Imisebenzi kaMozart: uhlu. UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Ukudala

Umqambi ovelele wase-Austria WA Mozart ungomunye wabameleli besikole sase- Viennese classical . Isipho sakhe sabonakala kusukela ebuntwaneni. Emisebenzini kaMozart, imibono yokunyakaza "Isivunguvungu nokuqothulwa" kanye nokukhanyiswa kweJalimane kubonakala. Emculweni, isipiliyoni sobuciko bemasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nezikole zikazwelonke sesihunyushwe. Imisebenzi edume kakhulu kaMozart, ohlu lwayo olukhulu, ithatha indawo yawo emlandweni wezobuciko zomculo. Wabhala ama-opas angaphezu kwezingu-20, ama-symphonies angamashumi amane nanye, amakhonsathi ezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-orchestra, izingoma ze-chamber-instrumental kanye nezingoma zepiyano.

Ulwazi olufushane mayelana nomqambi

UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (umqambi wase-Austria) wazalwa ngo-27.01.1756 edolobheni elihle laseSalzburg. Ngaphezu kokuqamba? Wayengu-harpsichordist omuhle kakhulu, umqhubi, umlobi kanye ne-violinist-virtuoso. Wayenendlebe yomculo ngokuphelele , inkumbulo ye-chic kanye nesifiso sokwenza ngcono. UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart ungomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu kunesikhathi sakhe kuphela, kodwa futhi nesimanje. Ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kubonakala emisebenzini ebhalwe ngezindlela ezahlukene nezinhlobo ezahlukene. Izingoma zikaMozart zisadumile. Futhi lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umqambi wadlulisa "ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi". Igama lakhe livame ukukhulunywa ngalo emgqeni ofanayo noHaydn noBeethoven njengommeleli we-Viennese classicism.

Biography kanye nendlela yokudala. Iminyaka engu-1756-1780 yokuphila

UMozart wazalwa ngoJanuwari 27, 1756. Ukubhalisa kwaqala ekuseni, kusukela eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 ubudala. Umfundisi wokuqala womculo wayeyibaba. Ngo-1762 wahamba noyise nodadewabo ohambweni olukhulu lobuciko emadolobheni ahlukahlukene eJalimane, eNgilandi, eFrance, eSwitzerland naseNetherlands. Ngalesi sikhathi imisebenzi yokuqala yeMozart yenziwa. Uhlu lwabo luyanda kancane kancane. Kusukela ngo-1763 uhlala eParis. Udala i-sonatas ye-violin ne-harpsichord. Phakathi kuka-1766-1769 wayehlala eSalzburg naseVienna. Ngenjabulo bazibandakanya ekutadisheni izingoma zamakhosi amakhulu. Phakathi kwazo kukhona Handel, Durante, Carissima, Stradella nabanye abaningi. Ngama-1770-1774 iminyaka. Ingabe ikakhulukazi e-Italy. Ujwayele umqambi owaziwa kakhulu - uJoseph Myslivechek, onethonya lakhe elilandelwa emsebenzini ozayo kaWolfgang Amadeus. Ngo-1775-1780 waya eMunich, eParis naseMannheim. Ukubhekana nezinkinga zempahla. Umama wamanga. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imisebenzi eminingi kaMozart yabhalwa. Uhlu lwabo lukhulu. Lezi yizi:

• Ikhonsathi yomgubhu nehabhu;
• I-sonatas eyisithupha ye-clavier;
• Amakamelo amaningana angokomoya;
• Symphony 31 kusihluthulelo se-D enkulu, esaziwa ngokuthi iParis;
• Amanani ayi-ballet ayishumi nambili nezinye izingoma eziningi.

Biography kanye nendlela yokudala. Iminyaka engu-1779-1791 yokuphila

Ngo-1779 wasebenza eSalzburg njengenhlangano yezinkantolo. Ngomnyaka ka-1781 eMunich ngempumelelo enkulu enkulu ye-opera yakhe "Idomeneo". Lokhu kwaba ukuphenduka okusha ekupheleni komuntu wokudala. Khona-ke uhlala eVienna. Ngo-1783 washada noConstance Weber. Ngalesi sikhathi ukusebenza kukaMootart akusebenzi kahle. Uhlu lwazo alukhulu kakhulu. Lezi yizinkampani ze-L'aca del Cairo neLo sposo deluso, ezisele zingapheli. Ngo-1786, wabhala "Umshado We-Figaro" omuhle kakhulu yi-freetto kaLornzo da Ponte. Kwahlelwa eVienna futhi kwaphumelela kakhulu. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi kwakuyi-Opera engcono kunazo zonke. Ngo-1787, kukhishwe i-opera ephumelelayo, eyadalwa ngokubambisana noLornzo da Ponte. Lona "uDon Juan". Khona-ke uthola isikhundla se "Umculi we-Imperial neRoyal chamber". Ngabe ukhokhelwa ama-florini angu-800. Ubhalela amadansa ngama-masquerades kanye nama-opic ama-comic. Ngo-May 1791, uMozart wamiswa njengomsizi weKapellmeister kaSt. Stephen's Cathedral. Akuzange ikhokhelwe, kodwa wanikeza ithuba lokuthatha indawo yakhe ngemuva kokufa kukaLeopold Hoffmann (owayegula kakhulu). Noma kunjalo, lokhu akukwenzekanga. Ngo-December 1791, umculi ohlakaniphile wafa. Kunezinguqulo ezimbili zezizathu zokufa kwakhe. Okokuqala yi-complication ye-rheumatic fever emva kokugula. Inguqulo yesibili ifana ne-legend, kodwa isekelwa yi-musicologists eminingi. Lokhu kungukuthi u-Mozart unobuthi ngumqambi uSalieri.

Imisebenzi esemqoka kaMozart. Uhlu lwemisebenzi

I-Opera ingenye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wakhe. Une-opera yesikole, i-singspie, i-opera-seria ne-buffa, kanye ne-opera enkulu. Kusuka kumgodla wokuloba:

• I-opera yesikole: "Ukuguqulwa kwe-Hyacinth", okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-Apollo ne-Hyacinth";
• I-opera-seria: "Idomeneo" ("u-Eliya no-Idamant"), "Isihe sikaThithu", "iMithridates, iNkosi yasePonto";
• I-Opera buffa: "Isiliva esicabangelayo", "Umlingani okhohlisayo", "Umshado kaFinnaro", "Bonke bangabantu", "i-Cairo goose", "uDon Juan", "iThafa yama-Fake";
• Singspiele: "Bastien and Bastienne", "Zaida", "Ukuthunjwa kusuka eSeraglio";
• I-opera enkulu: "I-Opera Magic Flute";
• Ama-Trink-pantomime "ama-Trinkets";
• Imisipha: 1768-1780, eyadalwa eSalzburg, eMunich naseVienna;
• I-requiem (1791);
• I-Oratorio "I-Vetulia ekhululekile";
• I-Cantata: "UDavid ohluphekile", "Joy of Masons", "Kuwe, Umphefumulo Wendawo", "I-Little Masonic Cantata".

UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Isebenza nge-Orchestra

I-Mozart isebenza ngokumangalisayo nge-orchestra. Lezi yizi:

• I-Symphonies;
• Ama-Concerts kanye ne-rondo ye-pianoforte ne-orchestra kanye ne-violin ne-orchestra;
• I-Concerto for Violin Two and Orchestra ku-Key of C enkulu, i-violin ne-viola ne-orchestra, ye-flute ne-orchestra eziyinhloko ye- G, ye-oboe ne-orchestra, ye-clarinet ne-orchestra, ye-bassoon, ye-French horn, ye-flute nehabhu (C enkulu );
• Amakhonsathi ama-pianos amabili ne-orchestra (e-E-flat enkulu) namakhulu amathathu (ama-F amakhulu);
• Ukuzijabulisa kanye nezinkanyezi ze-orchestra yama-symphonic, ucingo, umoya ohlangene.

Izingcezu ze-orchestra nokuhlanganiswa

Abaningi abakhelwe i-orchestra kanye ne-Mozart ndawonye. Imisebenzi evelele:

• I-Galimathias musicum (1766);
• UMaurerische Trauermusik (1785);
• I-Ein musikalischer Spa (1787);
• Ama-marches (amanye awo ajoyina ama-serenades);
• Ukudansa (ama-contredans, abanikazi bezindlu, imigodi);
• I-sonatas yesonto, izingcaphuno, ama-quintets, ama-trios, ama-duets, ukuhluka.

Ukuze i-keyboard (pianoforte)

Izingoma zomculo zikaMozart zale nsimbi zithandwa kakhulu ngama pianist. Lezi yizi:

• Sonata: 1774 - C enkulu (K 279), omkhulu omkhulu (K 280), G Major (K 283); 1775 - D enkulu (K 284); 1777 - C enkulu (K 309), D enkulu (K 311); 1778 in Encane (К 310), C enkulu (К 330), Omkhulu (К 331), F enkulu (К 332), B flat enkulu (К 333); 1784 - kumncane (K 457); 1788 - F enkulu (K 533), C enkulu (K 545);
• Izinguquko eziyishumi nanhlanu (1766-1791);
• I-Rondo (1786, 1787);
• Imfihlakalo (1782, 1785);
• Imidlalo ehlukene.

Symphony No. 40 ngu-WA Mozart

Ama symphonies kaMozart adalwe kusukela ngo-1764 kuya ku-1788. Lezi ezintathu zokugcina zaba yimpumelelo ephezulu yalolu hlobo. Ingqikithi, uWolfgang wabhala izingoma ezingaphezu kuka-50. Kodwa ngokusho kokubalwa komculo waseRussia, okugcina kuyi-symphony yesi-41 ("Jupiter").

Ama-symphonies amahle kakhulu e-Mozart (No. 39-41) yizinto eziyingqayizivele ezingazibolekisi ekuqinisekiseni okwakusungulwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe umqondo omusha wobuciko obusisekelo.

I-Symphony No. 40 yinto ethandwa kakhulu kulolu hlobo. Ingxenye yokuqala iqala ngomculo ojabulisayo we-violin yesakhiwo sembuzo-nesiphendule. Ingxenye eyinhloko ikhumbuza i-aria kaCherubino e-opera ethi "The Wedding of Figaro". Iqembu elibambe iqhaza lihlelekile futhi lincibilikisiwe, liyingqikithi enkulu. Intuthuko iqala ngomculo omncane wezinsizi. Kukhona izinkulumo ezibuhlungu nezibuhlungu. Isenzo esimangalisayo siqala. Ukuphindaphinda kuqinisa ukucindezeleka.

Ingxenye yesibili ilawulwa ukuzindla okuzolile. Ifomu le-sonata lisetshenziswe lapha. Isihloko esiyinhloko senziwa yi-violas, ngakho-ke ama-violin ayithatha. Isihloko sesibili sifana "nokuqhuma".

Owesithathu uzolile, uzwele futhi unomsindo. Ukuthuthukiswa kusibuyisela esimweni esijabulisayo, i-alamu ivela. Ukuphindaphinda kubuye kube nokucabangela okukhanyayo. Ingxenye yesithathu iyimigodi enezici zemakethe, kodwa ngesamba sezingxenye ezintathu. Isihloko esiyinhloko sinesibindi futhi sinqume. Iqhutshwa yi-violin kanye nomgubhu. I-trio inomsindo wesonto obala.

Rapid final iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo, efinyelela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu - isiphetho. Ukukhathazeka kanye nenjabulo kuvela kuzo zonke izingxenye zesine. Futhi kuphela imigoqo yokugcina yenza isitatimende esincane.

U-VA Mozart wayengumculi we-harpsichordist omuhle, umqhubi we-organist ne-violinist-virtuoso. Wayenendlebe yomculo ngokuphelele, inkumbulo ye-chic kanye nesifiso sokwenza ngcono. Imisebenzi yakhe emihle yathatha indawo yawo emlandweni wezobuciko zomculo.