Ichibi elijulile emhlabeni. Ichibi elijulile futhi elihlanzekile

"Kuzobonakala sengathi iBaikal kufanele igodle indoda ngobukhulu nobukhulu bayo - konke kukhulu, konke kukhululekile, mahhala futhi kuyimfihlakalo - yena, ngokuphambene nalokho, uyamvusa." Lawa angamazwi kaRasputin, okwakuthonya kakhulu uMbuso WaseRussia, mayelana ne-giant esithonya iRussia nezwe kuze kube manje.

Kodwa yini ngempela eqinisweni? Ingabe isithombe esingaqondakali sihluke kulokho okuphambi kwamehlo abahambi, izivakashi, abathwebuli bezithombe, abacwaningi? Iyini ichibi elijulile emhlabeni? Ake sizame ukwazi iBakkal eduze kakhulu.

Baikal uvela kuphi?

I-Baikal iyiphutha emgodini womhlaba, echibini elijulile emhlabeni wonke, elisendaweni ephakathi kwe-Asia, phakathi kweBuryatia nesifunda sase-Irkutsk. Ukucindezeleka kubhekwa njengesizinda sendawo okuthiwa i-Baikal rift, ngaphansi kwalokho i-magma idla khona amagxolo futhi isakazeka ezinhlangothini. Ngenxa yalokho, iBaikal ikhula ngo-2 cm ngonyaka futhi esikhathini esizayo esikude iyoba olwandle olugcwele. Yize kukhona kakade amanzi amaningi kuwo wonke umuntu emhlabeni onokwanele ama-3,200,000 amalitha.

Kwacatshangwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesitsha kuqale eminyakeni engaba ngu-25-20 million edlule. Kodwa ngenxa yenkambiso ethi "Amaphekula aseLake Baikal" ngonyaka ka-2009, abacwaningi base-Ulan-Ude ezansi kwechibi bathola izintaba zogwayi, okuyinto, ngokusho kwe-hypothesis, eyenza i-deposit sand and silt phansi. Lokhu kutholakala "kwavuselela" inqolobane iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-150, kanye nolwandle - kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezingu-8.

Abantu baseLake Baikal kanye nezinganekwane zabo

Imiphumela yocwaningo lokuvubukula e-Irkutsk State University ithi eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 000 eyedlule ugu lolwandle lwaseLake Baikal lwakhiwe yiHuns. Eminyakeni engu-2000-1500 edlule abantu abakhuluma isiTurkey bahlukana nabo, futhi emva kwesikhathi kancane - eminyakeni engama-7-8 - nesiMongolia.

Kuze kube yikhulu le-12 leminyaka lama-13. Ngenkathi yethu iBaikal yahlala ezindaweni ezinogada, okwakugcina esikhundleni seBuryats ehlala echibini kuze kube manje. I-Baikal ingcwele kuma-Buryats. Kunezinkolelo eziningi mayelana nomsuka wayo.

Omunye wabo uthi ichibi elijulile emhlabeni livela enhliziyweni yendwendwe eyashisa umhlaba wonke. Kusukela emathunzini omhlaba, umkhukhula wamanzi wathululela ngaphakathi wagcwalisa umgodi.

Imfihlo futhi igcwele izigodi nezintaba. Isibonelo, idwala le-Shaman ku-Olkhon. Ukuyidlula ngamasondo ayikwazi. Kuphela ngehhashi noma nge-sleigh. Konke ngoba umnikazi we-Angara uhlala edwaleni, u-Ama Sagan-Noyon. Futhi i-Shaman-stone iyingxenye yedwala, okuyinto uBaikal ayibulale indodakazi yakhe u-Angara.

Kungani Baikal?

Mhlawumbe lapho amaTurkey ayehlala esifundeni saseBaikal ebizwa ngokuthi ichibi elijulile emhlabeni, athenge-kul, okusho ukuthi "ichibi elicebile". Kungenzeka ukuthi i-Mongolian Baigal-Dalai, okusho ukuthi "ichibi elikhulu", negama layo selihambile.

Ukuthuthukiswa kweLake Baikal

Lapho kufika abantu eLake Baikal, isifundo sakhe saqala. Imiphumela ye "imisebenzi yesayense" yabantu basezindaweni zasendulo ingabonakala eKapa Ludar, emaphandleni enezikhala ezincane ezivela ezikhathini zeNeolithic nakuma-Chinese annals ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu.

Isiqalo sokufunda iBaikal ngamaRussia singabhekwa njengephakathi kwekhulu le-17. Ngo-1643 uKurbat Ivanov wavula leli chibi. IPtopop Avvakum Petrov wayengowokuqala ukuchaza ephepheni leli giant elikhulu. Ngo-1667, ichibi elijulile emhlabeni wonke lafika ebalazweni "Emidwebeni wezwe laseSiberia", kanti kamuva uNikolai Spafary wachaza ngokwesayensi.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Academy of Sciences kwaphazamisa ukutadisha echibini. Kusukela ngo-1723, ukuhamba kwemvelo, i-cartographic, i-hydrographic expeditions yenziwa esifundeni saseBaikal, amabalazwe ahlanganiswa, kucatshangwa ukuthi imvelaphi yendawo yavela kuphi.

Impumelelo yentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ngekhulu le-20 leminyaka yaqhubekela phambili ekufundeni iBaikal ekuphakameni okusha. Ukuhamba ngezimoto ezijulile , kufaka phakathi abahloli bamazwe, ukubhoboza phansi, umsebenzi we-telescope ye-neutrino - ichibi elijulile eRussia linikeza amandla amakhulu ocwaningo lwesayensi.

I-Baikal flora nezilwane

Izigodi eziphakeme kanye nezigodi ezijulile, i-steppe kanye ne-taiga, izimo eziyingqayizivele zamanzi zokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasolwandle kanye nesifunda saseBaikal. Ichibi elijulile emhlabeni liyisibonelo esiphelele sezinto eziphilayo ezivaliwe.

Iba nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 zezinhlanzi, eziyi-27 ezikhona, okungukuthi, indawo engekho enye etholakala. I-Omul, i-golomyanka, i-pike, i-salmon, i-Amurfishfish - konke okucebile echibini elijulile futhi elihlanzekile, ngeke ulubhale.

Amahlathi azungeze leli chibi agcwele izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-80 no-230 zezilwane nezinyoni, ngokulandelana. I-Bear, i-boar, i-cormorant, i-wapiti, i-nightingale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukhozi, i-roe deer, i-musk deer, i-glutton, i-sandable ne-seal, uphawu lwezilwane zasendle ze- Baikal, uhlu olungaphelele lwezilwane ezitholakala emahlathini avikelwe namanzi e-reservoir. I-larch yaseSiberia, ama-fern of izinhlobo ezingu-37, imisedari, i-algae eyingqayizivele - i-flora ehlukile.

Ukusongelwa kwemvelo

Insimu yesifunda saseBaikal, ihlukaniswe ngama-reserves amahlanu kanye namapaki amathathu kazwelonke, idinga ukuvikelwa. Ngonyaka we-66 wekhulu lama-20, umshini we-pulp kanye nephepha wanikezwa ogwini oluseningizimu. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi umbala wokubala wezenzo zobugebengu wezemvelo ubalwa.

Ukuqothula okunobuthi kwesitshalo kwaholela esimweni esiyingozi samakhilomitha ayi-square. I-Km yamanzi phezulu no-70 sq. M. Indawo ye-Km ngezansi. I-concentration ephezulu evumelekile ye-phenols, imikhiqizo ye-petroleum kanye nama-sulfathi idlula ngezinye izikhathi.

Ukungcola okuvela emgodini we-pulp kanye nephepha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-90, kunezibi zephesi elingaphansi komhlaba. Amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-18 ephethiloli eduze kwezingilazi zase-Ulan-Ude ezisongela isimo seLake Baikal.

Kuyini iBaikal?

Ngenkathi i-ecology ayimbi kakhulu, ichibi elijulile eRussia lidla wonke umuntu.

Abazingeli bavunwa ngenyama, isikhumba, amafutha. Abadobi bathengisa i-omul ngezinhlobo ezintathu, kanye namaqanda ayo, i-grayling, i-burbot. I-Golomyanka - inhlanzi, ingxenye egcwele amafutha, idayiswa ngokuzikhandla kubavakashi.

Amantongomane angaphansi kwamapayipi, amafutha omsedari, amakhambi aseSiberia, izindwangu zokugqoka ezivela ku-charoite yendawo - itshe lombala ohlukile, i-souvenirs, izinsimbi zomculo - konke kudayiswa.

Ice and Lake Baikal

Lapho iqhwa lifika - kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJuni - impilo yabakhile iyashintsha. Abazingeli baqaphele ukudoba i-ice, iBuryats igibele eceleni kwe-Irkutsk. Kodwa ukunyakaza okunamandla kuqala hhayi ngaphambi kukaFebhuwari - kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqinisa ngokugcwele ukwanda.

I-Ice ithatha ingozi. Ukuthungwa komuntu ekuphakameni komuntu akusibi kakhulu. Zingadlulelwa. Ukuphahlazeka okungenangqondo. Ngokushesha ngokuvulwa nge-pop enkulu, emlonyeni ovulekile, bathatha konke okuzungezile. Ngendlela enzima kangaka, abantu abangamakhulu angama-30 babulawa.

Ngesikhathi sasebusika, iqhwa likhula lifika ku-100-120 cm, ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube ngu-150. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyamangaza ngokucacile, njengengilazi. Iqhwa liqhubeka kuze kufike ngoJuni. Emuva ngo-May kungenzeka ukuthi uhambe kuzo izingubo zasehlobo, ngoba isimo sezulu saseBaikal sinesizotha eSiberia, ebusika kuba -20 ngesilinganiso futhi kunezinsuku ezingaphezulu kwelanga kunasezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwe.

Phumla eLwandle LwaseBaikal

Imvelo engavamile kanye nobuhle obuhle badonsela abavakashi. Ebusika, ichibi elikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni lifuna ukuhamba nge-skiing, ukugibela ibhola, ukushisa i-snowboard, izimoto zeqhwa, izimoto ezingekho emgwaqweni, ukudoba iqhwa nokuzingela. Izithombe ezivela eBaikal ziyamangalisa futhi zikhangayo.

Ungayeka ezindaweni zokuzilibazisa. Ngokuyisisekelo zitholakala eceleni kwe-Irkutsk. Buryat - ikakhulukazi izimpahla.

Lapho kufika ihlobo, ukuzithokozisa okusha kubonakala. Amanzi amaningi athola ama-kaiters, ama-canoeist kanye nabathandi bamanzi athule emikhumbi. Izintaba, amagquma namahlathi kuhle ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, ukukhuphuka nokukhuphuka kwezintaba. Abanqobile bezintaba bayakwazisa ukuphakama okumnyama - amamitha angu-2 588 kanye nekilasi le-2A.

Bhukuda e-Baikal kuyinto edlala. Ngaphezulu kwama-degrees angu-12 ukushisa kwamanzi akuvuki. With the sand on the amabhishi wezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Uma namanje ungafuni ukuhamba ngaphandle kokuzithobisa emanzini echibi, khona-ke kufanele ubheke ama-cove nama-bay. Kuwo amanzi avuselela ngaphezulu. Ungaphinde uvakashele okuthiwa uLwandle Olutsha. Lona yi-strait, ehlukaniswe nendawo ejwayelekile yamanzi esiqhingini sase-Olkhon.

I-Baikal - ichibi elijulile emhlabeni - lilungele imindeni. Izisekelo zokuzijabulisa zinikeza izinketho eziningi zokududuzeka. Iziphethu ze-geothermal nemoya womlingo zizophulukisa noma yikuphi umzimba nomphefumulo.