Imihlangano eziyizinhlobonhlobo izinhlobo, izinhlobo, izikimu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Yiziphi izingxenye? Knotability ngoba "dummies"

ISIZINDA emlandweni lesintu lalibonakala ekuseni kakhulu - elidala kakhulu elaziwayo atholakele eFinland futhi basonta ngasekupheleni Stone Age. With ukuthuthukiswa impucuko nokuthuthukisa izindlela obumbene, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo, izinhlobo futhi ububanzi bokusebenzisa. Isigaba ngobukhulu ngenani ukuhlukahluka - ifindo.

Indima ISIZINDA isiko nenkolo

Kukhona yisizwe izindlela sezindophi esibophezelayo benawo izakhiwo ezingaqondakali, lisetshenziswe empilweni yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Sekube impucuko ukuthi banabo kube yinto enqatshelwe. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu wale mithandazo - Ancient Rome: abapristi ethempelini Jupiter okwakwenqatshelwe ukuba izingubo okungenani eyodwa engeyokuqala.

Izizwe eziningi zomhlaba lapho babeyithanda inkolo, amasayithi engcwele: Chinese "injabulo ifindo", isibonakaliso owesizwe sakwaJuda ebuJudeni, okuhlanganisa zingu izinwele futhi ifindo okuhlanganisa nesilevu Arabhu kanye nabanye.

icala umlando

Big push uma ukunitha akuniké ukuthuthukiswa ngomkhumbi navigation - isidingo "ithuluzi" okuthembekile futhi kusebenziseka kalula wadala yonke iqoqo ISIZINDA entsha. Enye shift ezinkulu ezenzeka esikhathini XIX-XX eminyaka nge ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha.

Ngesikhathi ngomkhumbi ngomkhumbi waya wokuzilibazisa, futhi ifindo zimane aphume ukusetshenziswa - manje isifundo Nautical School mayelana 38 kuphela ifindo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, "Incwadi Ashleya ISIZINDA", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1944, wachaza 700 ongakhetha sezindophi okuhlanganisa kanye esiphezulu eyaziwa inombolo yabo ifinyelela 4000. Nokho, lapho kufika izivakashi, konke kwashintsha.

Ukuthuthukiswa ethize Ukuzijabulisa (izintaba, uvumele, ukudoba ezemidlalo) owavusa ukhohliwe futhi "ukudala" izinhlobo ezintsha ukuxhumana.

Knotability waba uhlobo sport - omunye amarekhodi liye ebhaliswe "Book of Records" Guinness ngo-1977, siqiniseke ukuthi i-American Clinton R. Bailey Sr. iboshelwe ifindo eziyisithupha 6.1 imizuzwana.

Baphi ISIZINDA

Ububanzi kuhlanganisa zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. ISIZINDA ngokoqobo ukuhamba nathi yonke indawo - ngosizo ziboshelwe iminsalo izicathulo, izigqoko, othayi, wenza kusaladi, ngosizo labo ukugcina ezifuywayo kwi leash futhi uboya izinwele. amayunithi Marine zisekhona ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi.

Ezimayini, amanzi ezemidlalo, uvumele futhi izintaba ifindo at zonke sinyathelo. Bona - ingxenye ngokudoba, ukuzingela, ukudala imihlobiso kanye izingubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi ngamunye kudinga uhlobo ayo ISIZINDA.

Izinhlobo izihibe nokuxhumana

Knotability ngokuqinile ilalela imithetho yomphindwa - ngesisekelo noma iyiphi inhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo kuyinto ifindo elula. Kule kufika ngezigaba wokuqala - nemisipha ilula (eziyisisekelo) futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Noma yimuphi node ingahlukaniswa e inhlanganisela yezinto ezimbili - ngokudala lwalugobile Umumo intambo (ukwakhiwa), kanye nokwakhiwa esengeziwe phakathi ukusikwa agobile (ukwakha).

Ecindezela kuholela kokucindezelwa, ukusonteka indophi endaweni adhesion. Ngenxa yalokho - ngentambo ifindo yehlisa amandla ngesikhathi sekhefu kuka ngaphandle kwalo. Lokhu kusiletha kwenye indlela yokwahlukanisa - ngokuvumelana degree of ukuthembeka.

"Okusebenzayo 'futhi zokuhlobisa

Can angahlangani nabantu futhi omunye ngezigaba jikelele - ukwehlukana izinhlobo amayunithi sokusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, ISIZINDA zihlukaniswe esetshenziselwa noma yimuphi umsebenzi futhi umhlobiso.

ephelele kwakamuva izipho umhlobiso, izimbali, nenhle umhlobiso izingubo, ubucwebe indalo. Phakathi kwabo endaweni mizuhiki ekhethekile: angasetshenziswa ukudala imisebenzi yobuciko of wonke bobunjwa nangezinjongo - kusukela imihlobiso ngesimo izimvemvane futhi Cranes, ukuze izihitshela ocebile futhi Ornamental ku izingubo.

Kunezinye ngeengaba - ngokuvumelana neqiniso lokuthi lokho ubopha uya khona, nokunye ..

Ukwahlukanisa amayunithi, izinhlobo

Ngokuvamile, lezo zinhlobo ISIZINDA angawodwa:

• ngoba ngibopha izindophi ndawonye;
• okuxhumanisa intsambo kute ukusekelwa;
• iluphu;
• nezinsizasenzo (ngokweseka, sisindvo, nokugcinwa intambo iluphu ohlobo, njll ...);
• uthayi;
• zokuhlobisa.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, esikhundleni salokho, zingahlukaniswa zibe: ISIZINDA I-ngibopha izindophi ububanzi efanayo, ubukhulu ezahlukene, egijima (for the kunenze nisondelane kweqa ndawonye izingcezu intambo efanayo), umqhubi futhi ekhethekile.

Nokho, Lokhu, impendulo yombuzo othi, iziphi izingxenye akuyona esilinganiselwe. amayunithi zayo ezikhethekile lapho izintaba nokudoba, kuhlanganise zokuhlobisa futhi kukhona okunhlobonhlobo compounds.

Three indawo enkulu zasolwandle

Eqinisweni, kunezindlela eziningi amasayithi "sogu lolwandle", izinhlobo zazo zazidingeka futhi othandwayo kuleli kusahanjwa ngemikhumbi kaseyili, kodwa walahlekelwa ukuhlobana esikhathini sethu. A linani lelifanele nemisipha kuthiwa ayisasetshenziswa, kodwa kukhona emithathu eyisisekelo, ezisetshenziswa cishe noma kuphi, nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Lena "bowline", "clove" futhi "eziyisishiyagalombili".

"Bowline" umninikhaya, naye bowline, eyaziwa nangokuthi 'kwenkosi ifindo "- akuyona nokunwetshiwe ngisho ngaphansi elula eqinile, kulula ukulingana, compact, okungezona ukushelela, ngeke kuyilimaze ikhebula ngokwalo imisiwe futhi kalula likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa. Lena - inkosi yangempela, has zonke izimfanelo ezinhle ezidingekayo futhi abangenaso nhlobo amaphutha. Lendawo isetshenziswa njengoba umshwalense lapho ukugibela ekukhuphukeni noma ekwehleni phezu ohlangothini, kanye ubuye efanelekayo ngokujoyina zombili izindophi diameters alinganayo noma ezahlukene kanye nezinto ezibhaliwe.

"Clove" inhlangano ekahle kakhulu axube intambo ezibushelelezi, ezifana insika noma pgg. Lihlobene samuntu ISIZINDA, izinhlobo angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokwesaba zezinkinga beya noma samorazvyazyvaniem. Igama sivela eqinisweni ukuthi Sekuyisikhathi eside nasezinsikeni guys ratlin (tigaba intambo ngetiyela ukuphakamisa ku insika). Kule ndawo kukhona ethile - ke lithembeke kuphela ngaphansi ukungezwani njalo. Ibhizinisi zasolwandle isetshenziselwa fenders, okuhlanganisa izikebhe kwalokho esinakho kakade.

"Eight" - lo ukukhiya inhlangano ezihleli nanhlanu ngaphezulu embodiments eziyinkimbinkimbi. It kubhekwa zakudala, futhi inzuzo yayo enkulu wukuthi ngisho nge wagxila ngokuqinile lokho akusho bonakalise indophi kanye kalula likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kuyindlela enhle nokubopha intambo isibambo ibhakede lokufaka isihlibhi yengane, amayunithi le Colca violin, Mandolins, iziginci nokunye okunjalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka izinhlobo ifindo ihlukaniswe asizayo intambo yokuxhuma nomunye futhi yokusekela ikhebula ukusekelwa.

izingxenye Eyisisekelo izintaba

I ezemidlalo entabeni zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezifanayo matings. Nakuba abanye babo babevela kolwandle futhi eyaziwa iminyaka eminingi, futhi ube zabo "siqu", eklanyelwe futhi kusungulwe izivakashi kanye abadlali professional. I ekhuphuka bungabonakala 17 yokuzalanisa ezinkulu:

• Line (ukuxhuma izintambo futhi izintambo usayizi ofanayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa control units. Ngaphansi umthwalo, imisiwe kakhulu, "kukhasa").
• Grapevine (kusuka esigabeni engeyokuqala izinhlobo ezithile ezisetshenziselwa ngibopha izindophi efanayo futhi diameters ezahlukene).
• Bramshkotovy (ukhonza ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi ezahlukene ubukhulu amakhebuli. Ukuze kuyadingeka obumbene ISIZINDA control).
• Explorer (isicelo - nokubopha intambo kokuthile lula ukubophela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-ikhebula imisiwe kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo kanye "aqala" ..).
• Eight-umqhubi (hhayi uzobopha elikasofasilahlane "aqala" hhayi okuningi imisiwe ngaphansi komthwalo. Isetshenziselwa lapho kunendingeko iluphu okunokwethenjelwa).
• "Rabbit izindlebe" (ububanzi -. Noma ngabe udinga iluphu okuqinile akuyona "khasa", imisiwe kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo).
• Bowline (isetshenziswa for axube intambo emasongweni emhlabeni ukwesekwa ukulungiswa. Lena inhlangano enhle, elula futhi enokwethenjelwa, okuyinto ngamagama aqatha ukuthi ngingalokothi some ngaphansi komthwalo, kodwa "aqala" uma umthwalo variable).
• Loop Garda (isetshenziselwa umshwalense, edonsa indophi kanye ukubopha. Isebenza kahle nge ikhebula ukulayishwa, ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ku yimiphi esimweni saso).
• Prusik Node (esetshenziselwa imisila yenkomo It is hhayi waqhubeka ezineqhwa izindophi nokubi - .. A kanzima Lokhu inhlangano ehamba ngokukhululeka futhi some nge umthwalo, kususwe ngemva ukusetha kabusha ngaphandle nobunzima).
• Clove ( "balwela." Okuhle Ngomsebenzi nokubopha intambo kunoma iyiphi inombolo ye izisekelo, ezifana izihlahla. Ngaphansi umthwalo awumanga futhi kuba njalo okunokwethenjelwa ngempela).
• Austrian ukuziqonda iyunithi (i tensioning intambo lapho eqa inhlangano. Uhamba Iyatholakala some ngaphansi komthwalo futhi ubuyele endaweni yalo ngemuva ukususwa. Omunye ISIZINDA enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Izinhlobo a beya we bamba enjalo nemisipha athandwa kakhulu phakathi amatilosi, phakathi speleologists).
• Samorazvyazyvayuschiysya (lokhu engeyokuqala wathungela kusukela core intambo obuphelele futhi lisetshenziswa ukugwema nolwazi Ukunqamula sekuphelile lokuhambisa phezulu. It is kahle decoupled ngisho ingaphansi komthwalo omkhulu nokunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele. Usebenzisa ifindo zamakhorali noma athola isibhamu kubona).
• intambo wokugubha (ngendlela elula kakhulu futhi elula ukugcina intambo ukuze. knits kunoma iyiphi intambo skein, iribhoni, line ukudoba, nokunye. d.).
• Khiya ISS (indlela kanye nenqubo ye ukugoqa umshwalense. Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona).
• Control - beya, abayizithulu, Carbines (Izingxenye eziyisisekelo, kunoma yimuphi umkhakha okuhlobene sezindophi ngaphandle kokulawula izindleko eyodwa kuphela ongenayo obumbene abadinga ISIZINDA umsebenzi wabo - .. Ukuvimba sekuphelile okuzenzakalelayo inhlangano main ukusebenzisa isilawuli kudingekile nabanye ISIZINDA kule .. jikelele, bajwayele uma kukhona ukungabaza ngokuthi ukuthembeka core, ikakhulukazi uma bahlanganiswe ezimanzi, ezishelelayo, obandayo, ezinodaka nasemigwaqweni m. p. intambo).

izingxenye Key uvumele

Izinhlobo intambo ifindo esetshenziswa speleotourists, kufana kakhulu "izintaba", nakuba kuye iqembu futhi waba uthishanhloko esikoleni izindlela ezahlukene kokuzalela ingase ibhaliswe. Nokho, ngeke kube khona iphutha ukubiza phakathi eyisisekelo, ngampela ekutadisheni bonke labo abafuna ukuba bahlanganyele uvumele, lokhu okulandelayo: oqondile, bowline, "eziyisishiyagalombili" (ukukhiya, a double futhi esiphikisayo), eziyisishiyagalolunye umqhubi Austria.

Bonke double "eziyisishiyagalombili" - cishe esetshenziswa kakhulu uvumele ukuphila. Uma abhalwe ngendlela efanele, kuhle likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa ngemva kokuzivivinya. Ukusebenziswa izinsika, ngisho ezimweni eziningi.

iqonde

node okuqondile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Hercules, siqukethe ezimbili semi nezinamathiselo, ifindo ngokulandelana omunye ngaphezu kwezinye bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Le ndlela uxhumano kuphela ezifanelekela eyodwa ubukhulu izindophi - uma kungenjalo mncane izinyembezi obukhulu ngaphansi komthwalo. Lapho intambo noma ikhebula selulayisheke, lokhu iluphu uthambekela samorazvyazyvaniyu.

Kunjalo uma uchwepheshe uthola ezimanzi - engeyokuqala kungaba ukukhasa. Sebenzisa kudingekile, kanye nokulawula. Izindophi Zokwenziwa zazingeke zisebenze kahle, kodwa uma isetshenziswa kahle, kuyinto okudingeka bashintshashintshe ngayo futhi kulula ukuba umchilo.

Akwaziwa ongakhetha efanayo kodwa alithembekile: Teschin futhi ugogo ifindo. Liphinde kubhekwe ehlobene Admiralty eqondile amayunithi kuhlinzwa.

"Eight"

Omunye elula ukukhiya yesifunda, kunezinzuzo eziningana obungenakuphikwa: kulula obumbene, kubukeka amahle, ngokuzimela imisiwe, hhayi kakhulu yona le intambo. Ukuze usebenzise umthwalo esifanelana kahle, njengoba kulokhu, imisiwe kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho kube nzima umchilo.

"Eight", njengoba ifindo zamakhorali, eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kukhona iluphu efanayo kuwo elinegama elifanayo, okuyinto esetshenziswa izintaba ikakhulu ukuzizuzela carabiner entambeni main.

Yiziphi esekelwe amayunithi "eziyisishiyagalombili '? Ngokuvamile, siwulimi elementi ngaphezulu Ukubophezeleka eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, isibonelo, esiphikisayo futhi double "eziyisishiyagalombili".