Ezokuthutha Germany: Izinhlobo nokuthuthukiswa

Isici esiyinhloko ku liyanda Germany yilona ukuqiniswa kanye sesimanje ukukhiqizwa, okuyinto akudingi nje kuphela ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha kanye nengqalasizinda ehlobene.

Uhlelo ezokuthutha eJalimane

Imakethe emakethe ubudlelwane kukhona engacabangeki ngaphandle kokusebenzisana abakhiqizi futhi abathengi kwezimpahla namasevisi. Kutfutfukiswa ezokuthutha eJalimane kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ukwanda isikali yohwebo ezifuywayo angaphandle. Izikhathi lapho umkhathi kancane wamanzi Rhine kwaba Umzila wezohwebo kuphela, babe esikhathini eside esadlulako. Namuhla, uhlelo ezokuthutha - a eziyinkimbinkimbi inter-umkhakha eziyinkimbinkimbi, omunye ehamba phambili emhlabeni. 1 km ² yama-akhawunti umhlaba German cishe amabili amakhilomitha kwemigwaqo ahlukahlukene kanye nezokuxhumana. The main tinhlobo tetitfutsi eJalimane:

• Sesitimela.
• Car.
• Air.
• Amanzi.

Kufanele futhi usho kakhulu imvelo nobungane kancane ezokuthutha - Pipeline, okuyinto ebangela mayelana 4% wezindleko yizimpahla inzuzo.

kwezitimela

Isevisi lokuqala njalo isitimela wavulwa eBavaria ebusika 1835. Ukwakheka esitimela zenyuka zithutha phakathi eNuremberg futhi Fürth kabili ngosuku, ekuletheni wezimpahla abagibeli.

Namuhla, ubude nojantshi (. Ayizinkulungwane 44 km) eJalimane ingxenye yesithupha, futhi okuhlushwa - kwasekuqaleni emhlabeni. Cishe ingxenye yabo gesi. The main yizimpahla yenethiwekhi - iqembu DB (Deutsche Bundesbahn), ndawonye kojantshi besitimela asentshonalanga futhi empumalanga, kantsi sicuketse loku izigaba zezizwe ezintathu: Mobiliti, Veda tekutfutsa bagibeli, Logistic (cargo ukugeleza kanye Logistics) kanye Networks (okuqukethwe kwenkululeko services nengqalasizinda). Naphezu ngcono stock kweqa futhi imizamo kaHulumeni, ivolumu wezimpahla inzuzo kancane kancane.

Izitimela eJalimane ugxile kakhulu ukuthutha abagibeli. Utfutfukisa okusezingeni eliphezulu eveza kwepaki (ICE), kuyinto lenyuka ngesivinini umzila (ngokwesilinganiso - 240 km / h, umzila esiphezulu Berlin - Hannover - kuze kufinyelele 450 km / h). Imali base impela high: I-ukuthutha unqambothi - 0,41 euro / km, kwesibili - 0,27.

Ezindaweni sezintaba yezwe nojantshi jagged. Ngoba ukuzijabulisa zezivakashi wahlala imizila eziningana ne izinjini esitimela nezimoto vintage.

motor ezokuthutha

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, sibonga imigwaqo, okubandakanya engaphezu kuka-40 eziyinkulungwane. Km emikhulu yombuso kanye ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 13. Km emikhulu (multi-kwindlela wazakhela imigwaqo emikhulu eya ukwehlukana isakhi kolunye uhlangothi ukugeleza), ngemgwaco eJalimane engaphezu kwengu-60% yizimpahla futhi u-90% abagibeli traffic yezwe . Ngokusho Federal Vehicle Office, lonke inani izimoto kuleli lizwe ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-60, kanye kwabantu of izimoto 640 per abakhileyo ayizinkulungwane.

Nakuba esikhulu emadolobheni amaningi angangeni ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zokuthutha asivumelekile, izinkinga yokupaka ehambisana kakhulu. Ngaphezu ezindaweni abazinikezele abashayeli kwe izimoto, kunamabandla ahlukene izindawo zokupaka izimoto namalungu enophephela Engxenyeni bubuhle lwesintu.

Germany - lizwe kuphela European ngenxa yokuntula ijubane uma ushayela ku motorways. Kwenye imigwaqo kuvunyelwe ngesivinini esiphezulu 100 km / h, e imizana - 50 km / h.

air traffic

ukushayela izindiza zokuthutha impahla German lingachazwa kafushane isiqubulo ukukhangisa yezindawo ezinkulu emoyeni yenethiwekhi ku Lufthansa - indlela engcono fly!

Indlela yasezulwini wezimpahla abagibeli abangu yavutha 1909 by "nezindiza German." I indiza edume kunazo "Graf Zeppelin" wenza 590 ezindizeni ezithwala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, wanqoba ngaphezulu kwengxenye yesigidi amakhilomitha. Kutfutfukiswa izindiza ezifuywayo international nomthelela ngokuqinile "Junkers", waqala ekukhiqizweni umgibeli izindiza engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Namuhla, umoya ezokuthutha eJalimane lebhokisi izikhungo ezinkulu Republic namanye amazwe emhlabeni (share izindiza yasekhaya sincane kakhulu). Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke i-zezindiza zamazwe 16, wezimpahla inzuzo osesikhundleni wokuqala eYurophu, lisuselwe Frankfurt.

nemifula

imizila yemikhumbi kuleli zwe babe ubude lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 7. Km. Umthamo wezimpahla zithutha kubo ifinyelela izigidi ezingu-260. Amathani ngonyaka. Kuphela ingxenye yesithathu-akhawunti zokuthutha yasekhaya. An umzila ezokuthutha okubalulekile Rhine. Avamile lokuthumela traffic ke sekusungulwe 90 sekwephuzile kwekhulu elidlule. Okwamanje, Rhine ukusebenzisa nsuku zonke izitsha 120. imiselekazi imikhumbi nge eziyinkimbinkimbi lomasango uhlelo ukuyixhumanisa iDanube, i-Elbe, le Weser kanye Rhône.

Sea nezimbobo Germany abe ezingezinhle kakhulu indawo kanye amabanga amade uma liya kusuka ezindaweni zezimboni main. Ngakho-ke, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba main hlelo luqhutshwa itheku Dutch ngomlomo Rhine, isabelo angaphandle ukuhweba inzuzo eJalimane ezingaphezu kuka wonke nezimbobo yezwe.

ezisemadolobheni Okuthunyelwe

zokuthutha zomphakathi eJalimane has ingqalasizinda amaningi asethuthukile futhi esebenza kahle e-European Union. Emelelwa amayunithi ezilandelayo:

• Metro. Isebenza emizini ngobukhulu 19. Yakhula kakhulu kunawo inethiwekhi, eyasungulwa ngo-1902, kungokwalabo Berlin Metro (imigqa 10 173 iziteshi).
• Overground Isitimela somhambi. Nakuba azakhele inethiwekhi ezokuthutha ezimele kodwa amaphethini traffic emadolobheni amaningi kuhlobene eduze le "ongaphansi komhlaba".
• Amabhasi kanye trams. inkonzo Bus into ihlelwe kahle kakhulu. izitobhi Intermediate zingatholakala ku izinhlamvu "H", oluhlaza. Iningi izitobhi anemisila Imininingwane izikrini ukuthi ukubonisa isikhathi sokufika amabhasi. Tram kuyinto athuthukile kunazo zonke emazweni aseMpumalanga futhi eBavaria. Ingxenye umzila selibekiwe ngomshoshaphansi.

abathandi yenduduzo ungatholakala ukusizakala eziningi itekisi amafemu noma ukuqasha imoto.

Kukhona okunye!

Eshukunyiswa omakhelwane - the Danes kanye Dutch, a "isinyathelo yokuvukela" eyenziwa namaJalimane. Esizoqala ngo-2002 kwaba-National Development Plan amabhayisikili. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka D-Netz branched inethiwekhi usumisiwe, ngokusekelwe 12 velodorog federal Ubude ayizinkulungwane 10.2. Km. Cycling eJalimane waba ingxenye alinganayo ingqalasizinda wezwe.

Ilokhu ngcono emva-sales service phezu ngebhayisikili trans-zesifunda, ibhayisikili uhambo wenza ukhululekile, kanti unyaka ngamunye kutholakala inzuzo belilokhu landa ngokushesha yilo uhlobo ezokuvakasha.

Kusukela ngo-2008, ukuthuthukiswa ahlukahlukene veloproektov isabelomali sikahulumeni unyaka ngamunye lwabelwe mayelana 3 million euros, futhi ngesimo izinzuzo - nemiphumela emihle emkhakheni wezempilo yomphakathi kanye nemvelo, ukuphepha emgwaqeni.

A kancane mayelana nezimoto kagesi

Izici nobuntu ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha baseJalimane umkhakha sisonke - Ukuncishiswa nokuqeda ekugcineni sokuncika wezwe umnotho amandla ukungena. Yingakho eJalimane ungumholi ongenambangi phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu e ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha electromobile. Futhi uma ku 2011 ngoxhaxha kagesi lalinabashumayeli ayizinkulungwane 2.3 kuphela. Izimoto ke, ngokuvumelana amacebo iziphathimandla, ngo-2020 inani labo uyofinyelela yisigidi, futhi eminyakeni elitjhumi ezako kuzokwanda izikhathi eziyisithupha.

Isinqumo kulindeleke ukuba yinkimbinkimbi: kuqondane and isakhiwo kudingekile ezothuthukiswa - ukukhethwa kwemizila ngazinye, wanikezela zokupaka, ukudalwa inethiwekhi iziteshi uzinakekela. Abanikazi izimoto kagesi kakade ekhululiwe ekukhokheni izimali zokuhamba iminyaka 5, futhi esikhathini esizayo, le nkathi kuzokwanda izikhathi 2.

Umphakathi ibhizinisi baseJalimane uhlelo uhulumeni ukuhlinzekela Ukuqaliswa kwalawa imigomo emikhulu yokuthola 18-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa

Umkhakha kanye ezokuthutha German asetjenziswe ngokuba sesimanje wetakhiwo nobuchwepheshe ukufeza intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

izinkampani German zikhulisa ngevolumu Ukukhishwa emabhayisikili kagesi, okuyizinto motor Movers-wheel nge namandla Watts afinyelela ku-300. Ukwenqabela ukudluliswa kakhulu kwandisa nekusebenta actuator. Ukusetshenziswa NiMH amabhethri kuzokhulisa ububanzi sihamba ngaphandle lingatshajwa kuze kube km 50.

Ngcono izitimela ephezulu, eyenzelwe imizila ngamazwe. Ukucinga ivuliwe ezinye izindlela esikhundleni izitimela ngamandla zisakazwe, njengoba yesondlo ephelele isakhiwo motor-enqoleni lihlotshaniswa nobunzima ezithile.

Naphezu kokuhlukahluka, eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nenqubo inhlokodolobha labagula kakhulu, ezokuthutha German izama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo esizayo umkhakha futhi umphakathi wezwe, kuhambisana zonke iziqondiso kwemvelo nezimfuneko, okuyinto usuku nosuku isiba obuqinile.