Izinsimbi Ezinezintambo wakhothama: incazelo iqembu

Ngesisekelo Symphony Orchestra kuyinto iqembu elise isikhungo, kwesokudla phambi izilaleli kanye umqhubi. Lokhu ezinezintambo amathuluzi ekhotheme. umthombo umsindo umucu isixwayisi. Ukwahlukanisa Hornbostelya Sachs-ezinezintambo amathuluzi ekhotheme ngokuthi chordophones. Lapho ama-violin ezimbili, viola kanye cello ukudlala ndawonye, unayo quartet string. Lokhu ekamelweni umculo string zomculo ezinezintambo.

ababengaphambi

basses Double, cellos, violas futhi violin babe ngisho hhayi Kwaqale kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe viola, okuyinto kwaduma ngekhulu nanhlanu. Umsindo waso yayithambile, umnene, ngakho ngokushesha ngaba darling zonke weqembu lomculo wezinsimbi. Ezinezintambo ekhotheme amathuluzi, njengoba enjalo, wabonakala isikhathi eside ngaphambi violas, kodwa noma kunjalo kukhona kakhulu kunaye bekha amathuluzi.

Umnsalo yasungulwa e-India, ngisho namaGreki asendulo angazanga ngakho. Arabhu, amaPheresiya, Afrika lidlule ke kusukela kwelinye izwe njengoba baton, futhi kancane kancane (ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili), umnsalo wafika Europe. Kube kwakhiwa ezinezintambo amathuluzi ekhotheme, okuyinto, ukushintsha, wabeletha viola lokuqala, i-violin bese.

viola

Viola babe lobehlukene futhi kusukela ezahlukene eziphakeme amazwi, abanye kwabemi phakathi kwamadolo akhe, elinye - ngamadolo akhe, nabanye - emikhulu - wema ebhentshini futhi kwakudingeka ukwazi ukudlala nokuma. Kwakukhona viola encane, ayeba njengoba violin ehlombe lakhe. Viola da Gamba sisekhona ababedlala izinsimbi, yena unomusa kakhulu futhi emuhle 'izwi. " Yena victoriously yayikhona kuze ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, bese ezinye isikhathi cello wahlabelela iqembu lakhe. Kuphela 1905 uViola da Gamba emculweni wabuya. Ezinezintambo ekhotheme zomculo ahlanganiswe kakhulu umsindo wabo ne ukubuya kwakhe.

Ngokuvamile, uViola isikhathi eside babe aristocrats lamukeleke kangcono: banawo ezijabulisayo, efana umsindo kuphelelwa umfutho, umculo umsindo organically ngekhandlela, lapho abaculi e velvet izivatho futhi wigs oluyimpuphu. violin Folk Okokuqala umculo iwine, ngakho izigodlo kanye salon ka eside zabo abavunyelwanga ukungena, lapho wabusa a viol futhi lute.

umculo Viola sika Yenziwe izinto eziyigugu kakhulu futhi babe futhi enhle kakhulu, ngisho amakhanda zazivame kwezobuciko ziqoshwe imifanekiso yezimbali, izinhloko izilwane noma abantu.

amakhosi

Ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu, nge obhekwe violin, nomqangala futhi violovye izingcweti waqala ukubuyisela ngoba njengoba Fairground Folk amathuluzi esikhundleni Izicukuthwane ubudala, ngoba kwadingeka amathuba amaningi kukhishwe umsindo, ekhululekile futhi ngobuchwepheshe onekhono. Ngo Cremona, afike wasungula khona iSikhungo esikoleni odumile Andrea Amati, owaba sitholwa njengefa. Umzukulu wakhe u-ngakwazi ukwenza violin imizamo kabani okungavamile uzwakale nokufudumala, umsungulo futhi ezihlukahlukene ithoni igcinwe.

Violin baba bakwazi bonke: ukuveza imizwa yabantu nokuthi ngisho ukulingisa intonations we ngelizwi lomuntu. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, omunye master - Antonio Stradivari, umfundi Nicolo Amati, livula eshabhu lakhe siqu futhi benza kahle. Futhi esivelele kwakuyi-master futhi Dzhuzeppe Gvarneri, abenyukela violin umklamo omusha, neliphelele kunalelo. Zonke lezi abafunda isikole umndeni, kunjalo baqhubeka, futhi izingane nabazukulu. Lenza hhayi kuphela i-violin, kodwa nayo yonke eminye ezinezintambo amathuluzi ekhotheme.

Amagama amathuluzi wezinsimbi

Irejista esiphezulu string umnsalo has a violin, futhi aphansi - bass. Eduzane umsindo violin - ngezansi nje - umsindo alto, ngisho aphansi - cello. ezakheke zonke izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ekhotheme liyafana sibalo womuntu, kodwa letingemasayizi lahlukene.

Ezezindlu violin has onezitezi ezimbili - engenhla nengezansi, owokuqala wenziwe Maple kanye nezinye ukudla. Lokho emphemeni unesibopho ikhwalithi ngamandla umsindo. Kutholwe esiqongweni slot abacaphuni - f-izimbobo futhi ibukeke uhlamvu "f". Ukuze umzimba entanyeni enamathiselwe (lapho "ukusebenzisa" iminwe we-violin), ngokuvamile ezenziwe ebony, phezu kwawo izintambo - zozine. Banamathele emaphekisi, ezimazombe kanye edonsa kubo. Nangu ukuphakama kwamaphaphu umsindo incike violin amashuni ivayolini, Twirling eqhekeza.

Idlalwa kanjani kubo

Alt violin emikhulu, nakuba nje kugcina ehlombe lakhe. Cello nakakhulu, ukudlala ke ehlezi esihlalweni, ukuhlela ithuluzi phansi phakathi kwezinyawo zakhe. Bass kungaphezu ubukhulu cello, bass isidlali njalo idlala bemile, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile, ihlala khona esitulweni okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Bow - induku izinkuni, owawusuka obukhulu ihhashi izinwele, okuyinto ke nivame rosin - zikaphayini resin. Khona-ke bow kancane inamathela string futhi kanjani idonsele kanye. Iyunithi isidlidliza futhi ngoba kuzwakala. Zonke amathuluzi ezinezintambo ekhotheme Symphony Orchestra usebenza ngalendlela. Lapho amaphuzu adingekayo entsanjeni umnsalo, ungakwazi ukukhipha abahluthula alalelwayo (pizzicato), ngisho hit ingxenye sokhuni umnsalo.

alto

Viola ibukeka ifana kakhulu violin, wavele kancane ebanzi futhi isikhathi eside, kodwa ngamazwi ekhethekile wakhe, uzwakale ephansi futhi mkhulu. Akuwona wonke violin udlale viola icala e ngamashumi amane anamathandathu ngamasentimitha eside, yebo, plus entanyeni. Iminwe kumelwe babe namandla futhi eside, ibhulashi ububanzi futhi eliqinile. Futhi-ke, badinga uzwela ekhethekile. Zonke lezi zimfanelo ndawonye ngempela ezingavamile.

Nakuba bomculo viola akuyona njengoba othandwayo lonke iqembu ekhotheme zomculo ezinezintambo, kubalulekile kakhulu lomculo wezinsimbi. Uma udlala uwedwa, isibonelo, Yuriy Bashmet, ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba kwensimbi ikakhulukazi wazizwa.

cello

Alikho ithuluzi ngaphezulu ingashintshwa ukuze ziveze imizwa efana yosizi, ukudabuka, ukudumala, ngisho nokuphelelwa ithemba. Cello has a izwi Ukubhoboza umphefumulo ngamazwi eyinqaba, akekho omunye ithuluzi akathandi. Aleksandr Ukusineka kuqhathaniswa "Scarlet Ulibangisa" ivayolini yayo nge intombazane okumsulwa okuthiwa Assol kanye cello - ne uCarmen abanothando. Ngempela, cello kuyinto sokudlulisa sijule kakhulu imizwelo enamandla futhi uhlamvu egqamile.

Cello ekhiqizwa kanyekanye ne-violin babe amakhosi okuqala kakhulu, kodwa saphelela ngu Antonio Stradivari. Leli thuluzi isikhathi eside abazange bakuqaphele ababedlala izinsimbi, kokushiya wakhe ukusekela iqembu, kodwa lapho Izwi liyezwakala ngempela eziningi abaqambi Ubhale oyedwa kanye ekamelweni umculo for cello futhi abadlali ngokuya phelelisa inqubo ukudlala lo mshini.

contrabass

Lona aphansi-ezinezintambo ithuluzi wakhothama phezu irejista. Ifomu ku bass ivayolini efana kakhulu: umzimba ezitshekile, emahlombe flat ngokumelene entanyeni. Umsindo lakhe elinamandla, ocebile, ompofu, futhi i-orchestra Akuzwakali kuyinto enhle ngaphandle bass, ngakho bass kukhona nje Irreplaceable. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka asinde kulokhu kugula cishe kunoma iyiphi orchestra - ngisho jazz. Kuyinto esisemqoka.

Uma siqhathanisa amaphuzu wezinsimbi ne emzimbeni womuntu, bass - kuba skeleton lapho, ngokulandelana, "inyama" - ihambisana harmonic kanye umugqa namanothi - "isikhumba", kuyacaca kubo bonke. Uma sicabange ukuthi amathambo endoda umzimba isusiwe, kwenzekani? Yebo, isaka shapeless. Yilokho izidingo ezifanayo nebhesi kuso usalokhu. Yini string & umnsalo amathuluzi uzokwazi ukugcina isigqi wonke-orchestra? Kuphela basses.

violin

Ezinezintambo ekhotheme amathuluzi zibhekwa ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu ke indlovukazi lapho violin uyacula, nabanye kungaba kuphela ukucula kanye. Umsindo esithathwayo nendlela zobuqili, lokho ayikho enye ithuluzi kuleli qembu akazi ukuthi. Bow nge kanzima, anolaka, behhashi anolaka, rosin yashizi - cishe kufayela ngoba rosin eqinile wafafaza powder. Uthingo kuziwa strings, izinduku ngokushesha ukudansela isiginci sakhe yezinhlamvu, kangakanani Kwanele umswakama waso, bese kuziwa off, ukuze ngokushesha unamathele futhi. Nangu ukunyakaza string - ngisho nalapho ukudansela isiginci sakhe ngomnsalo, kanye sinusoidal kwi ukubuya - khiqiza ngamazwi ahlukile.

Okuningi nenhlonipho ku- ezifana: kwezinye amathuluzi, isiginci, isibonelo, izintambo azixhunywe phezu Sills kanzima metal, kuyilapho i-violin bancika ukhuni, ukuma esikhundleni eliwumkhehlekhehle ukuthi siyahlukahluka umdlalo nhlangothi zombili, futhi lezi iyehla iyenyuka lidlulisela zonke izintambo, ngisho yokuthi uthingo sikhathalela. Ngakho konke okuhilelekile olwalusikisela ngokulambisa lizwakale kunezelwa ukuthi nakakhulu kuthuthukisa umsindo insimbi.

amathuba ithuluzi

Buviyoviyo inkululeko violin umsindo nje engapheli. Ngeke nje ukucula, kodwa futhi ashaye ikhwelo ngazo, futhi ukulingisa umnyango creaking nezinyoni ngitshiyoza. Futhi uma ku sethelevishini sabonisa Apreli Fool Humorina lapho violin bayabukana sengathi bafuna ukuhleka izilaleli kokulingisa umdlalo ezihluke ngokuphelele umculo. Ngokwesibonelo, illegible umphathi izwi esiteshini, ngokumemezela ukufika ngesitimela. Igama elithi "pavtaryaaaayu" violin ukhuze ziyethusa. Buciko kwaleli thuluzi kuncike kakhulu ku-izinga kokuzwa oPhethe, futhi ukuqeqeshwa Kufanele ibe mide. Hhayi ize nezwe, izingane ziqala ukufunda kusenesikhathi ungagcina ezintathu noma ezine eminyakeni ukuze uthole Chile ehloniphekile.