Birch umndeni. Birch umndeni: incazelo kanye nezithombe

Njengoba benemizimba emincane birches ubuhle kungabonwa hhayi kuphela emahlathini, kodwa futhi amapaki, emigwaqweni nasezigcawini, kanye aphilisa lwamaSlav lasendulo kanye Druids futhi abangu njengengcwele. I Birch mkhaya 6 izizukulwane zezihlahla, okuyinto zihlukaniswe 234 zilwane.

Ethandekayo kakhulu futhi ohlonishwa phakathi kwezizwe lamazwe wayehluke birch. Yena enikelwe izinkondlo ngakuloba mayelana legend yakhe, wasebenzisa indodakazi yakhe ephulukisa ayo azisa iminikelo. Zonke izihlahla omndeni Birch (abamele - hornbeam, Alder, hazel, birch nabanye), babe ayelapha, okuyinto zisasetshenziswa imithi.

birch umndeni

Ngubani owake esinengekayo birch, uyazi ukuthi emoyeni uhlanzekile ithatha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli amahlamvu isihlahla ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana oluyingozi - ekhethekile izinto elwa namagciwane ezingaba ekuhlanzeni umoya bangcolile. Lesi sici wayeyazi lwamadoda asendulo, isetshenziswa ukuze bahlanze ka emigwaqweni yedolobha kusukela qeda amagesi abahleli emadolobheni. Yingakho okuvame kakhulu yimuphi epaki esihlahleni umphakathi - emndenini birch. Lihlanganisa: hornbeam, hazel, Alder, futhi ostrya ostryopsis.

I birch omhlophe owaziwa ihlukaniswe warty futhi Fastigiata. Birch umndeni kungokwalabo izihlahla lezihlahla, umoya-impova futhi homed.

birch White

Imila White birch pendula (Betula verrucosa) e-Europe, i-Nyakatfo Melika, e-Asia Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika. Lo muthi ifinyelela 30 m ukuphakama futhi zingase ziphile iminyaka engu-120 noma ngaphezulu. I abasha amagxolo omuthi sinombala, kodwa lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni engu-8, kuba mhlophe. Kungenxa umbala waso ke lethiwa. Kuhunyushwe kusuka drevnekeltskogo betu kusho "amhlophe", ngakho udayi emagxolweni ngokuthi betulin.

Igama warty birch esikuthola nezindlala anenhlaka elise emagatsheni futhi ibukeke warts ezincane. Ihamba - yilokhu esihlanganisa ozala birch. izici Jikelele yokukhathazeka, okokuqala kunakho konke, wabo. Bona bidentate, enye, lafinyelela ubude kusukela 4 kuya ku-7 cm ububanzi - kusuka 2 kuya 5 cm izinhlobo eziningi birch. Bayanda, zingabantu bushelelezi noma kancane embozwe villi, kodwa kukhona futhi "wazizwa" pubescence.

Uhlelo impande birch enamandla, kodwa kungase kube kokubili ebusweni futhi ijulile. It ukhetha inhlabathi evundile, umquba nokumbiwa-ocebile. Izimbali isihlahla kusuka April kuya Meyi, izithelo (amantongomane encane) abavuthiwe ngo-August no-September. Okusakazwa imbewu.

birch Fastigiata

Lolu hlobo warty birch iyahluka kwenye futhi ngokuthi isakhiwo umqhele. Kuyinto emincane futhi tapered, futhi amagatsha belitjhiswe, ngokungafani kuya sawo yayo "izihlobo." Lapho ukuphakama ongaphakeme - kuphela kwamamitha ayi-10 kusukela Fastigiata (Birch Family) elinamandla kakhulu uhlelo impande anti-umoya isiqu.

Umuthi likhula masinyane - kuze kufinyelele 40 cm ngonyaka, yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke akuvamile idlula iminyaka engu-100. Amahlamvu kuyafana ukuthi-birch, kodwa waqhubeka isikhathi eside, kwaze kwaba kwekwindla. Izimbali oluhlaza ezincane, izimbali okungajwayelekile engafinyelela kwengu-1 cm.

Lo muthi ngokulinganayo ibekezelelwe kanye ehlobo ezomile futhi abandayo ebusika. inkathazo Yemvelo - Kwangathi ibhungane, weevils (ibhungane), Bucephalus Corydalis, scolytus birch kanye ndela inundu.

Alder

Nakuba Alder kanye birch kufakwe isigaba, umndeni abakwazi ukuqhosha muthi okungavamile kunalokho. Kuyingqayizivele lonke:

• Okokuqala, izimbali zawo ziwukudla ekuqaleni, bese chaza amaqabunga.
• Okwesibili, Alder "kuvula" entwasahlobo. Izimbali iqala wakhe lapho phansi namanje embozwe yiqhwa, futhi ukushisa kuphela ukulindela emoyeni.
• Okwesithathu, amaqabunga ayo musa phuzi futhi ewa green nasesikhathini kwekwindla.
• Okwesine, Alder kushiya egcwele nitrogen ukuze yena ivundisa inhlabathi lapho umuthi likhula.

• Okwesihlanu, izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ukhuni yayo iba nzima lapho zihlatshwa umswakama kwenza kube zibalulekile ekwakhiweni imithombo kanye ukukhiqizwa imiphongolo.

Nakuba zikhona mayelana 50 zama-lesi sihlahla, emibili ezivamile - Alder omnyama grey. Qamba abamnyama (ingcina - igama lesibili), ethola sibonga umboko wayo, okuyinto mnyama njengoba zikhula. Sinamatselisi ibizwa ngokuthi ngenxa amaqabunga. Ngokuvamile likhula wedwa noma iqembu elincane efanayo izihlahla. Blossom black Alder oqala ngo-Ephreli, nezithelo abadala ngokugcwele ngemva konyaka. Uthanda ukukhanya nomswakama.

Alder akanalo nje isiqu umbala, kodwa futhi eshiya. Kubalwa, isithwathwa ukumelana ikhula inhlabathi ngisho abampofu. Njengoba Alder unekhono ukukhula ngokushesha e amahlozi kuyo, ngokuvamile kakhulu etshalwe ukuhlanganisa le amabhange kanye nemithambeka izigodi gullies.

hornbeam

Umndeni sihlanganisa birch hornbeam. Izwe lakubo kubhekwa China ne-Asia. Unomuzwa omkhulu emthunzini futhi ilanga, kodwa ukhetha umswakama, ngakho ngo ehlobo ezomile idinga ukuthambisa ezengeziwe.

Ubude bempilo hornbeam alingeni umndeni Birch, abameleli isici okuyinto ngokuvamile kuvumelana, kuyilapho sibalo silinganiselwa eminyakeni 100-120. Umuthi efanayo kalula siphile iminyaka engu-300, ukhulele ukuphakama 30 metres uphinde uthele kancane ububanzi - 8 m.

Hornbeam izimbali besilisa amancane inflorescence zesifazane ngesimo namacici, kodwa iqala kuphela ukuthela izithelo emva kweminyaka 15-20. Lolu khuni yalesi sihlahla isetshenziswa ukwenza ifenisha nezinto, kodwa kuphela emva kokwelashwa obalulekile kusuka ngomhla ka abolile, njengoba ubamba umswakama futhi ngokushesha liwohloka.

Filbert

Wonke umkhaya birch, elimalungu alo ukukhiqiza izithelo nati, abakwazi ukuqhosha yezithelo ezinjalo okumnandi like hazelnut. Hazel njengoba edume bokuzisholo, has ukuma amahlamvu, okusikhumbuza bream, yena waba okuthiwa hazel okuyiwona. Kusukela phezulu zingabantu aluhlaza, kanti phansi - ukukhanya.

hazel Common akuvamile kunqoba 7 m, has izinhlobo ezimbili izimbali - amadoda ngesimo namacici nowesifazane-like efihlekile. Izithelo zalo muthi ungukukhanya nsundu ngombala, ezidliwayo futhi babe kokubili ukunambitheka omuhle kakhulu futhi ukusetshenziswa.

Ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ezivamile hazel hazelnut, kodwa ngempela kuyiqiniso. Hazelnut iyisilwane yayo ezifuywayo, futhi izithelo alo makhulu kakhulu futhi okunomsoco.

Sekukonke, zikhona 20 izinhlobo imvelo hazel, enye yazo - isihlahla, kuyilapho abanye - ezihlahleni ezinde, ukufinyelela amamitha 30 ukuphakama, ezifana ibhere nut, esakhula iminyaka engu-200. Futhi Asian Hazel - birch izihlahlana omkhaya - ingeqi ukuphakama 3 amamitha futhi inikeza okumnandi efanayo, kodwa hhayi njengoba okunomsoco izithelo, njengoba izinhlobo wakhe abavamile.

ostrya

Lo muthi ayiqondakali eyaziwa eYurophu njengoba izinhlobo zalo zimila eNyakatho neMelika, Japan, I-Asia Minor ne eCaucasus.

Ostrya ikhula 25 m ukuphakama, it has shatrovidnuyu balolonge umqhele brown amagxolo namaqabunga enye fake toothed. Emvelweni, zikhona 4 kuphela zezihlahla:

• Ostrya Virginia (US), atholakala ezitaladini namapaki Kiev, eMoscow Petersburg, kodwa ukusabalala lingaphansi kuka umkhaya wonke birch.

• ostrya Ordinary uthanda afudumele, ngakho likhula eCaucasus, ngamazwe aseMedithera nase-Asia Minor.
• Japanese - itholakala kuphela e-China ne-Japani.
• Ostrya Noltona ikhula kuphela eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu ngokuvamile alwaziwa.

Imizamo ukuhlakulela lezi izinhlobo izihlahla ezindaweni nge obubandayo ungazange yimpumelelo.

ostryopsis

Kuyinto uhlobo lwe of nezihlahla zom, bomdabu China Mongolia. Zikhula kusuka 3 m 5 m ukuphakama futhi akhishelwa 2 izinhlobo:

• Ostryopsis David - isihlahla 3 m ukuphakama nge ezibanzi amahlamvu ovate, amahlumela downy staminate izimbali namacici ukuma cylindrical.

• Ostryopsis yizicukuthwane - owesilisa izimbali zesifazane nezithelo ngesimo nati encane eqoqwe empandni.

Lesi simila akwaziwa kahle e-Europe, ngakho-ke kuyabonakala kuphela ezweni lakubo.