Ezalwa futhi wafa Bunin? Ivan Bunin: neminyaka yokuphila

Abafundi abaningi bazi ukuthi wazalwa nini futhi wafa Bunin. Futhi mingaki khumbula ukuthi kwaba imbongi Russian omkhulu futhi umbhali, owabhala ngokufuna wokugoqa yezikhulu Russian? Futhi, cishe, bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazi ukuthi Ivan owayiloba wokuqala Russian ophumelele uMklomelo KaNobel ngo 1833. Futhi ukuze baqonde indlela yena zathola imiphumela enjalo, udinga kancane ujwayelene yomlando wakhe.

Ebuntwaneni ikusasa winner

Ngo-1870, e Voronezh, e ifa abazali babo, yena wazalwa umbhali esizayo Ivan Bunin. Umkhulu Ivan kwaba Umninindawo ngempela ochumayo. Kodwa ngemva kokushona komkayo, waqala senselessly zokuchitha isimo. Futhi lokho okuncane kuphela okwase kusele emva, Bunin uyise propyl futhi walahlekelwa etafuleni ikhadi. Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka fortune umndeni wawakhiwa sikhathele siyingcuba. Bunin umbhali esizayo kusukela ebuntwaneni zabona phansi elikhulayo umndeni.

Iningi ebuntwaneni Ivan ayichitha ifa lomndeni, lapho bajwayelana ukuphila abalimi. Ngo-1881, wabhalisa esikoleni yomphakathi Yelets, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu cwaningo ubekwe ngaphandle ngenxa izinkinga zezimali zomkhaya waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele ekhaya.

Debut ngemisebenzi, noma abantu abasha

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesikhombisa, Ivan seziqalile ukusetshenziswa wakhe njengoba imbongi. izinkondlo zakhe ziye zavela ephephabhukwini Petersburg "Ezweni." Ngo-1889, u-Ivan Bunin balandela umfowabo omdala, ngubani baba nethonya elikhulu e laseKharkov. Kube wathatha isikhundla yesisebenti kuqala, bese uthatha umsebenzi njengoba umsizi umhleli ephephandabeni lendawo "Orlovsky iGazethi".

Ivan uyaqhubeka ukubhala, futhi eziningi izindaba zakhe zishicilelwe kwamanye amaphephandaba kanye nomagazini. Ukuze le nkathi fanele ubuhlobo bakhe isikhathi eside isisebenzi iphephandaba lapho ayesebenza khona, Varvaroy Paschenko. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, base ndawonye kuhanjiswe ku Poltava. Bunin iqala ukuba aholele ukuxhumana esebenzayo nge Antonom Chehovym, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baba abangane abakhulu. Futhi ngo-1894, u-Ivan wahlangana uLeo Tolstoy. Siyabahlonipha imisebenzi uLeo Tolstoy, kodwa imibono yabo zezenhlalo nesimilo zazihlukile.

Ukuthandwa omkhulu nokwamukela yomphakathi

Ezalwa futhi wafa Bunin Yiqiniso, kudingeka sazi ukuthi, kodwa futhi ezithakazelisayo ukwazi, kodwa lapho banyathelisa incwadi yakhe yokuqala. Futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1891 e orel. Ingabe incwadi izinkondlo ezibhalwe esikhathini kusuka 1887 kuya 1891. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izihloko, tindzaba tekuticambela Rasskazov Ivana Alekseevicha, okuyinto yashicilelwa ngaphambili amaphephandaba endawo okuyo futhi omagazini kwaqala ukuvela ezincwadini gqwa Petersburg.

Ngu-1900, eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu izinkondlo eshicilelwe Ivan Bunin. izinkondlo zakhe sekuthandwa ngempela nge ezahlukene abafundi. Esikhathini esifanayo, ukuhunyushwa umsebenzi "INgoma Hiawatha" waklonyeliswa Pushkin Prize, kanye ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide ye-Russian Academy of Sciences. Abagxeki abaningi kanye nabantu asebenza nabo sebuhlaziyiwe rarity ithalente lakhe, lobuhle nokubukeka futhi acabanga ngokucacile.

Ngo-1899 Bunin ashade Anna Nikolaevna Tsakni. Yayiyindodakazi we amaGreki nokuceba Odessa. Ngeshwa, umshado wawuzoba esifushane, kanti ingane kuphela wafa eneminyaka emihlanu. Futhi kakade 1906 Ivan uhlala civil union nge Vera Nikolayevna Muromtseva. Akukona nje kuphela amaqiniso mayelana wazalwa nini futhi wafa Bunin, nentshisekelo incazelo, kodwa futhi ulwazi mayelana ngempilo yakhe yangasese futhi umsebenzi ezibaluleke kakhulu yilabo abatadisha ubuntu Ivana Bunina.

Inguquko kusuka nenkondlo lapho temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka Ivan wenza ushintsho olukhulu kusukela nenkondlo lapho temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, ukuthi waqala ukushintsha ifomu kanye ukuthungwa, baba acebile lucebe. Ngo-1900 wanyathelisa inoveli "Antonov Apples", okuyinto kamuva ngisho kufakwe ezincwadini kwezincwadi futhi livele njengoba wobuciko wokuqala wangempela Bunin.

Abaphila Besikhathi ubeke amazwana umkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele. Othile waveza ngokunemba ezehlukile kolimi, incazelo ecashile ngobunjalo enemininingwane ukuhlaziywa ezingokwengqondo, kanti abanye bekubona njengendlela umkhiqizo uhlobo ISIFISO esidlule yezikhulu Russian. Nokho, temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Bunin sika iyaduma kakhulu.

imisebenzi Akwaziwa noma umlando umkhaya wakhe

Ngo-1910, u-Ivan wakhethwa njengosuku elilodwa lamalungu eziyishumi nambili ezigcwele, Russian Academy of Sciences. Futhi ngonyaka olandelayo eshicilelwe full-scale inoveli yakhe yokuqala, "The Village", elichaza ukuphila lifiphele kuleli zwe, esibonisa indlela ephelele abanobuphukuphuku, nonya nobudlova. Futhi ngo-1911, wanyathelisa inoveli yakhe yesibili - "Dry Valley".

Lapha uchaza isimo emibi emphakathini emzaneni Russian. Futhi kukhona incazelo nostalgic we ezibolile izikhulu isiRashiya, okusekelwe indaba yomkhaya wakhe kweqiniso. Futhi, temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Bunin ihlukaniswe abahlaziyi bemibhalo ku umbono wabo. Social Democrats ziye zaphawula yokwethembeka kwakhe ngokuphelele emisebenzini, kodwa abanye abaningi kakhulu ishaqekile ngalokhu omubi we-copyright.

Ukugqashuka kwempi, noma ukwesaba ngekusasa isimo

Bunin bese Muromtseva wachitha Ubusika ezintathu kusukela ngo-1912 kuya ku-1914 Maxim Gorky ku esiqhingini Capri. Elapho, watholana no-Fedorom Shalyapinym futhi Leonidom Andreevym. Lapho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Ivan ihlukaniswe isikhathi sakhe phakathi kokuba eMoscow izindlu umndeni. Wayelethwa njalo haunted ukukhathazeka maqondana Russia ka esizayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuqhubeka ukubhala kulesi sikhathi Ivan Bunin? Izinkondlo noma temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba? inguquko emsebenzini wakhe uyokuma kanjani?

Ivan uyaqhubeka esebenza kanzima. Ebusika 1914 waphothula umthamo omusha wezinkondlo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ngokuthi "Cup of Life". Futhi ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo yanyatheliswa, futhi futhi ubhekwa. Ngawo lowo nyaka ishicilelwe e "The Gentleman kusuka San Francisco". Mhlawumbe edume kakhulu izindaba okwabhalwa Bunin. Iminyaka yokuphila wachitha eRussia, yabhujiswa. Ayasondela revolution ukuthi uyongena umbhali omkhulu ashiye izwe lakubo.

Revolution Ivan

Ivan kwase ukwesaba nomonakalo obangelwa amaKhomanisi phakathi Russian Revolution kuka-1917 ngonyaka. Ngo-April ngalowo nyaka yena elinqunywe zonke izibopho Gorky, ongazange walulama, futhi-May 21, 1918, u-Ivan Bunin futhi Muromtseva wathola imvume esemthethweni ukuhamba kusuka eMoscow. Bathuthela eSifundazweni Odessa. Lapho Ivan wahlala iminyaka emibili ngethemba lokuthi White uzokwazi ukuze abuyise ukuthula. Kodwa ngokushesha izinxushunxushu wamavukelambuso zasakazekela isimo.

Ngo-February 1920, Bunin bathutha ebhodini wokugcina umkhumbi French ivela Odessa nabanye baseRussia anti-lamakhomanisi, futhi ekugcineni zijwayeza e Grasse, eningizimu yeFrance. Kancane kancane futhi kabuhlungu zokunqoba ukucindezeleka ezingokwengqondo, Ivan ubuyela khona ukuloba kwakhe. Ayikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle ipeni nephepha Ivan Bunin.

Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe, yena wachitha phesheya, futhi kumakwe izincwadi zakhe eziningi futhi yobuciko amasha etemibhalo. Yena ishicilela umsebenzi zangaphambi wamavukelambuso yakhe, izindaba, njalo kunomthelela Russian ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe cindezela. Noma kunjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukujwayela ezweni elisha, futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi muse yakhe kuze kube phakade elahlekile.

Ezalwa futhi wafa Bunin?

Ivan owayiloba wokuqala Russian ophumelele uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1933. Wathola siyakuhalalisela kusukela inqwaba nezihlakaniphi emhlabeni wonke, kodwa hhayi igama kusukela Soviet Russia, lapho igama lakhe encwadini wawuvinjelwe. Phakathi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe Bunin wabhala eziningi imisebenzi owaziwa, phakathi kwabo uye waba zithandwa kakhulu "Izinsuku Uqalekisiwe", lapho umbhali uchaza ngokuningiliziwe amandla Soviet.

Wazalelwa 1870, u-Ivan kwaba indlela enhle kakhulu yokuphila. Wasinda kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, le olunegazi Russian Revolution, ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe futhi wafa ngo-November 8, 1953, efulethini lakhe e-Paris. Ekhaya, akaphindanga wabuya.