Eugenics: okungukuthi, kwencazelo izinkinga futhi imigomo wesayensi

Ekupheleni XlX ekuqaleni XX isayensi ekhulwini kuyanda. Nokusakazwa "The Origin of Species," Darwin wabhala emuva ngo-1859, sathengisa e ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, futhi mpikiswano mayelana kwemvelo yezindlela kanye amathuba ukuthonya ke akuphelanga okwesikhashana. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, ososayensi baye uye wakwenza wafunda indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ziningi izindawo emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, ezinye zazo ukunikela nethonya asebenzayo ngenkambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Eugenics - kuyini?

Kuwo wonke umlando walo, isintu siye wasebenzisa Ukukhetha ukuthuthukisa ezithela yezolimo kanye ukukhiqiza izilwane. Ngakho, umlando eugenics elisuka isifiso somuntu kakhulu ukukhulisa ukusebenza hhayi kuphela izilwane, kodwa futhi bohlobo lwazo.

A isiyalo elalinikezelwe izimiso zokuhle ngokwesayensi XlX ekhulwini engazange abe khona, ngakho indima uyisivalo main nezithiyo ekuthuthukiseni lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa yabusa Church, okuyinto ngenkuthalo wagxeka yimuphi umzamo ukuba angenelele odabeni ilungiselelo sokudalwa saphezulu.

Ngakho, inqubo yama-eugenics Umqondo uwukuthi wenze ukukhetha ngokukhomba ekuphuculeni lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa, ukuzivocavoca ukulawula abantwana kwesibopho somshado.

Ukuthandwa nedumela ezingabazisayo

Emashumini eminyaka yokuqala yekhulu XX kwaba zithandwa kakhulu kangangokuba ezinye izifunda waqala ukuzindla ahlaziye ukusebenza nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo ayo ayinhloko. aphethwe Ngakho inyunyana isayensi German lobuNazi ne-eugenics. Kwakuthinta ngaphansi kombuso wamaNazi Uthole ukusabalala obunyantisayo kakhulu izinyathelo ezifana ophoqelelwe inzalo ukulinga abantu futhi ukubhujiswa amaqembu wonke obonwa Uhulumeni engathandeki.

Kodwa-eugenics imithetho Kwasetshenziswa kude le eJalimane lobuNazi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States ngo-ezinye izifunda abampofu nabantu IQ ongaphakeme siphethe umvuzo ukudlula inzalo yokuzithandela. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi abantu izici ezingathandeki kungalimaza echibini isakhi sofuzo ka kakhulu yokuthi kokuba izingane.

Okokuqala, eugenics - isayensi etadisha Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, into eyinhloko okuyinto umuntu. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukuzivocavoca ukulawula le Ukukhetha yilezi: okubizwa ngokuthi eugenics omuhle igxile ekhuthaza imishado eziletha abantwana abazalwa izici ethandwa; zofuzo negative kusekelwe ukukhishwa kwezingane zizalwe zinokukhubazeka okungathi zentuthuko noma izici ezingathandeki ukuze umphakathi. With ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe yezokwelapha ku arsenal zokuxilonga eugenics babe zindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, ezifana ukuhlolwa zofuzo kanye ultrasound ukuhlola.

ukubuyela eugenics

Iyini imigomo eugenics, kuyacaca uma sibheka inkinga ngokubheka izinto esezidlulile empilweni. Eyokuqala ukuqonda ukubaluleka leli gama. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi igama lesiGreki uhumusha cishe ngokuthi "nobly ozalwa." Yavela kanjalo-ke imfundiso yama-eugenics. Kuyini Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, kwaba sobala ngo-1883, lapho usosayensi F. UGalton enyathelisa incwadi yakhe eliyisisekelo "Ucwaningo okwenziwa umuntu nokuthuthukiswa zabo."

The main ukwesekwa-ososayensi eugenicists kwaba imibono yokuzimisela zofuzo. Ingqikithi izimfundiso UGalton kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo noma imfundo akuyona ngokuphelele ezithinta indlela umuntu aziphatha, kodwa nendima evelele kuyinto ufuzo ukuthi inquma kuhlanganise nokuziphatha emphakathini.

Lapho kunyatheliswa umqulu sale ncwadi, udwendwe lokunqoba eugenics amayunivesithi eYurophu. isayensi okusha uye wathola indawo imvelo zezemfundo.

Eugenics njengoba isayensi. eziyisisekelo

Ngo-1907, iBrithani sidalwe UGalton Society ngaleso sikhathi, lapho eba izinhlinzeko zoMthetho isayensi entsha yokuqonda kanye search for amathuluzi uzisebenzise umkhuba. E-US, umphakathi efanayo wafika ngo-1921 futhi yaqanjwa American eugenics Society.

Umlando eugenics kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomqondo kaDarwin kwezenhlalo, ogxile yokuthi amakilasi abathile kuphela futhi ekilasini, kanye nabantu ngezici ezithile anthropological uyakufanelekela ukuqhubeka nemindeni yabo.

Eugenics izimiso zokuhle esekelwe yokuthi abantu bazalwa belingana, kuphela okufanelekelayo kakhulu liyoba nelungelo ukulawula Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwaphazamiseka inqubo zokuzala. Ngakho, inqubo yama-eugenics - isayensi etadisha Ukukhetha komuntu.

ukugxekwa ababephila ngesikhathi

Naphezu mashi kwesigijimi isayensi entsha emayunivesithi namahhovisi kahulumeni, akubona bonke nezihlakaniphi zigcinwe izindlela zalo. A abaphikisi okuqina kwemikhuba eugenics babe umbhali Chesterton, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu American uLester Lesigceme, kanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo Fisher no JBS Haldane, owaveza ukungabaza ukuthi inzalo "defectives" kungaholela ukushabalala labantu zezici engadingeki.

Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu futhi enamandla ekamu nabaphikisi esingaguquguquki kokuvala ngenkani futhi Ukukhetha yokufakelwa lalinabashumayeli abameleli izinhlangano zenkolo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni, abanye abaholi benkolo ngesithakazelo isayensi entsha emva 1930 ukwesekwa iphelile. Njengoba imithetho emelene ukusetshenziswa eugenics wakhuluma uPapa Pius XL, okuyinto obekwe ngokukhanyayo wokuthi iziphathimandla zezwe Awunalo ilungelo lokuphenya bachithe izidumbu zezikhonzi zabo.

NobuNazi uphinde wehlise izinga zocwaningo

izinkinga idumela e-eugenics njengoba isayensi waqala ngo-1930, lapho isazi sezakhi zofuzo amaNazi Ernst Rudin wathatha ukuyisebenzisa ukuze bathethelele amacala sokubusa kwamaNazi. Ngesikhathi kwacaca kakade mayelana nendlela engokwemvelo Ukukhetha imisebenzi, futhi-eugenics. Kuyini imithi amaNazi kuyokhanya ngemva kwesikhashana, kodwa lobu budlelwano irrevocably kungonakalisa idumela isayensi eugenics.

Ngasekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II-eugenics idumela bekulimele unaphakade. umfanekiso elimangalisayo ukuvela ngomhla izindlela Ukukhetha yokufakelwa indaba by HG Wells, umsekeli esingaguquguquki kokuvala ngenkani waphenduka engamashumi amathathu walilwela okuqina amalungelo esintu. Ikakhulukazi, ethi akekho umuntu unelungelo ukukhubaza umuntu, kungakhathaliseki kungase kube nzima kangakanani isifo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, umphakathi kufanele ukumnakekela. Kodwa, naphezu kokuphikiswa kabi kwamanye amalungu omphakathi eSweden, isibonelo, ophoqelelwe castration "engaphelele 'kwenziwa kuze 1976.

Ukuvuselelwa isithakazelo

Emva ukuchayeka zobugebengu laseJalimane lobuNazi liphefumulelwe ucwaningo lwama-eugenics, isayensi idumela kwaba, kwakubonakala spoilt ngokuphelele. Nokho, ngemva lokulibala eside isithakazelo ucwaningo wabuyela nocwaningo theory ku ufuzo elisanda savuka, kodwa ngendlela zofuzo ehloniphekayo.

A siphephelo entsha yama-eugenics revolution babe-United States, lapho kukhona inombolo ezanele ucwaningo izikhungo zobuchwepheshe ezihilelekile-genetic engineering, cloning futhi uphethwe kokubeletha, okuyinto linendawo ekhethekile kulo mkhakha ngokwesayensi. Ngakho umqondo eugenics baye baqhubeka genetic engineering.

Ngo-2003, uTania Simoncelli, owayesebenza ngesikhathi Umsizi Umqondisi wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza ngesikhathi uhulumeni wase-US, wathi zofuzo uphethwe prenatatsionnaya kuvula enkathini entsha yama-eugenics, okuyinto, ngokungafani amaNazi, akufanele ukukhonza njengephayona amafilosofi misanthropic, futhi uphendula funa zabantu abavamile.

nokuvuselelwa umzimba

Isazi sezinto eziphila kuleli British yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uRichard Dawkins wathi esihlokweni sephephandaba ngo-2006 ukuthi eugenics - isayensi esizayo. Wabuye wathi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi isayensi esetshenziswa ukusizakala abaholi amaNazi, luthela yethunzi uvinjelwe amashumi eminyaka ucwaningo umgomo kule ndawo.

Umcwaningi Wanezela ukuthi, ngokombono wakhe, le ndlela akuhlukile kangako kusukela yokuzalanisa ezolimo. Yiqiniso, e yakhe usosayensi ukulungisiswa indlela eugenics kusekelwe yokuthi kusukela esikhathini sokubusa kwamaNazi, le izimiso isayensi akusho yima unganyakazi futhi bakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi kunzima futhi ukusiza ukuthola isixazululo ezimweni edidayo.

Nokho Dawkins indlela kakhulu iyahluka kwenye ezazingaphambi kwayo. Akazange nje inikeza ukuthonya umphumela sokukhulelwa, futhi bahlanganyele Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, abaningi waphikelela ngokuthi eugenics kuyosiza umuntu ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana yena. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva othola ukuhlolwa zofuzo abazali ngeke ukuchitha isikhathi on ukufunda umculo wengane uma ukuhlolwa ungabonisi amakhono afanele. Kulindeleke ukuthi lokhu kuhlola kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa impumelelo kwezemidlalo, uma abantu bayasazi namandla nobuthakathaka babo. Ngokusho Dawkins, ikhambi izinkinga eziningi ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla kungaba ngezakhi futhi eugenics.

Kuyini ukubandlulula, inikeza ukukhumbula International Bioethics iKomidi, elimalungu alo bakholelwa ukuthi le ndlela, kusivulela ithuba lokuba ukubandlulula kanye ukucwaswa, abumbe ngokuncibilikisa ukungalethembi abantu balingane jikelele.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eugenics yesimanje ugwema ukuqhathanisa kanye nemikhuba kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isebenzisa amazwi athi "zofuzo ekuzaleni" uzibekela futhi "ukukhetha germinal" Eqinisweni, lapho kuqhutshwa lezi zifundo bayingxenye zizalela womuntu.

Omunye ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zokwelapha ezivamile namuhla - Ukuhlolwa kokubeletha - kungabuye kubhekwa njengendlela uhlobo ukuqaliswa indlela eugenics. Kusuka umbono wezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa okunjalo olungavimba ukuzalwa kwengane ne ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo ezinzima nezifo sitholwa njengefa.

eugenics Zanamuhla: izinkinga Ukusebenza

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngobunzima ekwenziweni izindlela Ukuhlolwa zofuzo eugenicists wathi ngo-1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, owayekholelwa ukuthi izici zobuntu ayikwazi badlula, wadla ifa, ezifana ezithile ukuthi propensity zodlame nobugebengu ingadlulela kusuka abazali nezingane, futhi sabonisa, ukuthi ifa kwenzeka nomphakathi ngokusebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa kunokuba ngokusebenzisa izici zofuzo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhuluma imiphumela kugcinwa izimpukane ezazibonisa ukuthi ezintweni ezingezinhle - efana pair esingeziwe amehlo futhi ngezidladla - avele izithelo izimpukane hhayi kuphela ngenxa ifa, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokwanda koshintsho.

Nokho, namuhla, isayensi yama-eugenics ithembele kubuchwepheshe kangcono. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ukuthi imibhangqwana hamba phambi lokukhulelwa ingane kungacacisa ukuthi noma ngabe ingozi yokuba ingane nge ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo khona, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuba azale zimo. Kodwa futhi mayelana test zobuchwepheshe ayikwazi wathi ngoba kunikeza ukuvikeleka ngokuphelele esiphambekweni: kuba khona imibhangqwana iye yanquma namanje okukhulelwa ingane naphezu ukuhlolwa yi negative, wazala izingane enempilo.

Ukulahlekelwa ukwehluka zofuzo

Izakhi, kuhlanganise yokuziphendukela kwemvelo biology izazi okuzwakalisa inhlabamkhosi ngenxa yokuthi overreliance ngenqubomgomo abakhethayo kungaholela amanyala ka inani labantu, njengoba nje inani labantu okonakele abahlala izindawo ezincane kakhulu noma akulezi ziqhingi.

Edward Miller ungibelesela ngokuthi iyiphi isizukulwane kumele inikezwe ithuba kufaka kancane sandla enanini nohlobo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa futhi uveza ukuthi ngisho izenzakalo ezingase zibonakale kithi ezimbi, ekugcineni kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa begazi.

Ukuphikiswa eugenics

izimbangi Iningi eugenics aveze ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhle kangakanani izinhloso abacwaningi, ekugcineni yonke lokhu kuzoholela izenzo kuphambene izimiso zokuhle. Izenzo ezinjalo nezitha eugenics zibandakanya ophoqelelwe inzalo, ukubandlulula zofuzo, ukuhlukaniswa futhi mhlawumbe kohlanga.

Ephephabhukwini lakhe kwesidoda phezu kwemvelo Lori Endryus uthi ukuhlukunyezwa kungenzeka ukuba angenelele odabeni Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyoholela ukuvela kwezindaba posthuman okuthiwa, okungase lingafani wesimanje isethi ezingalindelekile yezimfanelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhuthaza ukuba iphazamise izinqubo lasisekelo ezifana yokuguga nobude besikhathi sokuphila, okuyinto nje nesithakazelo eugenics.

Kuyini ukuphila komuntu? Lisho ukuthini nokuthi ingabe umuntu angathatha ngendima umdali? Lezi zinkinga asethwe Izazi eziningi zezimiso zobuchwepheshe. Phendula okwamanje, kunezindlela eziningi, kodwa ingabe akubonakali yini ekholisa, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha uzobe ukulwa angaphezu kwelilodwa isizukulwane izazi zezinto eziphilayo, izazi zezimiso zokuziphatha, zefilosofi nezenkolo. inkinga eugenics lingabafanele usukhokhe ukunakwa kakhulu.