Capital Social: Ngenxa kwezomnotho ukufakwa, isethulo futhi imodeli yokuziphatha kwezomnotho

isingeniso

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, kanye nokuziphatha kwezomnotho sabantu - kulezi zihloko ezifanelekayo Russia ngokomongo kwembulunga yonke. Cinga elilungile ukuthuthukiswa komnotho zici umongo amasiko namagugu yezwe kuyoba Amathrendi wemfanelo global futhi kuzovumela Russia ukuthola indlela yabo ukuthuthukiswa futhi banqobe izithiyo ezisuka isiko abantu abavela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene, ngoba ososayensi baye baba okubalulekile. Ukuziphatha kwezomnotho sabantu, okuyinto ingenye izimo ukhiye we ekuguquleni umphakathi, kubangelwa izindlela ezithile zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo ukwakha zengqondo kwezomnotho kanye netinkholelo, kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokulungisa kubo.

Umqondo yezenhlalakahle dolobha ngesikhathi samanje, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, buhlobene futhi ekuthuthukisweni komnotho, ukwakha zemiphakathi, usekelo yezinguquko kwezombangazwe, kumiswa siqu enhlalakahleni, ukufuduka kanye nezinye izenzakalo (bheka., Isb, Putnam, RD (1996) 'I ukunyamalala ongavamile Civic Melika; inhlokodolobha Social kudalwa capital womuntu 'i-American Journal Sociology, Umq 94' in the American Prospect PP 7-24 Coleman, JC (1988). ': PP 95-S120 nabanye) ... . dolobha Social ngaphezu isitoreji yayo izakhiwo by ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi onikelwe izenzo zabanye f inzuzo ORM capital, isibonelo, abantu noma kwezomnotho. Little eyaziwa ukucabangela yekwakha sive ngaphakathi kohlaka zocwaningo zenhlalo-ezingokwengqondo, lapho umqondo siqondwa okuyinkambiso ubudlelwane, "isiqalo nesigcino ubudlelwano ngokwengqondo ekhuthaza ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo inhlalakahle ngabanye namaqembu, hhayi alimaze nakuletinye tifundvo kohlelo kwezomnotho" (ecashunwe kuyi Tinchubo temasiko kanye tinkhulumo. ukuziphatha kwezomnotho ... 2011, k. 258).

Ukucutshungulwa yekwakha sive njengento esetshenziswayo ngokwengqondo ukuziphatha kwezomnotho imidlalo, ingabe umgomo oyinhloko umsebenzi wethu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukuhlolwa ukuziphatha kwezomnotho kukalwa imibono kwezomnotho kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi, kanye ejwayelekile kakhulu futhi emphakathini kubalulekile namaqembu omphakathi izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwezomnotho - ukuziphatha simo kwezomnotho, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Thina ukusungula umbono ezincwadini ucwaningo lwethu: yekwakha sive kuhlobene abanezimo zengqondo kwezomnotho kanye netinkholelo, kanye nezilinganiso amamodeli kwezomnotho yokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangelwa isimo esithile eRussia futhi okubaluleke amaqembu ayo abamelwe yobuhlanga, sicabanga ukuthi kunomehluko ebudlelwaneni limenyezelwe imingcele e abameleli kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene.

Umsebenzi inezingxenye ezimbili. Esokuqala Ukubuyekeza kohlaziyo izincwadi zamuva emkhakheni cwaningo yekwakha sive kanye nomnotho, ukuziphatha kwezomnotho, senza ugcizelele Ukucabangela nezindaba impikiswano imfundiso yokuziphendukela ithonya yekwakha sive ukungabonakali ezintweni kwezomnotho, kuveze izici ezingezinhle eziveziwe kulo magazini. Engxenyeni yesibili inikeza imiphumela yocwaningo enokwehla ngesihloko esithi limenyezelwe, banikezwe incazelo kungenzeka budlelwano okutholakele ekuhlanganisweni.

Ukubuyekeza theory: izinkinga zokuxhumana yekwakha sive kanye ngokoqobo kwezomnotho

Uma ucabangela imiphumela izifundo ngale ndaba esibekiwe, ucacise ukuthi kwasekuqaleni, yilowo nalowo kubo isebenzisa definition ethize yekwakha sive, ngezinye izikhathi okuqukethwe kuhlukile abalobi ezahlukene.

INHLOKO-DOLOBHA NABANTU KANYE EZOMNOTHO

Kukhona izifundo okuhloswe ngaso ukutadisha ithonya yekwakha sive zonke izinhlobo ukuziphatha kwezomnotho kanye isimo sezomnotho ezweni. Kodwa futhi kubhekwa isimo okuphambene, uma yokuthuthukisa umnotho umfutho ukuze kwakhiwe yekwakha sive.

Ekuqaleni ngcaphuno kusukela Yang Chu ukucabanga (Yuan K. Chou, 2005), okuyinto ihlaziya amazinga capital umthelela social emaqinisweni kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Ibhalwe emva ababengaphambi uveza ukuthi umehluko unqamule izwe ethi yekwakha sive zinqunywa ngokwezinga elikhulu wemfanelo isimo ukusekela ubudlelwane zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano. (Yuan K. Chou, 2005). Umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa yekwakha sive engxoxweni yangasese noma ukwenza ibhizinisi, yekwakha sive njengoba ekhona ukuqinisa budlelwano kutenhlalo kanye yakha amazinga abo amasha. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa yezomnotho kusukela uhulumeni igalelo elihle yekwakha sive emphakathini ngeke zibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi umsebenzi kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kudinga uhlobo ophoqelelwe [1]. ukwesekwa State, izinga eliphansi inhloko-dolobha echumayo nentuthuko (isakhiwa kahle) siwukuba nobuhlobo omuhle wokukhula nokuthuthuka izici emphakathini (Ann Dale, Lenore Newman, 2010). inhlokodolobha Social enza nomthelela omuhle okusezingeni eliphezulu kwezomnotho, kodwa iningi kangakanani emazweni ngayo embusweni ezinzile, labo lapho kukhona kuphela ukuvela nokusimama kwezomnotho, yekwakha sive engalethi le oyifunayo nomthelela omuhle ngokungabi bikho ukuxhaswa okuvela embusweni (Babken V Babajanian, 2008).

Ngokwesibonelo, uFiliphu Mladovski futhi Ellis Mosilyalos ukutadisha CBHI Uhlelo ngamazwe ( «Ezigxile Emphakathini Health Insurance» - umshuwalense wezempilo ngesisekelo ubulungu emphakathini ethile), sidalwe engamele ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emazweni ampofu, sathola ukuthi izinga capital kwezenhlalo emphakathini has nomthelela obalulekile babone ukuphumelela noma ukwehluleka imisebenzi yokulawula nezinhlangano zezempilo. Omunye izindlela okubhekiselwe ukugxila izidingo emakethe (ie, ezingeni yekwakha sive). Inani lezinkanyezi nje lilodwa ubudlelwano intercompany kunganciphisa ukusebenza wezinyathelo engqondweni okhulisa inkohlakalo klienttsentrizma kanye izitayela lokufeza kwemali ngemfundo ngokwethukela, uma ixhumanisa indima yekwakha sive ngesimo a izibopho professional (nohulumeni, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, iziphathimandla zendawo ngaphakathi nangaphandle emkhakheni wezempilo ) kuyisici okuphumelela (Philipa Mladovsky, Elias Mossialos, 2008).

Kukhona futhi ezinye zazo ziyangqubuzana idatha, owawuthi izakhi yekwakha sive (ithemba, ukubekezelelana, ukwehluka umphakathi), njengoba harbingers yokuzalwa zemiphakathi, sinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho esifundeni, kodwa okuqukethwe kwamasiko, okuwukuthi uma uqhathanisa idatha ye West naseMpumalanga esibonelweni Japan (Westlund futhi Calidoni 2010). Abalobi Ocwaningweni olwenziwe eJapane, ngibona incazelo okungenzeka ukuthi ithinta salokhu esenzeka onamandla Japan ukubaluleka amaqembu ngokwethukela, inombolo yabo kanye nenani (nemingcele kungenzeka yekwakha sive awazange kulinganiswa kucwaningo), - okungukuthi, labo washonaphi nezimo ezibonakala omunye ezinamandla kakhulu inomthelela ukuziphatha Japanese futhi, eqinisweni, ube nesilinganiso yekwakha sive umphakathi ikakhulukazi ..

Iqhubeka isihloko ukunikeza incazelo lomunye 2008 inhlolovo, olwenziwa ngo-Jan Fidrmuk futhi Clarita Gertshani (Jan Fidrmuc, Klarita Gërxhani, 2008), lapho nesilinganiso yekwakha sive, ababhali esetshenziswa eziguquguqukayo, ezifana iqhaza nezomphakathi, ithemba, kwabantu ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ukuzidla, ukuhlaziya imiphumela, abalobi kuqhathaniswa imiphumela abameleli eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, ngokulawula eziguquguqukayo ezifana imali, ukusebenza kanye nezomnotho zezwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa izinhlangano zawo. Imiphumela yokugcina waqinisekisa umbono abalobi: umehluko ezingeni yekwakha sive lalibalulekile kungabalwa izici luyalawuleka, banyamalala Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Abalobi ngokuthini kulokhu ukushintshashintsha yekwakha sive emiphakathini ahlukene namasiko, okuyinto kunqunywa, kunalokho, ezingeni zentuthuko yomnotho ngobuthakathaka izikhungo abantu, ikakhulukazi ukwanda kwenkohlakalo, hhayi, njengoba kwakucatshangwa phambilini, ifa lokungapheleli esidlule lamaKhomanisi.

INHLOKO-DOLOBHA NABANTU KANYE YOKUZIPHATHA KWEZOMNOTHO

Ocwaningweni Wei Cheng, anikezelwe ukuhlonza yethonya yekwakha sive emisha ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni, lokho kuyinkomba yokuthi leyompahla ezintathu Ubukhulu: sakhiwo, lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo simiso ubudlelwano - esewonke akha imodeli eyinkimbinkimbi umthelela ukuziphatha ezintsha lwabaphathi-Chinese. Usayizi weqembu, ngamandla ubudlelwano, isigaba sabaphathi, izikhala kwesakhiwo kuchazwa njengoba engqondweni yethu isici yezenhlalakahle dolobha futhi inani Imininingwane wabelane namandla phakathi amalungu eqembu, okuyinto, sekudala izimo ezikahle ukuthunyelwa umsebenzi ezintsha. Trust kanye nezinkambiso wabelane ngiyoba nethonya elihle ku ukuziphatha ezintsha, kodwa ayengumlamuleli waso, ngokulandelana, uhlobo ithemba futhi isinyathelo lapho kukhona ezintsha (Wei Zheng 2010). Ngokufanayo Veybing Zhao wabonisa ukuthi ubukhulu kwesakhiwo yekwakha sive is kahle kwehlisa nezinga kobukhulu njengoba umoya ebhizinisi, futhi nge Amathuba ukudalwa amabhizinisi emkhakheni wezokuvakasha. Ukumeda ubudlelwane ohlelweni libonisa ubuhlobo omuhle sinekhono kwezamabhizinisi, kodwa ingabe akukhona ukukhombisa ubudlelwane ngokuphawulekayo ukudalwa ibhizinisi. Izinga lolwazi Akabonisanga izinhlangano abalulekile umuntu ezimweni zombili (Weibing Zhao 2011).

ucwaningo Laboratory olwenziwa Bruno Frye kanye Stefan Meyer (Frey. Meier, 2004) ngesikhathi abafundi University of Zurich, bagxila endleleni yekwakha sive (okungukuthi, ezingeni beqonda yokuziphatha prosocial) kuthinta ukuziphatha okunjalo abafundi. Sekuyiminyaka eyisikhombisa ke elibukhali ukuziphatha abafundi ngokukhokha imali ngokuqeqeshwa, ngesikhathi abafundi efanayo bacelwa ukuba banikele esincane ukwesekwa umfundi Isikhwama. Abafundi iqhaza ekuhlolweni ayehlukaniswe amaqembu: neqembu elilodwa kubika idatha iphesenti eliphansi eminikelo kwesinye - iphesenti eliphezulu, eyesithathu - okwenziwa ezingeni okulindeleke ngeminikelo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi, okokuqala nje, ayanda babe okulindele abafundi 'mayelana iphesenti iminikelo zabanye, cishe ukuthi ngeke nginikele kulesi sikhwama. Okwesibili, lapho abafundi libike ukuthi ngokuvamile banikele kokubili izimali, ukuzimisela kwabo ukuziphatha efanayo anda kakhulu (Frey. Meier, 2004). Ngokuvamile, isiphetho ukuthi ukuziphatha prosocial buvezwa ulwazi ukuziphatha prosocial sabanye abantu noma imibono mayelana lokhu kuziphatha.

Luka Crudeli uphenyo ethuthukisa ezomnotho ngokuya ihogela iqashwe phakathi emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngokusho umbhali, ekubambisaneni ubudlelwano ngokuvamile iyokwenzeka emazweni asathuthuka njengoba isisusa ngokuziphatha kwezomnotho ezibhekwa ezomnotho kanye ubudlelwane obufanele, kunokuba umqondo lephelele yekwakha sive. (Luca Crudeli 2006).

On isibonelo owenziwe umphakathi waseNdiya elalimelene izinkolelo-mbono umphumela ozuzisayo yekwakha sive emnothweni kwemiphakathi, ukuthuthukisa abacwaningi entshonalanga, ePharadesi Dzhey Das wabonisa kanjani izinga lobuphofu counterbalanced ezingeni eliphezulu yekwakha sive, akusho sikhuthaze okukhipha abantu ngosizi lwezilwane, kodwa kunalokho buyakusekela. Umbhali uhlola nemithetho reciprocity futhi ukusekelana, kunezibonelo zalokho okwenzekayo zokusebenza abampofu yomphakathi wamaNdiya (isibonelo, ukuhlinzekwa ngokudla nezinto esikweletini noma ukusetshenziswa okwesikhashana) njengoba ubuhlobo ophoqelelwe sabantu abaqaphela nawubuka jikelele futhi izinhlinzeko zoMthetho kokuntengantenga kwezomnotho, imikhuba zokweboleka kanye balekelelane, ekuqinisekiseni ukusinda, kodwa hhayi blagotvorstvuyuschie imisebenti yetemnotfo kanye nesinqumo abantu ngosizi lwezilwane. Ukuxhumana, ngokuvumelana umbhali, ibalulekile uma kukhona ukuhlukana ukuthi bebodwa kungukuthi okwenza abantu acebile noma ezimpofu. Ngakho, umlobi kubaluleke kakhulu aliyinikezi yekwakha sive, futhi isimo sabo emphakathini, ikilasi kanye nesimo impahla sabantu, lapho kulawula bese usetha ezithile ubudlelwane kwezomnotho phakathi kwabantu (Raju J Das, 2004).

IZICI ZEZINSUKU NABANTU INHLOKO-DOLOBHA FUTHI KWEMASIKO IZIMO KWEZOMNOTHO

Kuhle kokusho yocwaningo ukuziphatha nokuphathwa Russian kanye isizukulwane esisha osomabhizinisi (kokuthola wezeMfundo eWestern noma njalo lokudayisa nozakwethu angaphandle) e imvelo ibhizinisi. Injongo yalo kwakuyiyona ncazelo idatha ephikisanayo ngokuthi ezingeni eliphansi yekwakha sive emazingeni omphakathi kanye eliphezulu kakhulu - ku isici siqu Russia, okungukuthi, ekuboneni ngamasiko moya yokulinganisa yekwakha sive. Ukusebenzisa nesilinganiso yekwakha sive ehlongozwayo ngu Napier Goshaly (ubudlelwane ohlelweni, ubukhulu lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo kwesakhiwo) Bela Butler nasethafeni laseSharoni Porchas umthetho imodeli inethiwekhi ye ubudlelwano phakathi izinkampani Russian. Imiphumela cwaningo idatha-ukujula interview abanikazi eziyisishiyagalolunye noma amakhanda izinkampani Russian. Abalobi abonisa ukuthi abaphathi Russian kwesakhiwo ingxenye yekwakha sive kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi ukuxhumana ubudala imvelo ibhizinisi, eyakhelwe ulwazi, amandla, amakhono, ukuzethemba namandla zisekelwa uma ziwusizo, kanti ukuxhumana okusha zidalwe ngesisekelo isipiliyoni kanye nokwethembeka. Uhlelo wokulinganisa ubudlelwane abalobi agcizelele ukubaluleka kokubonisa isici Russian ukuzinikela, idumela futhi ozethembayo. Lezi zici avumela Russian, nabakhi bezindawo abanaki imithelela izinombolo kanye izibalo, ukutshala isiphakamiso esithile noma ukusekela, bangathembeli yesikhathi esifushane entela kanye nokutshala izimali ngokubambisana eside. (Bella Butler nasethafeni laseSharoni Ukuthengwa, 2008).

Ngokusho idatha zakamuva ezivela Rosstat, ahlaziye izinkomba umsebenzi kanye nokuntuleka kwamathuba omsebenzi ezindaweni of eCaucasus, 38% womphakathi abizwa ngokuthi Umthombo oyinhloko wemali ukuncika, futhi 25% - inzuzo. The esiphezulu ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kubikwa Ingushetia - 42,4% futhi Chechnya - 40,2%, kuqhathaniswa Russian of mayelana 7%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo labantu North eCaucasus ubonisa iphesenti ephakeme osomabhizinisi e labantu 8.2% uma kuqhathaniswa 3.4% ku-Russia iyonke. Akubuzwa ukuthi ibhizinisi ezingeni enjalo lasetulu ekungasebenti nokuphelelwa ithemba (labantu cishe akukho izitayela search emisebenzi) kuyinto isisusa kwezamabhizinisi ophoqelelwe. Prakthiza luveza ukuthi ukuncishiswa uxhaso, hhayi kuphela alikhuthazi abantu letisha ukuziphatha kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi kwandisa ezingeni yokufuduka sabantu nokwenyuka ukungezwani. (Employment, E. Resource). Ngenxa yalezi idatha, kubalulekile ukuqapha mayelana Imiphumela zethu, bazi ukuthi angeke ehlisiwe ukuthi inkinga isimo somnotho okwamanje owandile eCaucasus kanye nezimiso zabo zomnotho ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ubunzima balokho ezithile yekwakha sive imingcele kuthanda izici eziyisisekelo a yokuziphatha.

Izindlela zocwaningo enokwehla

Abantu abahlanganyela kulolu cwaningo.

Ucwaningo lwenziwe ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa Russian. amaqembu abantu banikezwe abameleli Russian sezizwe North eCaucasus eCaucasus (Chechens, ama-Ossetic omdabu futhi ingush) kanye AmaTatar, inombolo ephelele yabantu 1286.

Ngoba ukuthola izici ezinhlanga yobuhlobo bethu wabe Ukukhetha isimiso elandelayo:

1. Kusukela iqembu abaphendulayo Russian abakhethelwa abameleli abavela eMoscow (abantu 321) kanye izifunda (the Chechen Republic, Republic of North Ossetia -. Alania, Ingushetia, Magadan esifundeni, laseStavropol Territory) Njengoba ayeyizinkulungwane abantu 355.

2 Ukusuka ngesikhathi kwenziwa abamele izifunda emelelwa amaqembu abantu bendabuko ezilandelayo:

Ingush, ama-Ossetic omdabu, Chechens. Ithebula 1 sikhombisa incazelo enemininingwane isampuli cwaningo.

Ithebula 1. Izimpawu isampuli cwaningo

esifundeni

uhlanga

Inombolo abaphendulayo

Paul

male / female

ubudala

EMoscow nesifunda eMoscow

Russian

321

178 umyeni

143 abafazi

Min: 16

Max: 64

Median: 40

Magadan esifundeni

Russian

223

101 umyeni

122 abafazi

Min: 17

Max: 70

Median: 26

Republic of North Ossetia - Alania

ama-Ossetic omdabu

100

57 umyeni

abafazi 43

Min: 15

Max: 82

Median: 37

Russian

25

8 umyeni

abafazi 17

Min: 16

Max: 71

Median: 40

I Chechen Republic

Chechens

105

39 umyeni

65 abafazi

Min: 18

Max: 59

Median: 24

Republic of Ingushetia

ingush

109

54 umyeni

abafazi 55

Min: 17

Max: 60

Median: 23

laseStavropol

Russian

103

49 umyeni

54 abafazi

Min: 19

Max: 60

Median: 31,5

kuphela

1066

640 umyeni

644 abafazi

Min: 15

Max: 82

Median: 31

Izindlela kanye eziguquguqukayo. Ukwakheka lalinabashumayeli amathekhiniki amaphrofayili alandelayo.

1. Izindlela zokuhlola yekwakha sive,

2. Izindlela zokuhlola ezizathwini kwezomnotho nezimo zengqondo;

3. Izindlela kwezomnotho ukuziphatha zimo.

4. Block idatha yomuntu siqu.

1. Izindlela ahlukahlukeneko wokuhlola.Ngokusetjenziswa yekwakha sive. Isakhiwo kwaba ukuhlola imingcele ezilandelayo:

a) beqonda yekwakha sive (inqubo Chirkov VI);

b) ezingeni ukwethenjwa ekuchumana, balinganisela ipharamitha ethathwa lwemibuzo World Values Survey;

e) ukubekezelelana maqondana abameleli namanye amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga nezinye izinkolo ezincane ngokocansi, nabantu abanezinkolelo ezihlukile zezombusazwe;

g) ungubani civil (GOP). Uhlolwa ezimbili ungubani civil nemingcele:

a. "Phoqelela" (kobukhulu) ukuthi bangobani nezomphakathi.

b. Valency (idigri unethemba) ungubani civil.

2. ukusebenza wezoMnotho kanye ukufaka;

a) isethulo Economic lomuntu:

- ukumelwa yoshintsho ukunotha yayo past 2 iminyaka;

- ukumelwa yoshintsho impahla yabo nenhlalakahle ngonyaka ozayo;

Lemibuto ethathwe (Psychology Modern ..., 2002).

b) ukufakwa Economic lomuntu:

Abantu okwaxoxwa nabo babuzwa ukubonakalisa ukufakwa ethize nokwahlulela bamenyiwe lokuveza degree kwabo isivumelwano naye ngezinga elingelikhulu 5-iphuzu ezisukela 1 ( "uyaphikisana kakhulu") ukuze 5 ( "uvumelana kakhulu").

1) Ukufakwa kwezomnotho nokwaneliswa.

2) Faka paternalism kwezomnotho.

3) izinga lokwaneliseka wokuba impahla.

Lezi zinkinga kuphakanyisiwe abasebenzi laboratory kanye eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-NM Lebedeva futhi AN Tatarko "Tinchubo temasiko kanye nokuthuthukiswa umphakathi" (Lebedev, Tatarko, 2007).

3. Izindlela kwezomnotho ukuziphatha zimo.

Ngesisekelo ngoba kwakha luhlaka nqubo iye yabizwa athathwe, akhiwa M. Smith nozakwabo, indlela simo. Kususelwa izilinganiso 10-okuguquguqukayo (kukalwa Likert isikali) salokho, abalulekile ukuziphatha kwezomnotho kwezenhlalo nezimo ezithile zenzelwe kulinganiswa ukuziphatha kwezomnotho. Ummangalelwa wacelwa, ngokukhetha ukuziphatha omunye namaqhawe, ukulicubungula e ngesilinganiso 3-iphuzu ( "kunalokho Ngiyavuma" / "Ngiyavuma" / "ngokuphelele Ngiyavuma") by nemingcele ezintathu:

(A) ukuziphatha iqhawe ayithandayo ngezinga elingakanani;

(B) Ummangalelwa ilungele ukwenza okufanayo njengoba ongomunye wabalingiswa;

(C) ukuqhuba noma yiziphi izinhlamvu futhi wabahlulela ngezinga elingakanani esivamile abamele abantu ummangalelwa ngokwakhe.

Qaphela ukuthi idatha ukuhlaziywa akuyona isimo ngowesithathu ipharamitha izilinganiso yasetshenziswa - ingxenye izethulo ukuziphatha ejwayelekile.

Simelela nesilinganiso okuguquguqukayo kwezomnotho ukuziphatha zimo:

1. "paternalism Economic - ukuzimela kwezomnotho."

2. "Isikhathi ukonga - ukonga imali."

3. "esifushane - eside ukuma (ithemba) ekuziphatheni kwezomnotho."

4. "nokubukisa - frugality."

5. "izithakazelo kwezomnotho - nandaba kwezomnotho."

6. "kuqala inzuzo ongaphezu komthetho -. Lezinto ezibekwe eqhulwini umthetho phezu inzuzo"

7. "Imisebenzi yezomnotho - sokungasebenzi Economic."

8. "Iyamukeleka - the unacceptability ukusetshenziswa credits ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke."

9. "Ukwabela intshisekelo yezimali ku nokulingana -. Nokungakhethi"

10. "Okubaluleke kakhulu iholo - the kuqala khona lokusungula emsebenzini."

Qaphela ukuthi imodeli yokuziphatha kwezomnotho aqukethe izigxobo ezimbili, nge pole, okutshengisa imodeli lesichubekako (nomnotho, ukuzikhethela eside, le kuqala umsebenzi yobuciko kanye nezinye) kanye ukwanda value ibonisa izimpawu yokukhula. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana emikhulu ukubaluleka, imodeli more kwezomnotho okuqhubekayo sivezwe.

Block of idatha yomuntu siqu kufakwe imibuzo mayelana abaphendula 'ubudala, isifunda, ubulili, ubuzwe kanye nezinye izingqinamba, ekuhloleni izici zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu, abese elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza isampula futhi ukwehlukana subgroups yobuhlanga.

idatha usebenzisa iphakethe kwezibalo ekucubunguleni SPSS 17.0 (ekuhlehleni ukuhlaziywa, ukufakwa ayimpoqo Faka indlela ukulawula i ngobulili nobudala).

IMIPHUMELA

Ukuxhumana zengqondo kwezomnotho kanye nombono nge yekwakha sive

Cabanga imiphumela yokuhlaziya ekuhlehleni yezingxenye yekwakha sive abanezimo zengqondo kwezomnotho kanye nokubona kwamaqembu ezinhlanga. Okokuqala, sinake imiphumela abameleli eRussia kusukela eMoscow kanye nezifunda, bese ezifundeni. Uma kuhunyushwa ngeke ubheke Ithebula 2, isilinganiso yekwakha sive inkomba amagugu amaqembu yabaphenduli. Ngokuvamile, ukubaluleka izinkomba kwamaqembu ezinhlanga iyafana, ngaphandle amagugu obuhlukahlukene ngaphakathi esingaphansi iphuzu elilodwa.

Ithebula 2. Amanani ayisilinganiso izinkomba yekwakha sive eqenjini wabaphenduli

izinkomba

ngokwesilinganiso,

Muscovites Russian

Isilinganiso, isiRashiya,

izifunda

ngokwesilinganiso,

ingush

ama-Ossetic omdabu esijwayelekile

ngokwesilinganiso,

Chechens

GI valency

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.6

4.3

GI kobukhulu

4.7

4.9

4.2

5.0

4.3

Kwezikamoya yekwakha sive

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.6

ukubekezelelana

2.8

3.4

2.7

3.1

3.0

ukwethembana ekuchumana

3.5

3.1

3.2

3.4

4.0

Imiphumela ekuhlehleni abonisa ukuthi kukhona inhlangano enkulu eyodwa kuphela phakathi ukufakwa kwi ukuzimela ukonga futhi kube inkomba yokuthi zomphakathi abameleli ungubani Valence of Russian eMoscow is "0.21" ukubaluleka ezingeni p <0.01 iphesenti sokuhluka wachaza elilingana 0.04 kuphela. Ngokusobala khona yethonya izici njengenkulumo uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye sokuhluka echazwe kulo imodeli lincane kakhulu. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi isimo sengqondo esiqondile ekufezeni ubuzwe bazo kuyoba nesandla isifiso sokuphila ngokuzimela kanye impumelelo yokuthi akunakubangelwa yokuthi umuntu ihlola ubuzwe bazo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amathuba nemibandela ngalo kunikeza. Ukuze eMoscow, kuyafaneleka izimo sokuzibusa kwezomnotho kanye iSilekeleli Sokwazisa mahle ezingaphezu kuka kwezinye izifunda of Russia, njengoba kufakazelwa iphesenti eliphezulu izivakashi abafuna dolobha ukuze uthole ithuba ukuzwa ikusasa labo siqu futhi impumelelo.

Manje phenya imiphumela kukhethwa izifunda Russian (Ithebula 3), lapho okwakhishwa khona abathathu ngokushesha Kutholwe uxhumano omuhle. Kobukhulu ungubani zomphakathi (Kusho value for iqembu abaphendulayo kwaba 4.9 amaphuzu aphume 7) ixhunywe amabili okuphambene izinkomba ukufaka: ku kwezomnotho nokwaneliswa futhi paternalism kwezomnotho.

Ukwandisa kobukhulu izifunda lobunikazi civil Russian siphela parallel ukufakwa yokuthi inhlalakahle kunqunywa okungenani ezicini ezimbili, ie umsebenzi siqu futhi isimo somnotho wezwe lonke. Ngokuvamile, le ndlela yokucabanga kunengqondo ngoba yiliphi izwe, lapho isici esiyinhloko kuba izinkomba social inhlalakahle kwezomnotho nenhlalakahle yezwe, kodwa imizamo yabantu nomsebenzi futhi nomthelela ezihlukile imali nengcebo.

Ithebula 3. Imininingwane nesilinganiso yekwakha sive kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi kwezomnotho kanye nombono on isampula izifunda Russian

(Chechen Republic, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Magadan esifundeni, laseStavropol Territory.) (N = 355)

ukusebenza wezoMnotho kanye ukufaka

Inkomba yekwakha sive

u-R2

Kwezikamoya-May

Umshwalense

Okusebenzisana ithemba-stnoe

Valent-ness GI

Sikuveze - Nosta GI

Ubekezela - Nosta

Ukufakwa ku kwezomnotho nokwaneliswa  

0, 15 *

0,44

Ukufaka paternalism kwezomnotho

0, 16 *

0,43

I degree of ukwaneliseka nezinga impahla inhlalakahle

0.17 ***

0,47

Qaphela: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0,001, R2 - Ingxenye ukulungiswa kwezincazelo ukwehluka, β - okuza okwakha of the equation ekuhlehleni.

Ukukhulisa ezingeni ithemba omuhle ahlobene kuze kwaneliseke ezingeni inhlalakahle yabo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kubonisa nomthelela omuhle yekwakha sive njengoba kunciphisa umncintiswano iqembu kwezenhlalo, sokukhuthaza abantu ukuncintisana ukuze uthole kakhudlwana kunamanye, ngokuba uqaphele mayelana nokuziphatha kwabo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma Russian Muscovites onobuhle kwakungafanele abalulekile, incazelo izindawo Abamele izifunda Russian yabonisa inhloko-dolobha yabo yezenhlalakahle (siqala ababuthakathaka) Ubuhlobo kanye namagugu eliphezulu okuza Ingxenye sokuhluka wachaza.

Ukuze ingush (111 abantu), uxhumano esisodwa kuphela wezibalo obalulekile: ukufakwa paternalism kwezomnotho omubi elihlobene ne beqonda yekwakha sive (-0.3 kuzinga kubaluleka kwetentakalo p <0.01, futhi iphesenti wachaza ukuhluka ka 0.1.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi kulapho ingush bayakholelwa izici ezinhle imvelo yabo, kancane bakholelwa ukuthi ukuchuma kwabo kuncike isimo somnotho wezwe lonke, okungukuthi, kusukela yizimo zangaphandle. Khumbula idatha ku 42,4% izinga labantu abangasebenzi Ingushetia kanye nokuthambekela kwezinhliziyo uphila inhlalakahle, hhayi ukushintsha isimo somnotho emhlabeni. Ungabona ukuthi akukho indima encane le passivity ungadlala kusengaphambili kuyinkolelo yokuthi komuntu siqu enhlalakahleni kuncike isimo sezomnotho ezweni determinacy amazinga aphansi waqonda yekwakha sive (Table 1).

Ukuze Ossetin (Table 4) lwembula izici ezimbili kuphela abalulekile zokuxhumana ukufakwa ungubani emakomidini paternalism kwezomnotho amaphesenti ukuhlakazwa ekuchazeni 0.2: Valence ungubani civil ezihlobene nale inkomba omubi "-0,35", nokugasela omuhle "0.4" . Imizwa oba nayo ngemva kancane omuhle wazibonela Ossetic omdabu njengoba abameleli yezwe kanye ngisazizwa izakhamuzi zawo, yilapho bezibona khona ukuthi sincike isimo somnotho eRussia. Kuyaphawuleka kushuba kuwukuphikisana isimo sezombusazwe eNingizimu Ossetia phakathi Georgia neRussia, zonke enqaba ukukunika ilungelo ebanjwayo weRiphabhulikhi emngceleni kwelinye izwe. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho ama-Ossetic omdabu ungase uzizwe ingcindezi kazwelonke ezivela ezweni, okwaphumela ukufakwa kwi ukuncika isimo somnotho Russia kuyovama kuhlangene isimo sengqondo namandla kanye nengafanele ungubani sakhe.

Ithebula 4. Ubudlelwano izilinganiso yekwakha sive kanye ukufaka kwezomnotho kanye ama-Ossetic omdabu izethulo isampula (N = 100)

Ekonomicheskiepredstavleniya nokufakwa

Inkomba yekwakha sive

u-R2

Kwezikamoya-May

Umshwalense

Okusebenzisana ithemba-stnoe

Valent-ness GI

Sikuveze - Nosta GI

Ubekezela - Nosta

Ukufaka paternalism kwezomnotho

0.3 5

0.4 *

0.2

Qaphela: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0,001, R2 - Ingxenye ukulungiswa kwezincazelo ukwehluka, β - okuza okwakha of the equation ekuhlehleni.

Imiphumela okukhulu isampula Chechens ekuhlehleni ukuhlaziywa wabonisa ukuthi akhombise ukuthi kungenzeka i-, ulahlekile, noma umphumela ongaphakeme eziyinkimbinkimbi yekwakha sive mayelana nezimo zengqondo abantu kwezomnotho Chechens.

onobuhle Ukuxhumana yokuziphatha kwezomnotho kanye yekwakha sive

Regression ukuhlaziywa wabonisa ukuthi onobuhle okuphawulekayo echaza ukuziphatha kwezomnotho izikripthi eziguquguqukayo ezimele, izinkomba yekwakha sive e isampuli Russian (kokubili kusuka eMoscow futhi izifunda) wayengekho lapho. Abantu abaningi onobuhle abalulekile futhi ezihlukahlukene ngokuvumelana Imiphumela ebonwe isampula Ossetic omdabu futhi ingush.

Ake uqale nge isampuli lokuqala ingush (Table 5), lapho okuza abalulekile imodeli ukuzimisela esekelwe imiphumela yokuhlaziya ekuhlehleni ingeqi ukubaluleka 0,19, okubonisa ukuthi ngobuthakathaka onobuhle Nokho, uphawula ukuthi izitayela.

Ithebula 5. Ukumeda yekwakha sive Imininingwane izimo Ingushians ukalwe kusampula (N = 111)

Amamodeli yokuziphatha kwezomnotho

Inkomba yekwakha sive

u-R2

Kwezikamoya-May

Umshwalense

Okusebenzisana ithemba-stnoe

Valent-ness GI

GI Expression-nnosti

ukubekezelelana

"Isithakazelo Economic"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

-

Ukulungela

-0.36 *

0.11

"Okuphambili komthetho ngaphezu kwenzuzo"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

0.29 **

0.19

Ukulungela

0.31 **

0.16

"Okuphambili kokuklama emsebenzini"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

0,25 **

-0.36 **

0.12

Ukulungela

-

Qaphela: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 yiyona ingxenyana eguquguqukile yokuhlukahluka, futhi i-β yiyona coefficients eqinisekisiwe ye-equation equation.

Amanani ama-coefficients yokulungisa ngokulinganisa ukulungiswa kwemodeli yokuziphatha kwezomnotho "inzalo yezomnotho" ngokuzibonakalisa kobuntu (4.2 amaphuzu) okwanele ukucwaninga kwezenhlalo nezengqondo ukuthi "-0.36", zingachazwa kanje. Ukwenyuka komqondo womuntu weRussia kunganciphisa isifiso sabamphendulayo baka-Ingush ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo sokuqonda amathuba omnotho futhi bathuthukise isimo sabo sezomnotho ngezinye izindlela eziyingozi, ukushintshela imibuzo enjalo emphakathini. Singasho ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela i-Ingush ngokuphambene iveza ukuzethemba kwayo kuhulumeni, ikunikeza ilungelo lokuxazulula izinkinga zomnotho.

Kungacatshangwa ukuthi isikhundla sabantu abesifundazwe esikhulu (esiboniswe ngombono wezenzo zomphakathi) kungaba yisizathu sokwakheka kohlobo lokuziphatha, okubonisa ukuthi kunesilinganiso esithile sokuxhomeka kwabantu. Ngaso leso sikhathi zombili izilinganiso zesimodeli "Okubaluleke kakhulu komthetho ngaphezu kwenzuzo" kuxhumene nesibonakaliso se-interpersonal trust (3.2 amaphuzu) ezingeni lika-0.3. Ukuxhumana kubonisa ukuthambekela komhlaba wonke kwethonya elihle lemali yenhlalakahle (futhi kaningi ukuthembela) ekubunjweni komphakathi, ukuziphatha komthetho, ukuqinisekiswa ngobuningi babacwaningi (bheka, isibonelo, Rizwan Ali, Mian Muhammad Farooq, njll, 2011).

Izixhumanisi ezimbili ziveza isilinganiso sokuthandwa ngokomzwelo script "okubaluleke kakhulu kokudala emisebenzini" ngokuzethemba komuntu siqu kwamaphuzu angu-3.2 (0.25) kanye nezinga lokuzimela komuntu 4.2 amaphuzu (-0.36). Ngokufanayo, ukuthambekela kwethonya elihle lokuthembela ekubunjweni kokuzimela komuntu kanye nokwakha kwakhe kuqiniswa, kanti ipharamitha yombhalo wobuntu ingabhekwa njengendlela eqondayo yokuziphatha kuya esikhathini esedlule, ukugqugquzela ukuziphatha kombuso, ukufaka izintandokazi zokuzinza, kunamathuba nokuziveza.

Masibuyele kudatha yesampula yama- Ossetians (Ithebula 6). Ake siqaphele isixhumanisi esinamandla kunazo zonke, esilingana no- "0.74" phakathi kwesilinganiso sezintandokazi ezingokomzwelo se-"nesithakazelo sezomnotho" nesimo sezinga lomphakathi (ama-5 amaphuzu), kanye nokuxhumana okungalungile okuhambisana nepharamitha ye-valence yobuntu (4.6 amaphuzu) 0.43 ". Izixhumanisi ezinjalo eziphawulekayo kubonisa umthelela wezinkomba zobunikazi bomphakathi ekubunjweni kwesimo sengqondo mayelana nomsebenzi wezomnotho kanye nokucinga izindlela ezihlukile zokutshala izimali ngokuphambene nokukhetha amafomu azinzile.

Ithebula 6. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulinganisa kwenani lomphakathi kanye nokulinganisa kwezimo esampula i-Osetin ( N = 100)

Amamodeli wokuziphatha kwezomnotho

Inkomba yenhloko yomphakathi

R2

Kuvezwe

UK

Ukubambisana kwabantu

I-Valentinov GI

Ukukhuluma kwe-GI

Ukubekezela

"Ukuzimela komnotho"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

-

Ukulungela

-0.25 **

0.12

"Isikhathi sokulondoloza"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

-0.38 **

0.16

Ukulungela

-

"Inzuzo yomnotho"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

-0.43 *

0.74 **

0.22

Ukulungela

-

"Umsebenzi womnotho"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

0.32 *

0.1

Ukulungela

-

"Okuphambili kokuklama emsebenzini"

Emotz. Okuthandayo

0.3 **

0.38 *

0.17

Ukulungela

-

Qaphela: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 yiyona ingxenyana eguquguqukile yokuhlukahluka, futhi i-β yiyona coefficients eqinisekisiwe ye-equation equation.

Ngokuqondile, ngesibonelo sama-Ossetians kubonakala ukuthi ukwanda komqondo wokuba yiRussia kwandisa inzuzo yabo yezezomnotho, ngokungafani ne-Ingush, lapho ukuxhumanisa kuqhathaniswa ngqo, kanti njengoba isibalo esihle sepharamitha ye-valence sanda, ukuxhuma kunciphisa. Ngakho-ke, isimo sengqondo esingalungile sokuba yisakhamuzi kanye nokuphakama komqondo wokuba yiRussia, ukuphakama okuphezulu kwendlela yokuziphatha, lapho leli hero lifuna izindlela ezihlukile zokutshala izimali zakhe esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ibhange likahulumeni ngisho nokungabikho kwemali engenayo yihlobo lokuphikisana nombuso, Izifiso zokuzimela nokucinga ezinye izindlela. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela esele ibonisa ubuhlobo ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezilinganiso zokuthandwa ngokomzwelo nemingcele yezimali zenhlalakahle, ukujika