I ophihliza iqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni: izithombe, osayizi

I ophihliza iqhwa lokuqala emhlabeni uvele ekhulwini XVIII. Kwakungekhona komkhumbi omkhulu kakhulu uyakwazi breaking ice ethekwini Philadelphia. Kwaba isikhathi eside kusukela isondo yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ethi a ophephela, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona futhi amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza enamandla. Namuhla, omkhulu ufa yenuzi-powered iqhwa lase-Arctic namandla amakhulu.

Kuyini ophihliza iqhwa?

Lokhu isitsha isetshenziswa amanzi embozwe ungqimba obukhulu ice. icebreakers Nuclear ifakwe enuzi izitshalo amandla, futhi-ke ube umthamo mkhulu kunezinhliziyo udizili, ngakho kulula ukuba anqobe amachibi eqandisiwe. Icebreakers unenye inzuzo abahlukene - akudingeki refueling.

Isihloko esilandelayo sinikeza le ophihliza iqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni (ngobukhulu, ngendlela izici, nokunye. D.). Futhi, usufunda indaba, ungabona liner elikhulu lolu hlobo emhlabeni.

Uhlolojikelele

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke 10 ekhona namuhla icebreakers zenuzi eyakhelwe futhi santanta esikhathini sokuhlala-USSR neRussia. Indispensability ndiza enjalo ifakazela ukusebenza, eyaqala ngo-1983. Ngaleso sikhathi, imikhumbi ngamashumi ayisihlanu, kuhlanganise icebreakers diesel base empumalanga Arctic, yisicupho ice. ngiyabonga kuphela kuya-athomu ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika" , bakwazi aphume ekuthunjweni futhi ukuletha leya ngcebo ezibalulekile imizana eseduze.

Yakha ngwenya zenuzi laseRussia laqala isikhathi eside, ngoba kuphela Ezweni lakithi e-Arctic Ocean kukhona ibanga touch eside - edumile zasolwandle umzila enyakatho, ubude okuyinto ayizinkulungwane 5 amakhilomitha angu-600 .. Qala kuthatha kusuka eSangweni Kara luphele Providence Bay.

Kukhona elinye iphuzu ezithakazelisayo: icebreakers ngokukhethekile ababethi umbala obomvu ezijulile ukuze sibonakale ngokucacile eqhweni.

Isihloko esilandelayo sinikeza le icebreakers esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni (phezulu 10).

Ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika"

Omunye icebreakers ngobukhulu - the ophihliza iqhwa "Arktika" wehlela emlandweni njengoba ebusweni umkhumbi 1st, leseyifinyelele North Pole. wabizwa ngokuthi "leonid uBrezhnev" eminyakeni 1982-1986. Bookmark sasiqhutshelwa eLeningrad, ngesikhathi Baltic Shipyard ngoJulayi 1971. Ngo indalo yayo yahanjelwa amabhizinisi abangaphezu kuka-400 izinhlangano, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nomklamo, nezinye izinhlangano.

I ophihliza iqhwa wethulwa ngasekupheleni 1972. Injongo Isitsha - navigation eduze ne-Arctic Ocean.

zenuzi ngwenya obuphelele - 148 metres, futhi ibhodi ukuphakama mayelana 17 amamitha. ububanzi - 30 amamitha. Intuthu ekhiqiza amandla enuzi izitshalo - ezingaphezu kuka-55 megawatts. izinkomba Technical isitsha bavunyelwe wafohla ice, kokuba ukushuba 5 m, futhi ijubane layo uma igijima emanzini okumsulwa savela kuze kufinyelele 18 ifindo.

10 icebreakers esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni

Ngezansi eziphezulu ezingu-10 ngobukhulu (by obuphelele) ka icebreakers yesimanje emhlabeni:

1. "oluseNyakatho Umzila" - ezokuthutha umkhumbi icebreaking. Ubude bayo 260 metres, ukuphakama sifana nenkundla isakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi. Lo mkhumbi uyakwazi ukuba adabule ukujiya yiqhwa 1 imitha.

2. "Arctic" - ngobukhulu ophihliza iqhwa ubude 173 amamitha. Yena kwehlisa emanzini ngo-2016 futhi limelela ophihliza iqhwa lokuqala enuzi WaseRussia. Wakwazi kanjani ukugqashula kulowo ukushuba yiqhwa cishe kumamitha angu-3.

3. "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory" - ulwandle ophihliza iqhwa-athomu (i-esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni) ekilasini "Arctic", libhekene amandla umxhwele nokutshala ejulile. Ubude bayo 159,6 amamitha.

4. "Tajmyr" --athomu emfuleni ophihliza iqhwa breaking ice estuarine ukujiya kuze kufinyelele 1.7 amamitha. Ubude bayo 151,8 amamitha. I engavamile we umkhumbi - ngumuntu okwaziyo ezincane kanye nekhono sokuqhuba ongaphakeme lokushisa ukweqisa.

5. "Vaigach" - lakhelwe c iphrojekthi "Taimyr" (kodwa wayengumuntu omncane abasebasha). imishini zenuzi sifakwe umkhumbi ngo-1990. ubude bayo - 151,8 m.

6. "Yamal" - idume yokuthi ngalesi ophihliza iqhwa Kunomhlangano yenkulungwane yesithathu ku-North Pole. Inombolo ephelele izindiza ophihliza iqhwa kuleli qophelo kwakucishe 50. Ubude bayo 150 amamitha.

7. Healy - US ophihliza iqhwa ngobukhulu. Ngo-2015 kuso okokuqala amaMelika bakwazi ukwenza uhambo North Pole. umkhumbi Ucwaningo ahlome yakamuva laboratory kanye ukuhlolwa imishini. ubude bayo - 128 metres.

8. PolarSea - omunye icebreakers endala United States of America, elakhiwa ngo-1977. Seattle - port. Ubude umkhumbi - 122 metres. Mhlawumbe uzakwemukela maduze ukwesulwa ngokuqondene nezinkinga zokuguga.

9. Louis S. St-Laurent - the ophihliza iqhwa ngobukhulu, elakhiwa ngo-Canada (120 budze) ngo-1969 futhi wokugcina sesimanje ngokugcwele ngo-1993. Lena Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala emhlabeni, okuyinto kwafinyelela ngo-1994-North Pole.

10. Polarstern - ophihliza iqhwa isiJalimane, elakhiwa ngo-1982 futhi ihloselwe ucwaningo lwesayensi. Lo mkhumbi endala has a ubude 118 amamitha. Ngo-2017, it iyokwakhiwa Polarstern-II, okuzokwenza esikhundleni esasisandulele futhi uthathe elindile Arctic.

I ophihliza iqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni: izithombe, incazelo, isiqu

"50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory" - ngokuyinhloko olwesimanje umshayeli iphrojekthi 2nd "Arctic" uhlobo uchungechunge icebreakers. Kuleli fomu umnsalo isikepe sika sisetshenziswa ngesimo ngesipuni. Waqale asetshenziswa ukuthuthukiswa zokuhlola "Kenmar Kigoriyak" (ophihliza iqhwa, Canada) ngo-1979 futhi uye ekholisayo kwafakazela kahle.

Kuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni ophihliza iqhwa-athomu ifakwe samanje sedijithali othomathikhi indawo elawula uhlelo. Iphinde ine isethi ethuthukisiwe amathuluzi sokuvikelwa yemvelo amandla enuzi. Ziphethe, futhi egumbini kwemvelo, ifakwe imishini yamuva yesimanje, iqoqa kanye elahla imikhiqizo imfucuza izisebenzi ebhodini.

Ophihliza iqhwa "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory" amadili hhayi kuphela lapho kukhululwa nezinye izitsha ekuthunjweni ice, wabuye zigxile ukuqaliswa kwe-Cruises izivakashi. Yiqiniso, apholile umgibeli ebhodini lapho, ngakho zivakashi indawo kumakhabheni ezivamile isakhiwo umkhumbi. Nokho, ohlangothini umkhumbi ifakwe yokudlela, sauna, indawo yokubhukuda bese ejimini.

Umlando Omfushane umkhumbi

ophihliza iqhwa enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - "Iminyaka 50 Ukunqoba". Yaklanyelwa eLeningrad ngesikhathi Baltic Shipyard ngo-1989 futhi eminyakeni 4 bakamuva sethula okokuqala. Nokho, ukwakhiwa wayengakaqedi ngenxa izinkinga zezimali. Kuphela ngo-2003 lavulwa ukwakhiwa yayo, futhi ngo-February 2007 eGulf of Finland waqala ukuhlola. Imbobo Its ebhukwini baba Murmansk.

Naphezu isiqalo eside namuhla ngemuva umkhumbi - uhambo abangaphezu kwekhulu ukuba North Pole.

Enamandla kakhulu futhi high-powered ophihliza iqhwa "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory" - ngenxa ophihliza iqhwa 8th athomu, zaklama futhi zakha izindawo ngesikhathi Baltic Shipyard.

"ESiberia"

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Soviet Union yayingekho efana ukwakhiwa icebreakers yenuzi-powered. Ngalezo zinsuku ndawo emhlabeni azange abe amakhotho anjalo, kuyilapho eSoviet Union kwaba 7 icebreakers athomu. Ngokwesibonelo, "eSiberia" - esibuthakathaka ukuthi sekuyinkinga ukuqhubeka ngqo of "Arctic" uhlobo enuzi izitshalo amandla.

Lo mkhumbi kwaba ifakwe uhlelo ukuxhumana satellite, obangela nomshini we-fax, ucingo kanye navigation. Iyona futhi eyayikhipha zonke Izinsiza: a lounge, pool, sauna, umtapo, ejimini, kwakhiwa negumbi lokudlela elikhulu.

Ophihliza iqhwa "eSiberia" endabeni wezela isitsha sokuqala uye wenza unyaka wonke navigation kusukela Murmansk ukuze Dudinka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba isitsha sesibili safinyelela phezulu iplanethi ku-North Pole.

Ngo-1977 (ngesikhathi ngokubeka ukusebenza lo ophihliza iqhwa), aba Ubukhulu elikhulu: 29,9 amamitha - ububanzi 147,9 amamitha - ubude. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwaba ophihliza iqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

okusho icebreakers

esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ukubaluleka ngomkhumbi onjalo kuzokhulisa kuphela, ngoba esikhathini eside kuhlelwe amaningi imisebenzi ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kwemithombo yemvelo ngaphansi omkhulu e-Arctic Ocean phansi.

On ezindaweni ehlukile navigation North Sea umzila kuthatha izinyanga 2-4 kuphela, ngoba bonke abanye isikhathi sonke amanzi embozwe iqhwa amamitha 3 noma ngaphezulu obukhulu. Ukuze hhayi ukuba engozini yomkhumbi nezisebenzi, futhi ukuze asindise uphethiloli ne icebreakers wathumela izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukuze afeze ukuhlola befuna indlela elula.

icebreakers enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kukhona isici esibalulekile - bangathumela ngokuzimela run on-Arctic Ocean phakathi nonyaka, umnsalo wase ukuma okungavamile we ukushuba ice engafika ku-3 amamitha.

isiphetho

EU.SSR esasisetshenzelwa yokudlondlobala ngokuphelele emhlabeni inani lemikhumbi ezinjalo. Vele ngesikhathi yayakhiwe icebreakers yenuzi-powered eziyisikhombisa.

Kusukela ngo-1989, ezinye icebreakers yalolu hlobo ziye zasetshenziswa hambo izivakashi ukuthi zenziwa ikakhulu North Pole.

Ebusika, iqhwa ukujiya olwandle ivuliwe isilinganiso 1.2-2 imitha, futhi kwezinye izindawo kuze kube 2.5 amamitha, kodwa icebreakers-athomu akwazi ukuhamba phezu kwamanzi ezifana ne ijubane amakhilomitha 20 ngehora (11 ifindo). Ngo amanzi ice, ijubane ongafinyelela 45 amakhilomitha ngehora (noma 25 ifindo).