a ubude ayizinkulungwane 14.5. Km. Zonke izikhathi China oluhambisana +8. Telephone ikhodi yezwe +86.

Umnotho Chinese

Abantu Republic of China ungomunye wabaholi komnotho womhlaba. Ngakho, ekupheleni 2013 GDP walo wawenziwe 7.318.000.000.000.000 aseMelika, esekelwe bakuleli zwe kuyinto 6569 zamadola. Umkhiqizo Gross at nakwentiwa silinganiso (PPP) zaba 12 383 isigidintathu aseMelika. Ngo lengenako imigomo, ke kufana $ 9828. Ngo-December 2014, umnotho China isibe wokuqala emhlabeni kule inkomba.

Esikhathini Yabantu Republic of China lwemali kazwelonke iyona Renminbi (CNY). It kulingana ikhodi digital ezweni lendabuko 156. Umnotho we Yabantu Republic isabalalise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo China kuyinto owaziwa umhlaba ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo eziningi imikhiqizo ezimbonini, ezifana izimoto nemishini. It ithumela kwamanye amazwe ukuze cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omningi ezidayiswayo, ngakho-ke ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ifektri sika emhlabeni". China - umnikazi elikhulu exchange angaphandle izinqolobane.

China labantu

Development Index Yabantu (HDI) ngo-2014 China zibalwa 91 th phakathi amazwe. Wayengumuntu 0,719, okuyinto umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Demonym (igama abakhileyo endaweni ethile) kuzwakala "Chinese", "Chinese", "Chinese".

EChina kukhona amashumi zezizwe ezihlukahlukene (56 kwezisemthethweni). Ahluke yabo amasiko, amasiko, izingubo, cuisine. Abaningi babo banolimi lwabo. Bonke laba bantu encane ku-akhawunti Imininingwane ye-% 7 kuphela abantu lokhu isimo. Kwenqwaba lokuphila eChina - amaShayina, abazibiza le "Han".

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela 1979 izwe ofundiswa kanzima ukusebenzisa izinto zokuvimbela inzalo, kwaqobe mnyaka kwemvelo liqhubeka likhula. Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila kwabantu Chinese 71 ngonyaka. Eminyakeni yamuva, ingxenye yawo izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya bucishe bulingane, okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso wezwe okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuphila yasedolobheni. Umphakathi we Yabantu Republic othi elandelayo izinkolo ezinkulu - ubuBuddha, ubuTao, ubuConfucius.

Jikelele Umlando we-PRC

China - omunye uthi endala kakhulu emhlabeni. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi impucuko State has eminyakeni engaba ngu-5000. imithombo Iyatholakala ebhaliwe uqinisekise ukuthi eChina lapho kakade eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 3.5 edlule babe nezinhlangano zokuphatha nge athuthukile indawo elawula uhlelo. Nese ngamunye ababusi lwamakhosi abasebenza ngcono yayo. Umnotho kuleli zwe belilokhu esekelwe ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo.

A indima enkulu sokuqiniswa impucuko Chinese kudlalwa ngokwethula ubuConfucius njengoba imibono nesimo futhi enobunye ngokubhala uhlelo. Kwasekusithi II-mina ekhulwini BC. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka imibuso ehlukahlukene izifundazwe ababengenabani insimu, kuhlangene ke waphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu bendawo wahlushwa ukuhlaselwa njalo labantu abayimizulane. Ukuvikela kwabo lakhiwa Great Wall of China. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka lo impucuko anamandla ithuthukiswe nezingxabano, belwa, kufakwe uye endaweni ezungeze amazwe ase-Asia. China Modern kuwumphumela izinqubo ezombusazwe nezamasiko eminyaka ubudala.

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka lo isimo obuswa amakhosi amakhosi ezahlukene. Ishayina, ngokuthi Zhonghua mingo, wawuqala 1911 kuya 1949

12/02/1912, umbusi wokugcina, Pu Yi, wasayina abdication kwesihlalo sobukhosi. Kuleli zinga ifomu republic kahulumeni yethulwa umthetho, kodwa eqinisweni esikhathini kusuka 1911 kuya 1949, baqhubeka phakathi "Isikhathi Nezinkinga." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, China yahlukana yaba umbuso izinhlangano ezahlukene ezivukayo ngaphansi yesifundazwe ibutho amayunithi. Kuphela ngo-1949, iCommunist Party of China Army (CPC) baba winner yombango eqhubekayo futhi insimu yalo. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo kakhulu ukusekela eSoviet Union. CCP won Conservative Party of the Democratic Republic of China, ebizwa ngokuthi Kuomintang. Ababusi yokugcina wabalekela Taiwan. Lapho, bona baba abasunguli isimo like Republic of China.

ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba republic

Ngo-September 1949, ensimini ka China yesimanje bajoyine Abantu Chinese sika Consultative Council. Nguye watshumayela Yabantu Republic of imfundo. Ngalesi sikhathi wakhethwa Central Yabantu Uhulumeni Council (CPPCC), elaba usihlalo Mao Tszedun. Ngo-1954, eChina, uMthethosisekelo kwavunyelwana, qamba kabusha TSNPS ku Ikomidi ye-National Yabantu Congress.

Esikhathini kusuka 1949 kuya ku-1956, iSoviet Union uma kulandelwe yonke imigudu usizo kungenzeka koMbuso ukudalwa izimboni eziyisisekelo. ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni kanye collectivization kwenziwa ensimini ka-republic. ijubane okukhulu basungula ukwakhiwa sezenhlalo. Ngo-1956, inkambo entsha yentuthuko umenyezelwe kuleli zwe, lapho wabhekwa empilweni imicabango Mao Zedong ngokumelene "communisation" inqubomgomo kanye "eqa omkhulu phambili". Kusukela 1966 kuya ku-1976, China ezamenyezelwa the "revolution kwamasiko", okwaholela oluqinisayo engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba. Behamba endleleni 'ekhethekile' yentuthuko, kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi ngimphikile ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, usezivalile amafomu non-state kobunikazi, ubudlelwane eqandisiwe angaphandle kwezomnotho kanye ukubamba nokulingwa yomphakathi.

Ukuqala "isimangaliso kwezomnotho"

Ngokuza amandla Den Syaopin wayisola nemigomo eyandulela wakhe, futhi ngo-1977 wasungula umkhankaso omusha, ngokuthi "Beijing Spring". Ngo-1978, ngesikhathi plenum we-CPC izinga ezamenyezelwa emakethe umnotho sezenhlalo. Yena kwakufanele ngezici ezithile. Wayefanele ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela nokusabalalisa uhlelo emakethe nge Luhambo abalulekile ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle. amabhizinisi Chinese umzuzile ukuzimela ngaphezulu emisebenzini yabo kwezomnotho. Kwakuthinta kakhulu ziyancipha emnothweni engxenyeni kahulumeni evulekile khulula esishintshashintshayo kwezomnotho. ukunakwa Omkhulu ikhokhelwa sokunqoba ubumpofu sabantu, kanye inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe.

Ekupheleni kuka-80s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili labantu Yabantu Republic iye yatholakala ngezincwadi ngokugcwele ukudla. Njalo ngonyaka, i-GDP futhi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni bezilokhu anda. Den Syaopina Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba ukubeka ngempumelelo ku umkhuba bese ulandela abamukelayo yayo:

• 1993 - Tszyan Tszemin;
• 2002 - Hu Tszintao;
• kusukela 2012 - Xi Jinping.

uhlelo China State

Ake alotshwa kuleli zwe senziwa 4 soMthethosisekelo (1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 GG.). Ngokwe Owokugcina kubo, China iyisimo sezenhlalo uMuammar abantu ngentando yeningi. Unegunya ephakeme kakhulu unicameral kaZwelonke Yabantu Congress (National Yabantu Congress). Siqukethe inqwaba amasekela (2979), labo abakhethiweyo unyaka-5 ukhetho lesifunda. NPC ihlangana njalo ngonyaka. Ukuze iqhaza okhethweni uvunyelwe kuphela amalungu CPC ne 8 amaqembu "yeningi", okuyinto ayingxenye CPPCC (Chinese Yabantu Political Consultative Council). The esiphezulu isigungu - uMkhandlu WoMbuso, noma (njengoba uvame ukubizwa kanjalo) Uhulumeni eCentral Yabantu. Siqukethe: Prime ne yiphini lakhe, ongqongqoshe, uMcwaningi maBhuku Jikele, kwamalungu avamile, unobhala omkhulu. inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke - eNkantolo Ephakeme Yabantu. indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izwe eyadlalwa iziphathimandla zendawo - Yabantu Congress, lo mphathi zokuphatha (kazwelonke) kahulumeni.

Kuze kube manje, isishayamthetho ayo, zikhona izindawo ezikhethekile zokuphatha, okungukuthi - e-Hong Kong futhi Macau. Inhloko Yabantu Republic of China, Xi Jinping, akagcini kobungane nobudlelwane nge owalandela USSR - the Russian Federation. Minyaka yonke ubungani phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili kanye nekhululekile nokubambisana nenzuzo buthola umfutho. Embassy of the Yabantu Republic of China e Russian Federation inamathela kakhulu ekuqiniseni obengeziwe ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ethu.

division zokuphatha

Njengoba China - omkhulu isikali kanye nesimo sabantu, it has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezokuphatha. China ukuphatha izifundazwe 22, futhi uhulumeni ukholelwa adminedinitsey 23 eTaiwan. Isakhiwo saleli isimo sihlanganisa 5 izifunda ezizimele, 4 komasipala (idolobha igunya central), 2 uphiko oluyisipesheli indawo. Ndawonye, bebizwa "Mainland China". amayunithi Hlukanisa zokuphatha yilezi: Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan.

Empeleni, e-China kukhona amazinga kahulumeni wasekhaya:

• yesifundazwe (izifundazwe 23, amadolobha emaphakathi kwakuwukuthi 4, 5 no-2 ezizimele endaweni ekhethekile);
• Circuit (15 izizinda aimak 3, 286 no-30 izifunda ezisemadolobheni ezizimele);
• County (izifunda 1455 abavamile, 370 - kamasipala, 117 - ezizimele; 857 abavamile futhi ekhethekile wesifunda 4; 49 khoshuns elula ezizimele 3);
• Parish (13,587 futhi 1085 National Ezivamile izifunda, 19.683 zokuhlala 106 elula 1 kazwelonke TJS 2 County endaweni umyalo futhi emgwaqweni iKomiti 7194);
• yasemakhaya (ezisemadolobheni omakhelwane, imiphakathi, emizaneni).

Hong Kong ingenye izikhungo zezimali zomhlaba. Kule ndawo ekhethekile nezokuphatha China ababedlula ngaphasi kwegunya layo ngo-1997, lihlala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7 abantu. Macau - indawo ezizimele (wangaphambili koloni isiPutukezi), lapho abantu abangaphezu kuka 0.5 million.

Ishayina

Manje kumelwe abhekane lithi esisogwini kule nsimu. Ngubani Republic of China? Kodwa into efana Taiwan, okuyinto uhulumeni waseChina uyazicabangela wesifundazwe 23 yezwe. Lesi siqhingi elwandle eliKhulu iPacific itholakala km 150 ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye mpumalanga China. Phakathi kwazo kunane-Taiwan Strait. Le ndawo lesi siqhingi sq 36. M. km.

ukuzimela lokhu isimo sika ezamenyezelwa ku 10.10.1911 edolobheni, kodwa kuze kube manje it has a ukuqashelwa ngokwengxenye zamanxusa. ulimi Taiwan olusemthethweni - Chinese. Inhloko-dolobha yaso - Taipei. Lokhu republic Intando yeningi kanye uhlelo lulwimi kamongameli kahulumeni kanye suffrage jikelele. Kuze kube manje, i-Taiwan ingenye amazwe amaningi kule ndawo. Kuyinto ingxenye okuthiwa "amahlosi amane Asian". UMongameli WeRiphabhulikhi kuyinto okuxubile Ma Intszyu.

Maka weRiphabhulikhi China ifulegi ebomvu, efanekisela Earth, isikwele blue ekhoneni elingenhla esinxeleni, okuyinto ezulwini. Ibonisa limhlophe. Maka weRiphabhulikhi China siqala ngo-1928 e-Kuomintang.

ETaiwan, inabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-23.3. Nge-GDP lengenako 2013 zaba 39 767 US dollars, okuyinto izikhathi 11 kunangendlela lesi sibalo e China. ubuchwepheshe umkhakha Taiwan linendima ebalulekile emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Futhi ukubaluleka kwayo unyaka nonyaka kwandisa kuphela. Umnotho we Republic of China athuthukiswe ngempumelelo phakathi namashumi eminyaka edlule ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva imfundo yekhethelo sabantu. Lwemali kulelizwe - Taiwan Dollar.

Ezemfundo weRiphabhulikhi China amashumi eminyaka athuthukile ukuze njalo uyakucabangela izimfuno ekushintsheni yomnotho ekhulayo. Kuze kube manje, isikhathi imfundo eyisisekelo ayimpoqo uneminyaka engu-9. Muva nje, iziphathimandla Taiwan ufuna ukunweba lokhu iminyaka engu-12. wonke Isimiso semfundo ngokuyinhloko nganhlanye ekufezeni cwaningo wesayensi lobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho ukuqeqeshwa abathweswe iziqu babe omunye ezisezikhundleni eziphakeme kunazo zonke ukuqeqeshwa e abezibalo nesayensi.

IsiShayina Republic Soviet

Okuqinisekile zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni-ubukhomanisi, abaningi baye eside ukhohliwe. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi kwakungekho esesimweni esinjalo, njengoba Chinese Soviet Republic. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lesi simo encane yadalwa ngo-1931 ngaphansi kobuholi LamaKhomanisi ku South Central China (Jiangxi). Ngo-1937-ke lalenziwa sendawo ethile.

IsiShayina Soviet Republic kwadingeka ifulege lalo, Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, uMthethosisekelo, imithetho, izimpawu yemali kanye nezinye izimfanelo isimo. UMkhandlu Yabantu Commissars weRiphabhulikhi eliholwa akekho omunye ngaphandle Mao Tszedun, kamuva owaba umholi eside we Yabantu Republic of China. ukwesekwa Military yaleli zwe isibe Central Army Group. Lalinama amabutho Mao Zedong futhi Zhu De. Ngo 1931-1932 GG. kwakukhona kabusha of iRed Army.

The main isici ezindawo ka the Chinese Soviet Republic kwakuyilawa: izimayini isikhundla, remoteness, ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo Ukuvikelwa baso engibukhulumile izitha wangaphandle. It is ehlala abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-5.