Expressionism e umculo - ke ... Expressionism e umculo yekhulu lama-20

Kwikota yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili ezincwadini, zobuciko, ifilimu nomculo, entsha, malungana ukubukwa classical ku kweziqondiso zokudala, wamemezela injongo eyinhloko art Inkulumo zomhlaba subjective kwangaphakathi yomuntu. Expressionism e umculo - lokhu ingenye kwemali impikiswano futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo.

Kanjani expressionism

Expressionism kwavela futhi ibonakala kahle kakhulu ngokwawo ku isiko Austria naseJalimane. Ngo-1905 e Dresden-Faculty of circle Technical Higher School kwamiswa abafundi, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "The Bridge". abahlanganyeli zalo zazikunye E. Nolde, Klee, P., M. Pihshteyn E. Kirchner. Ngokushesha kwangena abaculi German nabezizwe, kuhlanganise izifiki ezivela eRussia. Kamuva ngo-1911, e-Munich Kusafanele enye inhlangano - "Blue Rider", lapho Kandinsky, P. Klee, Mark F., L. Feininger.

Kuyinto mibuthano baba okhokho baso isiqondiso kwezobuciko, ngemva kwalokho yaqala ukubonakala izinhlangano tetemibhalo, omagazini Berlin ( "The Tempest", "Storm", "Isenzo"), kwakukhona umkhuba izincwadi kanye nomculo.

Kukholakala ukuthi leli gama elithi 'Expressionism "laqanjwa ngo-1910 yi-mlando Czech Republic A. Mateychekom. Kodwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lokho, ngo-15 ngasekupheleni - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka 16, umculi Spanish El Greco kanye noMathiya Grünewald esuka eJalimane aseke ayisebenzisa inqubo zokwethaba konke okusemandleni kanye nemizwelo emsebenzini wakhe. A Expressionists kwekhulu lamashumi amabili aqala bazibheke nabalandeli babo futhi, okusekelwe imisebenzi Fridriha Nitsshe (indatshana "Ukuzalwa Tragedy") we engenangqondo ( "Dionysian") ekuqaleni yobuciko, basungula isiqondiso izinxushunxushu imizwa nezindlela yokukhuluma kwezobuciko.

Kuyini expressionism

Kukholakala ukuthi Expressionism wasuka ukusabela buhlungu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi psyche zabantu sihlukunyezwa impucuko yesimanje, ezifana impi (Okokuqala Umhlaba), ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Ukwesaba, ukukhungatheka, ukukhathazeka, ubuhlungu, psyche efile - konke lokhu akukwenzi abaculi ukuthi izwe elibanzi. Bese kukhicite isimiso esisha, okuyinto sinqatshiwe ngokuphelele naturalism kanye aesthetics esivela dlule zukulwane we Abadali.

Aesthetics of Expressionism ezincwadini, imidwebo nomculo esekelwe ukubonakaliswa imizwa subjective, ebabonisa emhlabeni umuntu angikho ngaphakathi. Kuba obaluleke ngaphezu isithombe, futhi le nkulumo imizwelo (ubuhlungu, ukuklabalasa, horror). Ngo umsebenzi umsebenzi akuyona ubuswa kabusha ngokoqobo, futhi ukudluliswa nakho ephathelene nayo. Ngezenzo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene yokukhuluma - kuyihaba, bulukhuni nobe yokuncishiswa, offset.

Expressionism e umculo - yini lokhu?

Abaqambi Bengilokhu inesifiso entsha futhi engaziwa. Noma we nangenkathi babe abaculi 'ababendawonye usesikhathini ", futhi ngaphansi kwethonya izitayela ezintsha yobuciko wavula futhi baye basungula indlela yabo ngezindlela zomculo yokukhuluma.

Expressionism e umculo - a "psychogram umphefumulo womuntu." Ngakho uthi sefilosofi German Theodor Adorno. Noma yimuphi isiko, amafomu zakudala komculo, Ukubukeka nezinye esisemthethweni imikhawulo izitayela (Classicism, Romanticism, Rococo) Expressionism e umculo bhunkula it futhi sici esiyinhloko.

The main esebenzisa inkulumo

• Izinga okwedlulele dissonance ngokuvumelana.
• Ukungasiqondi usayizi isigqi zakudala umculo.
• Intermittence, nokucija, ephukile umugqa namanothi.
• ngezikhawu Cijela futhi nonstandard kanye ukulele.
• Edlulayo umculo Tempo ngokucijile futhi kungalindelekile.
• Ukungabi khona mode ezinkulu-ezincane ejwayelekile - Awe-Atonality.
• Esikhundleni vocal wezinsimbi futhi okuphambene nalokho.
• Njengoba ezothatha isikhundla ukucula inkulumo, ukuhlebeza, zimemeza.
• nangezindlela Irregular futhi engavamile ngo isigqi.

Expressionism e umculo yekhulu lama-20

Ukuvela ohlangothini olusha e umculo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kuye kwaholela ushintsho oqinile umbono walo. Expressionism e umculo - lena Ukuhamba kusuka ifomu classical komkhiqizo, usayizi, tonalities kanye evumelanayo. Lezi izindlela ezintsha nkulumo ngokuthi Awe-Atonality (ukudedelwa logic of the classic mode ezinkulu-ezincane), dodecaphony (inhlanganisela amathoni nambili), amasu amasha ukucula emisebenzini vocal (inkulumo, ukucula, ziyanyenyezelana, ukumemeza), ziye zaholela kungenzeka eqondile "umphefumulo wakhe Inkulumo "(Adorno).

Umqondo expressionism zomculo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ngenxa Okwesibili saseVienna School (saseVienna) kanye negama umqambi Austria Arnold Schoenberg. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala neyesibili kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, Schoenberg nabafundi bakhe Alban Berg kanye Anton Webern beka iinsekelo isiqondiso nokubhala eziningi imisebenzi e isitayela esisha. Futhi ngo-1910 edala imisebenzi yakhe ngokukhamuluka ukuthambekela Impressionism bomculo ezifana:

• Paul Hindemith.
• Igor Stravinsky.
• Bela Bartok.
• Ernst Krenek.

umculo okusha iye yabangela nemizwelo eminingi ebuhlungu futhi igagasi ukugxekwa phakathi umphakathi. Abaningi bacabanga Expressionist Abaqambi bomculo elisabisayo esabisa kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo ezitholakala kuso Ekujuleni yenkani nezimfihlakalo.

umqondo

Expressionism e umculo bomculo ezitholakala isipiliyoni subjective egqamile futhi oyingozi, imizwelo yabantu oyedwa. Izihloko yesizungu, ukucindezeleka, ukudideka, ukwesaba, ubuhlungu, usizi nokuphelelwa ithemba - lokho into esemqoka ukuthi abaculi wafuna ukuveza imisebenzi yabo. buviyoviyo Voice, akukho imiculo, amavesi Dissonant, kuzuba abukhali futhi ezingezwani, isigqi wahlukana futhi tempo, nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene okungajwayelekile, alternation ukwabelana abanamandla nababuthaka, ukusetshenziswa okungezona ezijwayelekile amathuluzi (kwirejista nontraditional e Ensemble ababezibheka) - zonke lezi imibono adaliwe ukuveza imizwa kanye ukuvezwa umphefumulo umqambi sika.

Abaqambi - Expressionists

Abamele expressionism e umculo - kuyinto:

• Arnold Schoenberg (ingoma umjikelezo "Pierrot Lunaire," monodrama "Ilinde", cantata "A Owasinda waseWarsaw", the opera "UMose no-Aroni," "Ode kuya Napoleon").

• Ernst Krenek (opera "Orfeo Euridice" opera "Johnny strumming").

• Bela Bartok ( "Sonata", "Okokuqala Piano Concerto", "Okwesithathu Piano Concerto", "Umculo Strings, nesigubhu futhi Celesta", "The Rite of Spring", "I Mandarin Ngokuyisimangaliso 'neminye imisebenzi).

• Paul Hindemith (owodwa-isenzo opera "umbulali, Ithemba Abesifazane", upiyano suite "1922").

• Igor Stravinsky ( "Renard", "The Wedding", "The Nightingale," "I Firebird," "Petrushka" futhi neminye imisebenzi eminingi).

• Gustav Mahler (ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kamuva, "Iculo Zomhlaba" futhi sidle Symphony Weshumi).

• Alban Berg ( "Wozzeck" opera).

• Anton Webern (Five Yezinsimbi Pieces, String Trio, 'iNgcwelengcwele', kontata "amehlo Khanyisa").

• Richard Strauss (opera "Elektra" futhi "USalome").

Chamber umculo isitayela expressionism

Kwenzeka kanjalo ukuba isikole Schoenberg ihamba kude ayisisekelo amafomu Symphonic, futhi kungenziwa expressionism e umculo ebonakala. Izithombe egumbini umculo (esisodwa insimbi, Duets, quartets noma quintets kanye wezinsimbi encane) kule isitayela zivamile okuningi. Schoenberg babekholelwa ukuthi indlela yakhe - Awe-Atonality - kungahlali kahle ngemisebenzi omkhulukazi futhi esibanzi.

School saseVienna - kuba incazelo ezahlukene umculo. Chaos, ingokomoya, nokungena komoya omutjha wokuthanda iqiniso wokuphila ngaphandle embellishment kanye kukhathazeka babé isisekelo yokukhuluma wobuciko. Ukubhujiswa namanothi okusungulile ithoni ezahlukene - ekuhlubukeni umbono owamukelekayo yobuciko - njalo kwavusa intukuthelo phakathi a baxgeki nezimpikiswano. Nokho, lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa bomculo Okwesibili saseVienna ukuthola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi inani elikhulu abalaleli.