I yethula ubufakazi enkantolo: umqondo, izinhlobo, amaqhinga

Ngemibuzo main izindlela okumele zilandelwe ubufakazi ngesikhathi sokuthethwa kwecala. Kusukela ukuziphatha kwakhe unamakhono incike semthethweni nobuqiniso isinqumo. Hlukanisa emkhatsini eqondile ngemibuzo. Lesi sakamuva kabanzi lisetshenziswe-Anglo-Saxon, isimiso somthetho. The kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwalo kule nomthetho Russian sihlinzekela ekuqhutshweni civil kanye ukulamula umbango, izindaba ukwephulwa zokuphatha. Nokho, kubaluleke kakhulu iyona ngemibuzo eenkambisweni zobulelesi.

Definition of ngemibuzo

Esikhathini umthetho yesimanje Russian livikeleke nomqondo ngemibuzo. Incazelo enjalo akukuniki isiphi isenzo zomthetho. Nokho, izincwadi zomthetho, ezifana Arotsker LE, grishin, SP, Aleksandrov A. S., anikezelwe izifundo zakhe zalesi simo nendlela osebenza ngayo ekuqhubeni yasekhaya.

Ngo ucwaningo lwesayensi kukhona definition ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa inqubo cross-kokuphenywa ngawo ababambiqhaza abute imibuto kanyekanye nomuntu oyedwa izimo ezifanayo. Abanye, elandela isibonelo umthetho Western, ngaphansi ngemibuzo ukuqonda elandela ngqo nokuba uhlangothi.

Ukuze Injongo yalesi sihloko samukelwa definition Aleksandrova A. S. Grishina SP, owawuthi ngemibuzo iyona Ukuhlola nommeli umuntu whose fakazi isetshenziswa i party enqabayo njengoba ubufakazi.

Izimpawu ngemibuzo

Ngokuphambene ukuqondisa lolu hlobo kokuphenywa kusemthethweni kuphela, azisebenzi uphenyo pre-trial. Kubonisa lokho okushiwo yinkulumo Isivivinyo yesimanje - ukulingana amaqembu. Kulokhu, ngemibuzo Kwenziwa kuphela kwezinhlangano inkantolo ubuza kuphela ukucacisa imibuzo.

imibuzo enjalo unamandla amakhulu ezithonyayo ngoba inkantolo futhi amajaji kuqhathaniswa ukuqondisa, ngoba imibuzo bacelwa uhlangothi.

Cross okufuze njalo ilungelo, ngakho-ke kulandela ngokwemvelo. Kuyasiza ukucacisa wobufakazi, ukuthola nokushintshashintsha futhi sibuthaka, ngakho, ekugcineni, it ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucingo ku umbuzo amazwi lohlolwako.

Of essence yesibili ngemibuzo kumele babhekane yayo eqondile - it is, njengoba umthetho, kusekelwe umphelelisi, ukucacisa noma zingamanga kakade etholwe ngokuhamba luhlolo ngqo kolwazi

imibuzo enjalo ngokuvamile ezingalindelekile, ngakho ummeli kuyadingeka ukuze ngokuqinile ukulawula yonke le nqubo futhi izimpendulo we ngemibuzo.

izinhlobo

Kuyiphutha ukuthi bakholwe ukuthi ngemibuzo enkantolo kusebenza ofakazi bakhe kuphela. Angase ziyobhekana kunoma yimuphi umuntu ngemibuzo. Ngokuhambisana Ikhodi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ngemibuzo kuncike isimo zenqubo sahlonywa imibuzo: ummangalelwa kokuphenywa (lento 275 Ikhodi.) Yisisulu (lento 277 Ikhodi.) Ubufakazi (lento 278 Ikhodi.) Isazi (Art. 282 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure). Kulokhu, umshushisi ngemibuzo ezocatshangelwa ofakazi osolwa imibuzo kanye nochwepheshe ukuzivikela. Ngokuba sokuzivikela ngemibuzo yisisulu, ofakazi kanye nochwepheshe kushushiswa.

ngemibuzo imigomo

Ummeli kumele kube sobala mayelana umgomo efuna ukufeza nalobo isebenzisa le nqubo. Umgomo oyinhloko noma iyiphi kokuphenywa ukusungula amaqiniso ezingeguquleke. Nokho, ne ngemibuzo, unga:

• ukuthola ubufakazi ezidingekayo;
• ukwenza enkantolo sokungabaza kobufakazi umhlolwa;
• ukwenza enkantolo ukungabaza ukuthembeka ubufakazi, ngamanye amagama, ukuthi "ngodaka" kuye;
• ukusebenzisa ubufakazi ukusekela noma zenze buthakathaka yokuma abanye ofakazi.

Uma inqubo yokuhlela, ummeli uyazi ukuthi akukho lutho beats kusukela ngemibuzo, kungcono ziwushiye.

Izidingo zemibuzo ebuzwa

Kuyadingeka ukugqamisa umehluko eziyisisekelo eziseZwini amaqhinga ka ngemibuzo ku ezomthetho Russian futhi-Anglo-Saxon. E-US, kusetshenziswa kakhulu imibuzo okuholela ngemibuzo (lapho uhlala khona, ngokuphambene nalokho, akuvunyelwe). Bavumela ummeli ukugxila inkantolo futhi amajaji Imininingwane sivune ukuzivikela. ERussia, h. 1 tbsp. 275 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure kubonisa ngokucacile inadmissibility imibuzo okuholela ngemibuzo ummangalelwa. It akungqubuzani ukubuza ofakazi bazo, ochwepheshe kanye izisulu ngemibuzo ngendlela ebekwe Art. 278, 278,1 futhi 282 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi incazelo umbuzo ohamba phambili kumthetho Russian futhi lelipelwe. Ngo umkhuba zokwahlulela izincwadi ezikhethekile kukhona ukwakhiwa ezahlukene lo mqondo. Ukuhlaziya umkhuba zokwahlulela ebonisa ukuthi kakusoze imibuzo, enquma uchwepheshe iziphetho noma ukuphinda izimpendulo zemibuzo ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba umuntu ahlukanise phakathi imibuzo ehamba phambili nge hlandla.

On wonke, nezidingo jikelele for ekwakhiweni imibuzo ngale ndlela:

• Kufanele ube mfushane futhi ecacile phi ambiguity;
• imibuzo kufanele ibuzwe ngqo, kuno kuthi ngokungaqondile;
• kufanele ucabange impendulo egcwele;
• kumagama umbuzo okufanele zivumelana ezingeni umhlolwa;
• izimpendulo akufanele kusekelwe ekucabangeleni.

izimiso Jikelele ephenywa ngemibuzo ummeli

Zonke ukubuzwa ummeli kuyadingeka ukusebenza ukulungiselela ukunikeza umthelela oyifunayo on inkantolo.

Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka leli cala, akudingekile ukusebenzisa imigomo ekhethekile. ofakazi Umeme nochwepheshe futhi kufanele ugweme amazwi lobuchwepheshe kakhulu kubo babe ezicacile ezibonisa enkantolo amajaji.

Sikhuluma-nje izitatimende esibaluleke kakhulu okumelwe kwenziwe ekuqaleni noma beqeda isinyathelo sokulungisa.

Uma ngokuhamba ngemibuzo ngu ummeli kwakunesidingo ukubuza ubufakazi umbuzo, sezivele zenziwe kuhlolisiswa oqondile, kwakumele kuqala ukufuna imvume evela Ijaji.

Phakathi Njengoba ngiphenywa ngemibuzo, ummeli kungaba kuphela ukubuza imibuzo kodwa hhayi ukuze ubeke amazwana noma ukuhlola ulwazi. umbono wabo futhi ukuhlolwa kwalo mdlali angenza enkulumweni yakhe, ngokuhambisana para. 292 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe kokuqhuba luhlolo oqondile iseluleko

Hlukanisa izici nommeli ukuziphatha eqondile ngemibuzo. Nge ukwakhiwa ofanele luhlolo oqondile, inkantolo kufanele abe nesitfombe lesicacile inkambo imicimbi.

Kulokhu, lo mmeli okufanele ahlukanise izinkinga zibe izingxenye 4. Ekuqaleni, kukhona ukuhlonza noma ukugunyaza ubufakazi noma isazi, okungukuthi, ukuhlela ulwazi lakhe siqu (nendawo yokuhlala, indawo yomsebenzi, neziqu professional).

Khona-ke ummeli ebuza imibuzo ukuze sithole indawo isinyathelo, isikhathi kanye inkambo imicimbi, okuyinto ukufakaza. Izimpendulo umhlolwa lembula ukuqaphela kwakhe nezincazelo zamakhono. Umsebenzi we ummeli - Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuthembeka ubufakazi inkantolo futhi amajaji.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona izinkomba kulandzelana kahle kwetigameko. Ababona njalo ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo. ngemaphuzu labalulekile kunawo ezinkulu izitsha izinkolelo sikhuthazele kuze kube nasiphetho wobufakazi.

Ekugcineni, gcwalisa luhlolo oqondile imibuzo emithathu noma emine, kufinyeta bonke ubufakazi ngokufakaza noma uchwepheshe.

Isidingo ngemibuzo

Ngokuphathelene yethula ubufakazi enkantolo, ummeli kwasekuqaleni kubalulekile ukuthi ucabange ukuthi kuyadingeka ngaso sonke.

Uma ubufakazi ebufakazini babe akubalulekile futhi akazange ukulimaza izithakazelo ummangalelwa kusukela ngemibuzo kumelwe zilahlwe. Kulokhu, ubufakazi omusha angase kuphela isimo sibe sibi isimo.

Ngemibuzo buyafaneleka kuphela uma ufakazi unganikeza ngolwazi olwengeziwe ezibalulekile. Lapho kungenzeka ikhona ukuthi ubufakazi okuhle okuningi kunasesimweni umonakalo.

Izindlela ukufeza izinjongo ngemibuzo

Ukugxeka ukuthembeka enkantolo obanikezwa noma uchwepheshe, ummeli angasebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo:

• ezitholakala ubufakazi ihaba noma ukuhlanekezela, ngokuhlambalaza ezinye ubufakazi kuleli cala;
• ukwenza enkantolo sokungabaza ubuqotho ubufakazi, neziqu professional we uchwepheshe;
• khombisa ukungakwazi noma ukungabi logic of amaqiniso inikezwe ngubufakazi;
• iphoqe enkantolo ukuzibuza ukuthi ubufakazi iyakwazi ukunikeza ubufakazi umgomo emaqinisweni efanele;
• ukukhombisa ukuthi uchwepheshe azange abe ubufakazi obanele kanye izinto ngokwenza izilinganiso.

Izindlela oqhuba ngemibuzo

umkhuba Olubanzi Western ocime izindlela eziningi ka ngemibuzo. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ukujivaza ummeli ufakazi igcizelela ukuthi lohlolwako ayikwazanga ukuzwa futhi ubone lokho kukhomba ngubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, wayengumuntu ikude kakhulu kusukela endaweni izenzakalo, ukukhanyisa kwaba ayanele, endleleni kunezithiyo, nokunye. D.
• Enye indlela - ngokugxila yobufakazi imininingwane ezincane futhi izinkumbulo ukuze abonise ukuthi izinto eziningi ezenziwe ubufakazi ngesikhathi esifushane ngesikhathi zezenzakalo ezichazwe. Injongo imibuzo - ukuletha Yaphetha ngokuthi amalungu ubufakazi ayikwazanga ukukhumbula losemcoka okwesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isisulu kuphangwa esitolo akazange abe nesikhathi ukucabangela ubuso umenzi wobubi, njengoba ngalesi sikhathi amehlo akhe wayalwa ngesikhathi izikhali, izingubo noma izinto eziyigugu.
• Uma isimo wayechazwa kudala, ummeli kungaba embuzweni wobufakazi, njengalokho kwesikhathi, abantu ngokuvamile awukhumbuli ncamashi kuphi, nini futhi nobani baye, uma akubahluphi isenzakalo esingavamile (lomshado, lokuzalwa).
• Ngezinye izikhathi ummeli ungadlala yokuthi ubufakazi uphambene noma unentshisekelo inqubo imiphumela.
• Uma ecaleni ufakazi ufakazela ukuthi zihlukile waze wanikela ngesikhathi uphenyo lokuqala, ummeli kungase ayingabaza ukunemba yabo.

Bar Council

Classic F. L. Vellman encwadini yakhe inikeza lesi seluleko ukuze abameli ukuba ngiqhube ngemibuzo:

• uqaphele ukwenza ngokuvumelana nawo intuthuko luhlolo oqondile bese ubheka "ubuthakathaka" ngubufakazi lomuntu ubuzwa;
• ezomela wena endaweni amajaji njalo umbuzo wabuza ukubheka isimo ngokuthi asebenzise amehlo abo;
• abute imibuto kuphela ngenjongo ethile, agweme imibuzo engabheke ndawo ezingenalutho, ngoba imibuzo ebuzwa bokuhamba sibi kakhulu kunalokho okuboniswa ulahlekile;
• ungalokothi nombono ongafanele amazwi ubufakazi - kunciphisa ukuthembeka ummeli emehlweni inkantolo futhi amajaji;
• hhayi ukugxila nokushintshashintsha ingane ubufakazi ufakazi bangakufakazela ukuthi injabulo ubuzwa noma imemori ezimbi;
• ungalokothi ukubuza imibuzo ebalulekile ngaphandle inhlabathi pre-ukulungele ukubeka phambi Iqiniso umhlolwa azinakubuphika ke;
• kubuzwa lo mbuzo kuphela uma ummeli ngokwakhe uyabazi impendulo.

Ngakho, ngekhono ngemibuzo kungaba juqu ithuluzi ummeli e enkantolo.