Ilaka, uqwanga we amalaka. Uqwanga elikhulu amalaka

Omunye izakhiwo yokwakheka elingenhla pheshana zokuphefumula amalaka. Ongelutho kubonakala kwihendisethi mobile, okuyinto endaweni ethile Ukujula kwawo iqukethe yezwi ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni izwi. Ngokuvamile lolu lwazi siphele. Empeleni, konke kancane more xaka. Ngakho-ke kufanele ukhulume lokhu kabanzi.

Ukuma kwendawo yendlela

Ilaka itholakala maqondana IV, V kanye VI amathambo wesibeletho, ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala ithambo hyoid futhi edabula kwegilo ngaphambili entanyeni. Ngemva kwakhe kuyinto phuza. It has umyalezo ovela amalaka ngokusebenzisa umnyango amalaka, kodwa ukuze ukudla awufiki emaphashini, futhi emoyeni - esiswini, nemvelo uye walungiselela umniningwane obalulekile ezifana epiglottis, okuyinto siphetha inesikhala pharynx ngesikhathi ugqozi futhi usekhuluma amalaka ngesikhathi nokugwinya, ukwabelana ukuze umsebenzi kwazo lezi zitho.

Nhlangothi zombili kunemisipha ezinkulu besigaxa neurovascular isiphundu sabo phambi konke lokhu imbozwe imisipha, fascia, futhi indlala yegilo. Kusukela ngezansi, iyaqhubeka kuqhoqhoqho, bese - ku bronchi.

Ngaphandle imisipha ingxenye uqwanga namanje emelelwa eziyisishiyagalolunye nengxenye-amasongo, ukuqinisekisa nokwethenjelwa isitho ukuhamba.

Ikakhulukazi amadoda

Isici nobuntu isakhiwo amalaka kwabobulili onamandla ukuba khona apula Adamu noma apula i-Adamu. Kuyingxenye uqwanga yegilo, okuyinto ngezizathu ezingaziwa, lo kakhulu umusa amadoda kuka kwabesifazane. Nakuba bekungaba okunengqondo ukucabanga isimo reverse, ngoba uzimele kwemisipha entanyeni, okuyinto wamboza koqwanga, abesifazane buthaka.

nokwakheka

Ilaka kuyinto umgodi, embozwe kusuka ngaphakathi abushelelezi futhi manzi indwangu - mucosa. Evamile, lonke ingaphakathi umzimba uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye ezintathu: engenhla, maphakathi kanye aphansi. Top - a langekhulusi amalaka, bona yayizovela simise uphondo. Isilinganiso - kuyinto igebe phakathi emphethweni kweqiniso nokwamanga vocal. Ingxenye engezansi isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana uqhoqhoqho. Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi umnyango isakhiwo - ngokwesilinganiso. Nazi uqwanga futhi emisipheni amalaka, esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa lapho izwi.

amazwi Ezemfundo

Isikhala phakathi yephimbo ibizwa ngokuthi "glottis". Ukunciphisa amalaka okushintsha izintambo ukungezwani kanye nezinguquko umqhewu ukumisa. Lapho umuntu exhales, emoyeni sidlula glottis, okubangela ngamagoda dlidliza. Lokhu yikho okwenza nathi imisindvo olukhulunywa, ezifana onkamisa. Ukuze kuthiwe umsindo ungwaqa, kumele ube iqhaza ulwanga, nolimi, amazinyo nezindebe. umsebenzi ehlelekile kubenza bakwazi ukukhuluma, bacule futhi nokulingisa imisindo imvelo futhi balingise amazwi abanye abantu noma izilwane. izwi Maholoholo ekujuleni amadoda ngenxa umsipha yabo yokwakheka iyinde, okusho ukuthi dlidliza ne amplitude enkulu.

ontogeny

Isakhiwo amalaka futhi ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu yobudala lomuntu. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungani amadoda iyehlukana izwi emva kokuthomba. Izinsana kanye nezinsana babe emphinjeni esifushane futhi wonke, kunakunoma omdala. Akukona rozhkovidnyh schitopodyazychnyh uqwanga nemisipha. Kuzothatha ukuma lokugcina kuphela iminyaka eyishumi nantathu.

Udonga amalaka

Uma ulibuka iphuzu kwendawo umbono, kusuka ngaphandle ngaphakathi Icwele zimi kanje:

• Isikhumba.
• izicubu Ongama.
• Cartilages, nemisipha, imisipha.
• emgodleni fiber nokunwebeka (emelelwa ezicutshini).
• Lwamafinyila - a epithelium multicore ciliated futhi engaphumi njalo zezinzwa izicubu endwangwini, okuyinto tho ne ungqimba odlule.
• I yangaphandle isixhumi ipuleti - uqwanga nokunwebeka ihlanganisa amalaka.

skeleton elukhuni amalaka

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lapho basuke phylogenetically kwakhiwa iyunithi esekela amalaka. cartilages Laryngeal kukhona aminyene uhhafu izindandatho ubambe indwangu esele okuvela kuyo le umbono entanyeni ingxenye nomzimba azidlulisele tube ozwakala. Phakathi kwabo kukhona nemisipha axhunyiwe. Hlukanisa emkhatsini cartilages olulodwa futhi abhanqiwe we amalaka.

cartilages olulodwa

Anatomy yomzimba ezintathu uqwanga, abangenalo nozakwabo. Ayibhangqiwe laryngeal cartilages ahlelwe ku-eksisi efanayo, oyedwa ngaphezu kwamanye.

1. uqwanga Epiglottic, noma epiglottis kuyinto ipuleti ezondile, ukuma sifana isigcebe sembali imbali noma leaf. Esabalele ingxenye itholakala ngenhla uqwanga yegilo, futhi emincane namanje ngokuthi ohlangeni enamathiselwe ekhoneni zayo zangaphakathi.
2. Thyroid - uqwanga elikhulu amalaka, etholakala phakathi epiglottis bese uqwanga cricoid. Igama layo oluhambisana kokubili ifomu bese umsebenzi kule ngxenye yomzimba. Thyroid uqwanga we umphimbo ukuvikela engxenyeni engaphakathi nokwethuka. Lakhiwa plate amabili unxande tho phakathi. Kuleli qophelo, kwakheka yokhalo is phezulu lapho kukhona kokuphakama, esizolokhu yezwi. Ezinhlangothini plate zibhangqwe ezihlobene - uphondo (engenhla nengezansi). Labo are ezansi, isho nge uqwanga cricoid, futhi phezulu - ne ithambo hyoid. Ohlangothini elingaphandle uqwanga ine etshekile umugqa ingxenye lapho inamathelisiwe imisipha elingaphandle amalaka.
3. uqwanga Cricoid we umphimbo - kuyinto ngesisekelo lwamathambo umzimba. Umumo ke ngokuphelele oluhambisana igama: kunjani indandatho somuntu, indandatho elophawu lezintambo enemininingwane edlule. On Uhlangothi ngalunye kukhona ebusweni articular uxhumano kuya arytenoid futhi yegilo uqwanga. Kuyinto uqwanga ngobukhulu amalaka.

cartilages abhanqiwe

Yibo futhi ezintathu, ngoba imvelo uthanda wesimethri futhi ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi uthando noma kunjalo kungenzeka:

1. Cherpalovdnye. uqwanga Arytenoid ka amalaka ezibumbeke njengebholo mbhoshongo esingunxantathu kabani isihloko ibhekene emuva kancane maqondana maphakathi emzimbeni. Isinqe salo kuyingxenye ebusweni ezikanye uqwanga cricoid. Ezingosini kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe inamathelisiwe imisipha: ngaphambili - Voice futhi bakhulise - akha phambi perstnecherpalovidnye imisipha.
2. Rozhkovidnye ngaphezu iziqongo uqwanga arytenoid.
3. Nesigaxa ngokuvamile etholakala supraglottic-wahosha emphethweni walo. I last amabili namabhuzu cartilages kukhona sesamoid futhi ziyahlukahluka ukuma nesikhundla.

Zonke lezi zokwakheka ibunjwa ibe umzimba ezifana umlomo. Uqwanga we umphimbo ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze silondoloze ukuphila kwabantu okuvamile. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi maqondana phonation.

amalunga omzimba

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, cartilages axhunyiwe ndawonye nemisipha futhi kwenza amalunga omzimba. Ngo kunemisipha amabili namabhuzu ngokuhlanganyela:

1. Phakathi cricoid futhi yegilo uqwanga. Basuke ezakhiwe eceleni evele of uqwanga cricoid ukuthi kukhona eseduze aphansi uphondo yegilo. Lapho ushayela kule ukungezwani ngokuhlanganyela umsipha kuyahlukahluka, ngakho-ke, ukuphakama kwezwi.
2. Phakathi cricoid futhi arytenoid cartilages. Kumiswa It is evele articular (ezindaweni eziphansi mbhoshongo) uqwanga arytenoid futhi cricoid uqwanga articular indawo. Ukuhambisa ukuba nomunye, lezi zakhiwo yokwakheka ukushintsha Ububanzi glottis.

Amaqoqo

Njengoba umzimba mobile, nemisipha nemtselela lomkhulu sendlela ukwakha amalaka. Uqwanga we umphimbo sigcinwe yakhoibrium ashukumisayo esebenzisa zezinzwa izicubu imicu:

1. Schitopodyazychnaya kweqembu - kungcono ingxenye enkulu schitopodyazychnoy ulwelwesi, lapho wonke amalaka unamathele ithambo hyoid. Ngokusebenzisa iqalisa lenqwaba neurovascular usinika emzimbeni.
2. Schitonadgortannaya umsipha ukhonza ukuxhuma epiglottis ukuze uqwanga yegilo.
3. kweqembu Hyoepiglottidean.
4. Perstnetrahealnaya umsipha uxhuma amalaka kuya umphimbo, exhunywe uqwanga lokuqala amalaka.
5. i-bundle Conic ehlanganisa cricoid futhi yegilo cartilages. Empeleni phambili ulwelwesi nokunwebeka eyehlayo kanye ebusweni engaphakathi amalaka. Kuyinto ungqimba phakathi uqwanga futhi lwamafinyila.
6. emphethweni Vocal - futhi ingxenye Isigaxa nokunwebeka, esehlanganise kwemisipha yezwi.
7. Cherpalonadgortannaya kweqembu.
8. Yazychnonadgortannye umsipha kuhlanganiswe impande olimini anterior kobuso epiglottis.

imisipha

Zimbili ngeengaba imisipha ye amalaka. Okokuqala - ke ukusebenza. Uyahlukana zonke izicubu:

• Constrictors, okuyinto unciphise le glottis futhi ngalo ingaphakathi of amalaka, okwenza kube nzima ngayo emoyeni umongozima.
• Dilators, kudingekile ukunwetshwa amalaka futhi glottis, ngokulandelana.
• Imisipha, uyakwazi ukuma isimo esishubile yezwi.

Ngokusho ngezigaba okwesibili, zihlukaniswe zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Mayelana nabo baxoxe kabanzi.

imisipha extraocular

imisipha Extraocular sengathi zihambisana amalaka. Laryngeal cartilages asekelwe hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi, kodwa futhi ngaphandle. Anatomists evamile ukwehlukana kuqembu ezimbili yangaphandle omunye: owokuqala akunakubangelwa labo imisipha ukuthi anamekwe uqwanga yegilo, kanti eyesibili - anamekwe amathambo asemzimbeni ebusweni.

iqembu lokuqala:

• grudinoschitovidnaya;
• schitopodyazychnaya.

Iqembu lesibili:

• grudinopodyazychnaya;
• scapular-hyoid;
• shilopodyazychnaya;
• digastric;
• mentohyoid.

izicubu zangaphakathi

Kudingekile ukuze ushintshe isikhundla epiglottis, futhi amsize ekufezeni imisebenzi yayo, futhi ukushintsha ukucushwa kwe glottis. Lezi imisipha zihlanganisa:

• Cherpalonadgortannaya esakha cherpalonadgortannuyu aphindekile. Phakathi singagwinyi ukusikwa lokhu imisipha eshintsha isikhundla epiglottis ukuze ligamanxa umnyango emphinjeni kanye akazange miss ukudla.
• Schitonadgortannaya, kunalokho, kuyilapho ekwehliseni epiglottis ukudansela isiginci sakhe phezu futhi ivula emphinjeni.
• perstnecherpalovidnaya Lateral ulungisa ububanzi glottis. Lapho kuyehla, kukhona Kuhlanganiswe nemisipha kanye glottis kuba.
• Emuva perstnecherpalovidnaya encishisiwe ngesikhathi ugqozi, futhi vocal folds ngaphandle, edonsa emuva futhi izinhlangothi, ukuvumela ukuthi umoya kudlule okwengeziwe ipheshana zokuphefumula.
• imisipha yezwi obangela izici yephimbo, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje eside noma esifushane, esishubile noma ekhululekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayafana maqondana nomunye. Kusukela umsebenzi imisipha incike nephimbo lakho, aberrations yakhe, amakhono vocal.

Imisebenzi amalaka

Umsebenzi wokuqala Yiqiniso, ukuphefumula. Futhi liqukethe ukulungisa ukugeleza komoya ngokusebenzisa ipheshana zokuphefumula. Ukushintsha ububanzi glottis ayivumeli emoyeni ngesikhathi ugqozi ngokushesha ukuwela kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umoya angikwazi ukubalekela ovela emaphashini ngokushesha ngenkathi hhayi lidlule negesi lokushintshisana.

epithelium ciliated we ulwelwesi lwamafinyila we umphimbo eqala umsebenzi walo wesibili - ni oyisivikelo sawo. Kubonakala sengathi izinhlayiya ezincane uthuli ukudla musa ukuwela aphansi ipheshana zokuphefumula ngenxa umsebenzi ehlelekile we cilia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziyimpumelelo ezinzwa isethi abakhona on the mucosa, kukhona kakhulu sensitive imizimba angaphandle futhi ngesikhathi ukushukuma avuse ukukhwehlela. Kuleli qophelo, the epiglottis uvala umnyango amalaka, akukho muntu wesinye isizwe ukuba ageje. Uma into namanje ubekade amalaka, uqwanga we umphimbo ibuyisele nihlanganyele, futhi kukhona ezedlulayo we glottis. Lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvimbela ingress ukudla nezinye izindikimba bronchi, nezinye - ligamanxa emoyeni. Uma usizo ingafiki ngokushesha, umuntu uyafa.

Kugcine kuhla lwethu - golosoobrazovatelnaya umsebenzi amalaka. Kuyinto bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni isakhiwo yokwakheka amalaka futhi kanjani umuntu aba ngumnikazi wayo apharathasi emphinjeni. Ngo inqubo ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwabantu ukufunda ukukhuluma, bacule, zihaya izinkondlo kanye temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, ukulingisa isilwane amazwi noma imisindo imvelo, kanye nabanye abantu ngezinye izikhathi ngisho zilingise. Izinga eliphakeme of ukulawula umzimba wakho, amathuba maningi namathuba kubantu.

Lokhu, kafushane evamile nokwakheka kwendawo kanye physiology amalaka. Kusukela sihloko okufundile ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani umsebenzi emzimbeni womuntu umsebenzi nokuthi cartilages laryngeal zidlala indima ebalulekile lapha. Ngenxa wakhe, esivame ukuphefumula, ukukhuluma kanye poperhaemsya njalo okuthile udle. Ngeshwa, kuba usengozini yokuthola ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo nezinqubo neoplastic