Hydrocarbon Aliphatic - Iyini?

hydrocarbon Aliphatic - kuyinto organic compounds kabani molecule aqukethe izibopho olulodwa kuphela. Lezi zihlanganisa alkanes futhi cycloparaffins, izici zawo, kuzoxoxwa ngakho impahla yethu.

Ifomula jikelele alkanes

Abamele lesi sigaba zinezikhathi ifomula jikelele SpN2p + 2. Ngu paraffins zihlanganisa zonke compounds nokuba uchungechunge ovulekile lapho ama-athomu axhunyiwe nomunye ngezibopho olulodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, hydrocarbon aliphatic kuyinto compounds kancane esebenzayo, bathola igama labo "paraffins". Ake sizwe ezinye izici isakhi bale ikilasi, uhlobo izibopho e-molecule ukusetshenziswa umkhakha.

Incazelo emfishane methane

Njengoba ummeleli elula alesi sigaba ingashiwo methane. Nguye iqala uchungechunge hydrocarbon aliphatic. Kuze phendla izici yaso eyingqayizivele.

Methane gaseous ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile izidakamizwa ngaphandle iphunga nombala. Egcekeni ezakhiwe noqhekeko ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kobukhona asemkhathini-mpilo yezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, butholakala igesi yemvelo, Nokho okwamanje esetshenziswa obuningi njengoba uphethiloli ekukhiqizeni ekhaya.

Hlobo luni chemical yilezo hydrocarbon? Aliphatic, nokukhawulela compounds covalent organic-molecule polar.

I-molecule has tetrahedral ifomu methane molecule uhlobo hybridization zama-athomu carbon ku sp3, okuhambelana engela esisuka 109 degrees imizuzu 28. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, hydrocarbon aliphatic - kuyinto amakhemikhali compounds kancane esebenzayo.

Ikakhulukazi i-methane homologues

Ngaphandle methane igesi yemvelo kawoyela ongahluziwe iqukethe okunye hydrocarbon, okuyinto akheke ngendlela efanayo nalo. Ezine zokuqala omele homologous uchungechunge paraffins kukhona esimweni gaseous ka wokuhlanganisa, abe solubility ongaphakeme emanzini.

Njengoba kwanda ezidlula ka isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana waphawula ukwanda izinga lokushisa abilayo kanye CxHy ukuncibilika. Phakathi abameleli ngabanye yenombolo kunomehluko CH2 ebizwe umehluko homologous. Kuyinto isiqinisekiso ngqo kwakwakhe okuqondene lo mugqa organic.

Zonke hydrocarbon aliphatic - kukhona izinto zitholakala kalula encibilikayo ezihogelwayo.

isomerism uchungechunge

Kwabamele paraffins eziningana isomerism kuyisici sobuntu lwamathambo carbon. Kuyinto ngenxa kungenzeka ujikeleza ngekwendzawo emhlabeni carbon athomu izibopho zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-compounds C4H10 hydrocarbon Ukwakheka kungathatha oqondile carbon skeleton - butane. Ngenxa isomer kwesakhiwo bazocula 2-methylpropane, kokuba isakhiwo branched.

Ejwayelekile chemical izakhiwo nobuntu paraffins, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi kunjani ukusabela esikhundleni. Gcwalisa isikhala izibopho uchaza yinkimbinkimbi yokusabela kanye indlela yayo emikhulu. Ukuze uthole halogenated hydrocarbon aliphatic, kubalulekile ukuqhuba ukusabela halogenation, egeleza khona lemisebe ye-UV. Chain ubunjalo yalesi ukuxhumana kwenzeka wonke amalungu uchungechunge inikezwe. Umkhiqizo kwaphumela ubizwa ngokuthi amagama ahlobene halo. Basuke kabanzi umkhakha zamakhemikhali ezihogelwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke hydrocarbon aliphatic futhi elimnandi niyishise khona oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama amanzi nesikhutha. Kuye iphesenti carbon e-molecule lwabelwe ehlukile inani ukushisa. Kungakhathaliseki okuqondene ekilasini organic compounds, zonke izinqubo omlilo kukhona ukusabela exothermic asetshenziswe yasendlini futhi umkhakha.

Ngokoqobo has methane ne dehydrogenation (hydrogen Abstraction). Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo ekhiqizwa acetylene, okuyinto ebaluleke chemical feedstock.

Ukusetshenziswa alkanes futhi alkanes kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma

Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - liquid kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ezahlukene organic. Chloroform futhi iodoform kusetshenziswa imithi yesimanje. Noqhekeko methane ingenye yezindlela zezimboni ngokukhiqiza carbon omnyama, kudingeka womshini uyinki zokunyathelisa. Methane kubhekwa umthombo oyinhloko embonini kwamakhemikhali igesi i-hydrogen uya ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia kanye synthesis izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

hydrocarbon unsaturated

Unsaturated hydrocarbon aliphatic - abayikho abameleli eziningi ethylene futhi acetylene. Hlaziya izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo futhi isicelo. Ukuze alkene libhekene khona isibopho double, ukuze lonke inani ifomula ine SpN2p fomu.

Uma ucabangela uhlobo lezi zakhi unsaturated, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi zisabela compounds: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli ethylene labo abazokwazi polymerization. Kuyinto lesi sici kuwenza abameleli besigaba bakhunjulwe yesimanje amakhemikhali umkhakha. Polyethylene ne-polypropylene - ikhemikhali akha lesi umkhakha base polymer.

Acetylene - ilungu lokuqala chungechunge kokuba ifomula jikelele SpN2p-2. Phakathi izici oluhlukanisa lezi zakhi ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa khona isibopho kathathu. Ukuba khona kwawo kuchaza ukugeleza a ukusabela kwakwakhe nge halogens, amanzi, i-hydrogen halide, i-hydrogen. Uma isibopho kathathu e compounds ezinjalo kuba endaweni yokuqala, ke alkyne libhekene qualitative esikhundleni ukuphendula kanye nesiliva usawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi. Leli khono kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela lapho qualitative i alkyne, isetshenziswa ukuthola kuyo admixture nge alkene futhi alkane.

I-hydrocarbon elimnandi kukhona unsaturated compounds eyindilinga, Nokho basuke akubhekwa compounds aliphatic.

isiphetho

Naphezu ukungezwani ukwakheka ambalwa ekhona e abameleli ayegcwele kanye unsaturated compounds aliphatic, ayefana ngekhwalithi inkomba molecule aqukethe carbon ne-hydrogen. Umehluko kule ukwakheka ambalwa (amafomula ezihlukahlukene jikelele) abamele ayegcwele kanye unsaturated CxHy ukuchaza umehluko izindlela ukuphendula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Yingakho amalungu wonke amakilasi yalezi compounds ungene ukusabela omlilo ukwakha isikhutha, amanzi, ukwaba ethile ukushisa amandla, okuyinto ebenza bathandwe njengoba uphethiloli ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi umkhakha.