Isakhiwo amaseli fungal. Inhlobo yamakhowe: isikhunta nemvubelo

Nature mushroom bekulokhu imibuzo eminingi. Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukubhekana naso futhi ufunde mayelana nezici isakhi amaseli fungal.

Kuyini a amakhowe: isitshalo noma isilwane?

Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-XX amakhowe ekhulwini libhekisela isitshalo. izifundo eningiliziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi abanayo isici esiyinhloko zalesi sihlahla, okungukuthi ikhono photosynthesize, kodwa izilwane zihlale zinokudla kuningi abafana ngakho. Kodwa la mazwi is ngawo atholakala engenabufakazi. Ngo-1969, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi isakhiwo cell fungal has izici zayo siqu esiyingqayizivele, futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele kukhonjwe ahlukene kombuso nemvelo.

Ngokwesiko, isayensi Mycology kuyinto igatsha wezitshalo. Thanda eziningi eziphilayo, isikhunta eukaryotes superkingdom, noma zenuzi. engavamile wabo itholakala zamagama yezimfanelo esivela kwezinye izidalwa. Thanda izitshalo, abanayo imikhono, imilente, amehlo, ukunyakaza ezimele nzima ngabo kakhulu. Kanye nalezi isikhunta abanalo ikhono ukukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo. Njengezinye izilwane, bedla nabo ifomu esiphelele.

Lona omunye amaqembu ahlukahlukene begazi. Bala inani eliphelele zilwane ukuthi zifakwe kule ndawo, kunzima ngisho izazi. Izibalo isukela 300,000 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziningana. Amakhowe bayingxenye zonke izimiso zezinto eziphilayo ezihamba ezweni futhi zasemanzini.

Isakhiwo amaseli fungal

Usayizi isilinganiso fungal cell ububanzi ivela microns 10 kuya ku-100. Ngaphandle, it umboza igobolondo kanzima, noma cell udonga. Siqukethe polysaccharides, lipids, phosphate, ushukela, amaprotheni, chitin kanye nezinye izinto. Ngaphakathi odongeni embozwe ulwelwesi plasma, okuyinto unomthwalo umzimba kanye nokugcinwa ingcindezi.

Ulwelwesi ligcwele uketshezi - cytoplasm lapho bonke kukhona organelles. Ngesimo izinhlayiya ezincane cytoplasm kuyinto izakhi glycogen Reserve. Ngesisekelo iyona kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, ulwazi zofuzo equkethwe kuwo. Kungase kube eziningana, kuye ngohlobo mushroom. Ngezinye izikhathi nucleus iyona nucleolus.

Sakhiwo cell fungal nakho libhekene khona vacuoles, centrioles, mitochondria Lobas. Ziqukethe apharathasi Golgi , kanye nemikhiqizo yalo ehlukahlukene, isibonelo lysosomes futhi phagosomes. Injongo eyinhloko yawo wonke izingxenye zalo kuyinto uketshezi chemical kabusha. reticulum Endoplasmic emelelwa fungal cell inethiwekhi ramified ka tubules futhi Amapayipi, ekwenzeni imisebenzi eminingi. Phakathi kwabo - ekuqongeleleni carbohydrate, neutralization ubuthi, i-hormone zamagama.

Umdwebo we cell fungal othulwe ukunakwa kwakho ngenhla.

izici ehlukile isakhiwo

Ndawonye nezitshalo nezilwane basonta eukaryotes isikhunta ngenxa yokuba khona ezitokisini zabo nuclei. Kule ndaba, isakhiwo solwazi zalezi zinto has ukufana. Iningi yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile zezilwane nezitshalo, kuyilapho isakhiwo iseli fungal kuyinto phakathi.

Bona, afana nezitshalo, babe cell oluqinile. Akukona kuphela siqukethe i-cellulose, chitin, okuyinto ekhona kwezinye izilwane (isikhuphashe, izinambuzane kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.). Amakhowe akudingeki chloroplast futhi awukwazi bafeze-photosynthesis. Njenganoma izitshalo, amaseli amakhowe aqukethe vacuoles, futhi esikhundleni isitashi - glycogen.

The main esivamile ezinye isikhunta nezilwane kuba phambi chitin futhi glycogen polysaccharide ekuqongeleleni njengoba izakhi. Abamele kokubili imibuso kufanele umsoco heterotrophic. amaseli Animal, ngokungafani kuya isikhunta, babe vacuoles aminyene futhi iseli izindonga, ngaphandle ulwelwesi zokuzivikela.

isikhunta

Phakathi ukuhlukahluka esikhulu amakhowe nangesikhunta kukhona, ngendlela yesayensi - oomycetes. Ingabe akukho ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo lamaseli isikhunta. Isakhiwo la magciwane has umehluko zangaphandle. Abanaso a liphinyiselwe izithelo umzimba (isitho zokuzala), efana blewits. Zonke kungabonwa ngeso lenyama - kuyinto mycelia branched kakhulu, okuyinto babe blewits ngokuvamile zazifihlwa ngaphansi komhlabathi. Fruiting umzimba kusukela isikhunta ibuthakathaka.

Isici esiyinhloko kuba usayizi ezincane. La magciwane kabanzi lasakazwa emhlabeni wonke. Isikhunta wathola ngisho eqhweni Antarctica. Lezi isikhunta ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu kanye babathanda umswakama. Basuke izimpawu high isilinganiso lokusinda kanye nezimo nezici ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo. Isikhunta engenzi abulale ngisho ngemisebe. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yingozi enkulu kubantu nasezilwaneni (aspergillosis, njll ..), Futhi amanye asetshenziswa njengoba ngezilapha magciwane (penicillin akuzange kusize, cyclosporine).

imvubelo

Omunye zezintaka isikhunta nemvubelo. Ngokungafani pileate nesikhunta abazi ngokuvamile bakha ama-mycelium. Lokuzaliswa kwalesi silwane akuyona ezinhlamvu, njengokuthi "izihlobo" zabo futhi vegetatively sokuhlukanisa noma luthela. Ezinye izinhlobo namanje yakha ama-mycelium, okungase sokudiliza ku amaseli olulodwa.

Isibiliso unekhono ukubola ushukela-carbon dioxide futhi utshwala. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. Ngo nokuqaliswa kwalo waqokomisa namandla adingekayo umsebenzi ukhunta. Ukuvutshelwa kusiza ukukhulisa inhlama, okwenza kube ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke livame ukusetshenziswa ukupheka.

Imvubelo afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye zezemvelo. Kubo, khona ezibalulekile substrate ushukela. Basuke basakaza phezu izithelo futhi ishiya imizimba natural yamanzi kanye nenhlabathi. uhlobo oluthile bahlala esiswini zezinambuzane ukuthi adle izinkuni.