Color ubumpumputhe - Iyini? Ukuhlolwa lombala ngobumpumputhe. ilayisensi, nombala ubumpumputhe yokushayela

Ngisho noma ungakaze uhlangane nomuntu ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa yimuphi umbala, kumele ukuthi ubumpumputhe umbala - iyisifo ezivamile ezikhathini zanamuhla. Phakathi abakhileyo iplanethi kungaba ibala lesikhumba akuzona abantu kuphela. izilwane eziningi "abanikazi" umbala ubumpumputhe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkunzi abangalwazi obomvu izilwane ezidla ezinye nezinzima njengamabhongo ezingonyama futhi amahlosi, eyaziwa kuphela eziluhlaza kanye green. Ngokufanayo azibonayo imibala amakati nezinja. Walruses, imikhomo namahlengethwa musa ukuhlukanisa imibala kanye ngibone umhlaba wakhe omnyama nomhlophe.

Kungani zonke imibala iso etholakalayo?

I-retina ehlweni lomuntu - uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, umzimba multifactorial ithuluzi, oguqula umfutho ukukhanya futhi likuvumela ukuthi ubone into njengoba injalo ngqo kanye nazo zonke shades umbala. Ilungiselelwe nge Izigaxa ukukhanya-sensitive equkethe sombala obhekene yencazelo umbala. Kubantu, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu inzwa yokukhanya elise kuyi-retina, ngokuthi Izigaxa. Endabeni ngayinye - isethi ezithile amaprotheni zombala. Ukukhuluma ulimi nesayensi, ngasinye salezi Izigaxa unesibopho bezibona othize: shades abomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Esimweni lapho omunye iqoqo amaprotheni zombala engekho, nayo Umuntu ulahlekelwa nekhono lokuqonda umbala ethile. Ngo operation evamile, womathathu izinzwa muntu oqondayo kwesigidi shades umbala, kodwa ezimbili - (izikhathi 100 ngaphansi) 10 000 kuphela. Color ubumpumputhe - ukuphambuka kusuka evamile lapho iphazamiseke okungenani oyedwa inzwa yokukhanya.

Abantu abakhuluphele umbala abayizimpumputhe, cishe cha perceive imibala, kodwa ingaze ukukhanya umbala noma amathoni, abandayo noma efudumele. Ibala lesikhumba musa njalo bazi ngalesi sifo futhi awuboni khona ukungaboni kwabo ngaso bezibona imizwa yabanye abantu. Lokhu kuwasiza ukuba inkumbulo. Lokho inkumbulo nokukhanya ubavumele ukuba wahlulele umbala ethile futhi ukuqhathanisa nomunye Iphalethi.

Izinhlobo umbala ubumpumputhe

Ngo ubumpumputhe umbala kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu at lokuzalwa Izigaxa umbala engaphansi kwemithathu. Ngakho, iqembu abantu kombala:

• trichromats (evamile, bonke Izigaxa ezintathu zemibala amaprotheni umsebenzi e-retina).

• dichromate (ezisebenza Izigaxa ezimbili kuphela; unenkinga eqaphela shades eziningi).

Kuyinto ukuphambuka likalwa ezingeni Dzhon Dalton, semvelo English owokuqala owachaza lesi yobulukhuni imizwa yabo kusukela iphuzu zesayensi of umbono. Wayemane nje iphathwa dichromates iqembu lapho abomvu green zibonakala njengoba ehlukene nsundu futhi ephuzi. umsebenzi yokuqala umbala ubumpumputhe D. Dalton wabhala ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII.

• monochromat (usebenza uhlobo olulodwa kuphela Isigaxa, kuleso simo isheke lombala ubumpumputhe ebonisa ukuthi cishe imibala abantu abazi izwe lisemandleni omnyama nomhlophe ngabo).

trichromats normal

Kukhona ngeziphambeko kanye nabantu abakuphila-retina unikeza zonke izinzwa ezintathu ukukhanya, futhi, esibonakala, yonke imibala kufanele athathwe. Le nkinga ingase amanga ukwehluleka okuthiwa umbala. Iqiniso liwukuthi, kuhle, ukuzwela ekukhanyeni we izinzwa iso endaweni ukuthi banesibopho bezibona umbala othile kumelwe kuyendlulela nomunye, ngempela nombala. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo iso ukuze abone ukubona izimpawu ezifihlekile e aphuma ngombala owodwa kuya kwenye, kusukela blue oluhlaza, kusuka eluhlaza kuya ephuzi, kusukela ephuzi ukuze orange futhi. Lapho nozwela shift zone (esikhulu komunye nomunye), ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala uxabana, shades egqinsiwe, imibala ahlanzekile fade. Ubuchopho Ufika udidekile futhi uqala ukukhomba abanye imibala njengoba grey elula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umbono emithathu umbala ongaphilile.

azalwa naso umbala ubumpumputhe

ukungakwazi esinqunyiwe noma ephelele ukuhlukanisa imibala - a zokugula ka (lingandile kangako) lezinceku noma kuluthola.

lezinceku colorblindness - ifa esikhubazayo elihlobene ne-pathology we-X chromosome, ngakho ngokuvamile isifo zizuzwe kusukela unina womfana.

Njengoba kwaziwa kahle bungu zesifazane - naphakathi chromosome amabii X. Kodwa evamile kombala impela X chromosome enempilo. On isimo lamantombazane sisebenza kuphela esimweni lapho ubumpumputhe umbala kuthinta kokubili umama nobaba. Kodwa kulokhu, ngokuvumelana nemithetho zofuzo, colorblindness e sabesifazane abangakaze-chromosome eyodwa kuphela kusuka isakhi sofuzo ethintekile akuyona ebonakaliswa abathwali angaya Ifa indodana yakhe. Kodwa lokho akusho ngempela kwenzeke. Isakhi umbala ubumpumputhe angadluliselwa ngisho izizukulwane eziningana. Nalapha sabantu besilisa kanengi uwela endaweni eyingozi.

Ngokwezibalo, colorblindness kwabesifazane iqinile kuphela 0.1% amacala. Phakathi kwabantu, umbala ubumpumputhe 8%. Ngo lezinceku isici ubumpumputhe - okungukuthi, njengoba umthetho, lo zokugula kokubili amehlo, hhayi okuqhubekayo nge sikhathi.

Color ubumpumputhe atholwe

Izinto eziyinhloko ezinomthelela yokufuna umbala ubumpumputhe, njalo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ezihlobene noma ilimele ubuchopho noma ukulimala retina esweni. Ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ukuxukuzeka ingane kamuva kungase kube nomthelela kombala. Ngaphezu ebuntwaneni ukuhlukumezeka, nezinye izici ezingathonya yokufuna umbala ubumpumputhe:

• Ukuguga.
• umonakalo iso ngenxa ukuhlukumezeka.
• izifo concomitant ocular (ukufiphala ngwengwezi nabanye.).
• Izidakamizwa eziye kwadingeka imiphumela emibi.

Ukuhlonza Ukugula colorblindness. ukuhlolwa

ubumpumputhe Color - kungcono elinikeziwe enisanda ukuthatha. Akafuni ngayo. Kuyafana njengoba indlebe zomculo: umuntu ayilo bese ongenalo. Kufanele ungalokothi wenze self-ukuxilongwa. Uma uqaphela ukuphambuka e kombala wena noma izingane zakho, udinga ukubona onguchwepheshe. Kukhona izindlela efakazelwe ukunquma umbala ubumpumputhe kanye emehlweni.

1. Hlola Rabkin (ithebula polychromatic).

Ukuhlolela umbala ubumpumputhe kulolu vivinyo Kwenziwa ngokubheka amatafula ezibonisa izinombolo ehlukile noma izincwadi. Efundekayo isithombe ephrintiwe usebenzisa izindawo anemibala, ezifanayo ukuhlukanisa nokukhanya. Umphumela test kuyoba ikhono isivivinyo ukuthola izithombe oyifunayo izinombolo noma izinhlamvu.

2. Hlola Ishihara.

Ukuhlolwa okufanayo ngesimo amatafula, okuvumela ukuchaza ngokunembile ngokulinganisela, degree okunzima umbala ubumpumputhe futhi achromatopsia. Kukhona edition egcwele nalolu vivinyo amatafula 38. Basuke esetshenziswa bamehlo abaqeqeshiwe.

Inguqulo mfushane amatafula 24 asetshenziselwa ukuhlola okusheshayo lapho ukuqasha amahhovisi kamasipala, izikhumulo zezindiza. Kukhona emfushane, edition olukhethekile amatafula 10 izingane pre-school kanye abantu abafundile. Esikhundleni izinhlamvu nezinombolo kulezi amatafula asetshenziswa isithombe ngamajamo weJiyomethri futhi imigqa ehlukene.

Color Blindness futhi umuntu umsebenzi

Ukulinganiselwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlobene umsebenzi OKWAKHETHWA ibala lesikhumba, kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi imikhawulo esebenzayo ubuchwepheshe lapho kukhona umthwalo ukuphila, yakhe noma abanye. Colorblind angeke amukelwe kwezempi akukwazi pilot izindiza, nabashayeli izimoto kwezohwebo kanye bamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalezi ubuchwepheshe ayimpoqo nokuhlolwa odokotela yonyaka, kukhona yokwemukela imisebenzi okhokhelwayo. Uma umuntu phezu ukuhlola kwaveza ubumpumputhe, khona kanye ubungcweti bakhe ngokucijile encishisiwe. Uma bengayiboni, ingase ukuqeqeshwa theory ochwepheshe abasebasha enza umsebenzi wasehhovisi ezihlobene amakhono abo.

Color Blindness futhi ilayisense yokushayela

Uma okuthile ubuchwepheshe ubumpumputhe - isigwebo ke ukuthola izincwadi zokushayela imikhawulo esebenzayo nhlobo. Kubalulekile ukuba nombono professional.

ilayisensi, nombala ubumpumputhe yokushayela - sekwadlula ngempela ahambisanayo, kodwa ngemuva kokuphothulwa kudokotela wezifo zamehlo. udokotela kuphela inquma uhlobo kanye degree of umbala ubumpumputhe, ngenxa yalokho, ugunyaza isiguli ukuphatha imoto siqu. Colorblind ungathola "A" ilayisensi futhi "B", okuyinto nakanjani sibe khona uphawu "Ngaphandle ilungelo ukuze baqashwe."

Ukusiza colorblind

Ososayensi njalo ukunikela "amagajethi" yezokwelapha omusha kungadambisa inkinga ebhekene nabantu abakhubazekile. It kuvela ukuthi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi odokotela abakwazi ukulungisa Isigaxa-izinzwa sebekwazi reprogram ubuchopho ukulungisa bezibona umbala. Namuhla kukhona izibuko ekhethekile abe imicu emincane Spectral nje "ukunquma" lens kanye nemibala obumsulwa bahlukana. Isimiso ukuthuthukisa i-contrast ivumela imibala ebomvu, eziluhlaza kanye green kungukuthi elixutshwe.

Isayensi iye yasiza abaningi colorblind ukubona imibala, ukuba khona lapho ayengazi nakwazi: onsomi, abomvu green 'iyezwakala.