Atom-chemistry - a ... Model ye-athomu. isakhiwo athomu

Ukucabanga ngemvelo yendawo yonke kwaqala ukuvakashela isintu isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kube yimpumelelo yempucuko yanamuhla. Ekuqaleni abantu bacabanga ngokukhona kwamandla athile aphezulu, okuyinto, ayekholelwa, ayinqume konke okukhona. Kodwa maduzane izazi zefilosofi kanye nabafundisi baqala ukucabanga ngalokho, eqinisweni, yilokho okuyilokho okuyiyo. Kwakukhona izinkolelo eziningi, kodwa ngombono womlando i-athomu yaqala ukubusa.

Iyini i-athomu ekhemistry? Lokhu, kanye nazo zonke izihloko ezihlobene, sizoxoxa ngohlaka lwalesi sihloko. Sithemba ukuthi uzothola izimpendulo kuyo yonke imibuzo yakho kuwo.

Umsunguli we-theory ye-athomu

Isifundo sokuqala samakhemikhali siqala kuphi? Isakhiwo se-athomu yisihloko esiyinhloko. Cishe ukhumbule ukuthi igama elithi "i-athomu" lihunyushwa kusukela olimini lwesiGreki lasendulo ngokuthi "lungaqondakali." Manje izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi owokuqala ukubeka umbono owakhuluma ngezinye zezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, okuyizinto zonke ezakhiwa ngazo, uDemocritus. Wahlala ekhulwini lesihlanu BC.

Ukuzisola okukhulu, cishe akukho lutho olwaziwa ngalo mcabangi ovelele. Akukho mthombo owodwa olotshiwe walezo zikhathi usifikile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sifunde ngemibono yososayensi omkhulu wesikhathi sethu kuphela emisebenzini ka-Aristotle, uPlato, kanye nabanye abacwaningi bamaGreki lasendulo.

Ngakho, isihloko sethu "Isakhiwo se-athomu." Emakhemikhali, akuwona wonke umuntu owayenezimpawu eziphakeme, kodwa abaningi bakhumbula ukuthi zonke iziphetho zososayensi zasendulo zakhiwa kuphela ekubhekiseni izinkinga. UDemocritus wayengeyona into ehlukile.

UDemocritus wathini?

Ingqondo yakhe yayilula kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo enhle kakhulu. Cabanga ukuthi unomese obukhali kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Uthatha i-apula, isibonelo, bese uqala ukuyinquma: kuya kwezingxenye ezimbili, ukuya ekomelweni, bahlukaniswe futhi ... Ngamagama, ngokushesha noma kamuva uzothola izicucu zokuqina okwehla okungeke uzihlukanise. Lokhu kuyoba yi-athomu engabonakali. Ekhemistry, lesi simangalo sabhekwa njengeqiniso kwangaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19.

Kusukela kuDemocritus kuya emibonweni yanamuhla

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama elithi "i-athomu" kuphela eliye lasuka emibonweni yasendulo yesiGreki ye microworld. Manje wonke umuntu ofunda esikoleni uyazi ukuthi izwe elizungezile liqukethe izinhlayiyana ezincane kakhulu nezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngombono wesayensi wanamuhla isayensi yeDemocritus yayingaphezu nje kokuhlanganiswa okuyikho, ngaphandle kokusekelwa yibuphi ubufakazi. Kodwa-ke, ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho ama-micro microscopes, ngakho-ke ukufakazela icala labo ngezinye izindlela, umcabango wayezohluleka.

Izinsolo zokuqala ukuthi uDemocritus empeleni ulungile, wavela kumakhemikhali. Ngokushesha bathola ukuthi izinto eziningi zihlukana zibe izingxenye ezilula phakathi nokuphendula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungamakhemikhali abambe imithetho eqinile yalezi zinqubo. Ngakho, baqaphela ukuthi izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili zomoya-mpilo kanye ne-hydrogen eyodwa zidinga ukukhiqiza amanzi (umthetho we-Avogadro).

Ngezikhathi eziphakathi, ukufundisa okuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, kuhlanganise nenkolelo kaDemocritus, ukusakazwa kanye nentuthuko ayitholakalanga. Futhi kuphela ekhulwini le-XVIII, ososayensi baphindela emuva emfundweni ye-atomistic. Ngaleso sikhathi, isazi samakhemikhali A. Lavoisier, uMV Lomonosov wethu omkhulu, kanye nochwepheshe wezandla zesiNgisi uDalton (esizoxoxa ngazo ngokwahlukana) sebeye bafakazela ngokuqinisekisayo kubalingani babo ukuthi kukhona ama-athomu. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ngisho nasekhulwini le-18 elikhanyisiwe, inkolelo ye-athomu yayingacatshangwa ngokujulile ngengqondo eminingi evelele yaleso sikhathi isikhathi eside.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakunjani, kodwa ngisho nalaba basosayensi abakhulu abakafiki phambili imibono mayelana nesakhiwo se-athomu ngokwayo, ngoba kwakubhekwa njengenhlayiya eyodwa futhi engabonakali, isisekelo sezinto zonke.

Ngeshwa, ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali akukwazanga ukukhombisa ngokucacile iqiniso lokuthi ukuguqulwa kwama-athomu kwezinye izinto ezithile kwabanye. Kodwa okwamanje, i-chemistry yayiyisayensi eyisisekelo ekutadisheni isakhiwo sama-athomu. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-athomu nama-molecule zifundwa ngososayensi ohlakaniphile waseRussia, ngaphandle kwalowo ongacabangi ngesayensi yanamuhla.

Imfundiso ka-DI Mendeleyev

Inendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda kwe-athomu yadlalwa ngu-DI Mendeleyev, owathi ngo-1869 wadala uhlelo lwakhe oluhle lwezikhathi. Ngokokuqala ngqangi umphakathi wesayensi wanikezwa ngombono wokuthi awuzange wenqabe nje kuphela, kodwa ngokungezelele wenezela konke okucatshangelwayo kwabathintekayo. Kakade ngekhulu le-19, ososayensi bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi kukhona ama-electron. Zonke lezi ziphetho zaholela ezingqondweni ezinhle kakhulu zekhulu lama-20 ukuba zifunde ngokujulile i-athomu. Emakhemikhali, lesi sikhathi sagcinwe nokutholakala eziningana.

Kodwa ukufundisa kukaMendeleyev akubalulekile kuphela lokhu. Kuze kube manje, kuhlale kungaqondakali ukuthi i-athomu yezici ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali yasungulwa kanjani. Kodwa ososayensi omkhulu waseRussia wakwazi ukufakazela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi bonke ngaphandle kokungalingani bahlobene eduze.

Ukutholakala kweDalton

Kodwa ukuze sikwazi ukuhumusha idatha ehlukene ehlukile, yakwazi kuphela uJohn Dalton, ogama lakhe lingagciniwe ngokugcwele emthethweni. Ngokuvamile usosayensi wafunda kuphela ukuziphatha kwegesi, kodwa izintshisekelo zakhe zazibanzi kakhulu. Ngo-1808, waqala ukunyathelisa umsebenzi wakhe omusha oyisisekelo.

KwakunguDalton owaphakamisa ukuthi isakhi ngasinye samakhemikhali sifana ne-athomu ethile. Kodwa ososayensi, njengoDemocritus amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kwakhe, wayesakholelwa ukuthi ayengabonakali. Ezingxenyeni zakhe kukhona imidwebo eminingi ehleliwe, lapho i-athomu ihanjiswa ngendlela yamabala alula. Lo mbono, owavela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2500 edlule, ukhona cishe esikhathini sethu! Nokho, nje nje nje isakhiwo esijulile se-athomu sitholiwe. I-Chemistry (ebangeni lesishiyagalolunye ikakhulukazi) ngisho nanamuhla ngokuyinhloko iqondiswa imibono eyaqala ukukhulunywa ngekhulu le-18.

Isiqinisekiso sokuhlola sokuhlukaniswa kwama-athomu

Kodwa-ke, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, cishe bonke ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi i-athomu - umkhawulo ongaphezu kokungekho lutho. Babecabanga ukuthi isisekelo somhlaba wonke nguye. Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kwafaka isandla kulokhu: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhle kangakanani, ama-molecule kuphela ashintshile, kuyilapho kungekho lutho olwenzekayo nama-athomu wezinto, okuyinto imithi elula kakhulu ayikwazanga ukuyichaza. Ukwakhiwa kwe-athomu ye-carbon, isibonelo, kuhlala kungashintshi ngokuphelele ngisho nasezifundeni ezahlukene ze-allotropic.

Ngelinye igama, isikhathi eside kwakungeyona nhlobo nenye idatha yokuhlola, okungenani ngokungaqondile iqinisekisile izinsolo zabanye ososayensi ukuthi kunezinye izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo. Ngekhulu le-19 kuphela (hhayi okungenani ngenxa yezilinganiso zombhangqwana weCurie) kwafakazelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ama-athomu ezinye izakhi angashintshwa abe ngabanye. Lezi zitholwa zakha isisekelo semibono yanamuhla mayelana nezwe elisizungezile.

Ukudla kanye nama-puddings

Ngo-1897, uJ. Thomson, isazi sefilosofi saseNgilandi, wathola ukuthi kunoma iyiphi i-athomu kunenani elithile elincithakalo elincishisiwe, elibizwa ngokuthi "ama-electron." Kakade ngo-1904, usosayensi wadala i-atomiki yokuqala, eyabizwa kangcono ngokuthi "i-pudding nge omisiwe." Igama libonisa ngokunembile isisekelo. Ekwahlulela inkolelo kaThomson, i-athomu ekhemistry yinto "yomkhumbi" onokukhishwa ngokufanayo kanye nama-electron kuwo.

Phawula ukuthi imodeli enjalo yayisakazwe ngisho nangekhulu lama-20. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi wayengekho ngokuphelele. Kodwa nokho kwaba umzamo wokuqala owaziwayo womuntu (nangesisekelo sesayensi) ukuvuselela i-microcosm ezungezile, okubonisa ukuthi imodeli ye-athomu elula futhi enembile.

Izilinganiso zeCurie

Kuvunywa ukuthi lo mbhangqwana uPeter noMarius Curie baqala i-atomiki physics. Yiqiniso, umnikelo walaba bantu abanobuhlakani, abanikela empilweni yabo impilo nempilo, awukwazi ukunconywa, kepha ukuhlolwa kwabo kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo noRutherford, bafakazela ukuthi i-athomu iyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi. I-phenomenon ye-radioactivity, abayiphenyo, yilokhu futhi kusho.

Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1898 uMaria washicilela isihloko sokuqala esinikezwe emisebeni. Ngokushesha, uMaria noPeter Curie bafakazela ukuthi inhlanganisela yama-chloride amakhemikhali e-uranium namanye ama-radium aqala ukuvela, lapho kukhona ukungabazeki kwamakhemikhali okusemthethweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isakhiwo se-athomu saqala ukuphenywa ngokuseduze.

Indlela "yePlanethi"

Ekugcineni, uRutherford wanquma ukubhubhisa ama-athomu ezinsimbi ezinamandla nge-α-izinhlayiya (i-helium egcwele ionized). Usosayensi ngokushesha wacabanga ukuthi ama-electron alula ngeke ashintshe i-particle trajectory nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngakho-ke, ukusabalalisa kungabangela ezinye izakhi ezinzima kakhulu, ezingase ziqukethe i-nucleus ye-athomu. Vele uqaphele ukuthi okokuqala uRutherford akazange azenze ukushintsha inkolelo ye "pudding". Lesi simode se-athomu sasithathwa njengokungenakufinyeleleka.

Ngakho-ke umphumela, lapho cishe zonke izinhlayiya zidlula ngendwangu encane yesiliva ngaphandle kwezinkinga, akuzange kumangaze. Kodwa ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi ezinye i-athomu ye-helium zaxoshwa ngokushesha ngo-30 °. Lokhu kwakungeyona neze ukuthi imakhemikhali yayikhuluma ngani ngaleso sikhathi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-athomu ngokusho kukaThomson kuthatha ukusabalalisa okufanako kwama-electron. Kodwa lokhu ngokusobala kwaphikiswa yizinto eziqaphele.

Ngokweqile kakhulu, kodwa ezinye izinhlayiyana zahamba ngezinga elingu-180 °. U-Rutherford wayekudidekile kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho konke lokhu kwakuphikisana kakhulu ne "pudding", icala okumele libe khona (ngokusho kwenkolelo kaThomson) yasakaza ngokufanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye ezingekho ezingenakulinganiswa ezingaphenduka i-helium ionized kufanele zingekho.

Yiziphi iziphetho uRutherford afika kuzo?

Lezi zimo futhi zenza isazi ukuthi kunomqondo wokuthi i-athomu cishe ayinalutho futhi kuphela phakathi nendawo igxile ekubunjweni okuthile nge-positive nucleus. Ngakho kwavela imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu, i- postulates yayo elandelayo:

• Njengoba sesishilo kakade, engxenyeni esemaphakathi ingqikithi iyatholakala, futhi ivolumu yayo (ngokuhambisana nobukhulu be-athomu ngokwayo) ayinaki.
• Cishe yonke inqwaba ye-athomu, kanye nayo yonke into enhle, i-nucleus.
• Emaphethelweni ayo ajikeleza ama-electron. Kubalulekile ukuthi inani labo lilingana nenani lezindleko ezinhle.

I-Paradoxes of Theory

Konke kwakuyoba kuhle, kodwa lesi simodeli se-athomu asichazi ukuzinza okumangalisayo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ama-electron ahamba ezindleleni zawo ngokusheshisa okukhulu. Ngokwemithetho yonke ye-electrodynamics, into enjalo kufanele ilahlekelwe yikhokhwa ngesikhathi. Uma ucabangela ukuthunyelwa kwe-Newton no-Maxwell, khona-ke ama-electron kufanele athululelwe emgodini, njengesichotho emhlabathini.

Yiqiniso, akukho okufana nalokhu okwenzeka empeleni. Noma ikuphi i-athomu akugcini nje ngokuqinile, kodwa kungaba khona isikhathi esingenamkhawulo, futhi akukho ukukhanya okuvela kuwo ngeke kuhambe. Lokhu kungavumelani ukuthi sizama ukusebenzisa imithetho kumakhansela okusebenzayo kuphela ngokuphathelene nemikhakha yakudala. Bathi, njengoba kuvele, azikwazi ngokuphelele ukubhekana nezimo ze-atomic scale. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo se-athomu (amakhemikhali, isigaba 11), abalobi bezincwadi bazama ukuchaza ngokulula ngangokunokwenzeka ngamazwi alula.

Imfundiso kaBohr

I-physicsist yaseDenmark u-Niels Bohr wabonisa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukusabalalisa imithetho efanayo kwi-microcosm, okuhlinzekwa kwayo okusebenzayo ezintweni ezincane. Nguye onomqondo wokuthi i-microcosm "iqondiswa" kuphela ngemithetho ye-quantum. Yiqiniso, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungenakho inkolelo yocingo, kodwa uBohr empeleni waba ukhokho wawo, eveza imicabango yakhe ngesimo se-postulates "esilondolozile" i-athomu okungenakubekwa ukuthi yafa uma "isaphila" ngokwemfundiso kaRutherford. Kwakuyilo mbono kaDane eyakha isisekelo sayo yonke imishini ye-quantum.

I-Posterates ye-Bora

• Owokuqala kubo uthi: noma yisiphi isimiso se-athomu singaba kuphela emazweni athomu akhethekile, futhi ngamunye wabo inani elithile lamandla (E) liyisici. Uma isimo se-athomu simile (sizolile), khona-ke ngeke sikwazi ukukhanya.
• I-postulate yesibili ithi ukukhishwa kwamandla okukhanya kuvele kuphela uma kwenzeka ushintsho oluvela embusweni onamandla aphezulu ukuze kube nokulinganisela okungaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, amandla akhululwe alingana nokuhluka kwamagugu phakathi kwamazwe amabili asele.

Isibonelo se-Niels Bohr atomu

Le mbono ye-semiclassical yaphakanyiswa yisosayensi ngo-1913. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isekelwe esimisweni sePlanetary sikaRutherford, okwathi ngaphambi nje kwakhe kuchaza i-athomu yendaba. Sitshilo kakade ukuthi imishini yama-classical iphikisana nokubala kukaRutherford: ukuqhubeka kuyo, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-electron kumele iwele phansi ebusweni be-athomu.

Ukuze 'sungeze' lokhu kuphikisana, usosayensi wethula ukucabanga okukhethekile. Okuyinhloko kwakuwukuthi ukukhipha amandla (okumele kuholele ekuwa kwawo), ama-electron angakwazi ukuhamba kuphela kwezinye izindlela eziqondile. Ngenkathi behamba nabo kwezinye izinkinga, ama-athomu athiwa amakhemikhali ahlala embusweni. Ngokomqondo kaBohr, lezo zindlela ezihamba phambili yilabo abahamba ngokulinganisa okulingana nezindinganiso zikaPlink.

I-Quantum theory yesakhiwo se-athomu

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, inkolelo yamanje ye-quantum yesakhiwo se-athomu iyaqhubeka. I-Chemistry yeminyaka yamuva iqondiswa kuphela yiyo. Isekelwe emasimini amane ayisisekelo.

1. Okokuqala, i-dual (i-corpuscular-wave nature) ye-electron ngokwayo. Kalula nje, le nhlayiya iziphatha njengezinto ezibonakalayo (i-corpuscle), futhi ifana ne-wave. Njengenhlayiya, inesisindo esithile nesisindo esithile. Ikhono lokuhlukanisa lihlobene nama-electron anamagagasi e-classic. Ubude balesi sigagasi (λ) kanye ne-velocity ye-particle (v) kungahlobene nomunye uhlobo lweDe Broglie olukhethekile: λ = h / mv. Njengoba ungase uqagele, m ubukhulu be-electron ngokwayo.

2. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukukala ukuhlanganiswa nokuvinjelwa kwe-particle ngokuchaneka ngokuphelele. Uma kuqondiswa ngokunembile ukuqondisa, kuphakama ukungaqiniseki ngesivinini. Njengoba kunjalo, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Lesi simo sasibizwa ngokuthi ukungaqiniseki kwe-Heisenberg, okungabonakaliswa njengobudlelwano obulandelayo: Δx ∙ m ∙ Δv> ћ / 2. I-delta X (Δx) ibonisa ukungaqiniseki kwesimo soxhumanisi esikhala. Ngakho-ke, i-delta V (Δv) ibonisa amaphutha we-velocity.

3. Ngokuphambene nayo yonke imibono evelele ngaphambili, ama-electron awadluli emigwaqweni echazwe ngokuqinile, njengezitimela emigwaqeni. I-Quantum theory ithi i-electron ingaba yikuphi endaweni, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuhlukile kunxenye ngayinye.

Leyo nxenye yesikhala ezungeze i-nucleus ye-athomu ngokwayo, lapho lokhu kungenzeka khona, libizwa ngokuthi i-orbital. Ucwaningo lwamanje lwamakhemikhali ukwakheka kwamagobolondo e-electron ama-athomu ngokuqondile kule ndawo yokubuka. Yiqiniso, izikole zifundisa ukusatshalaliswa kwama electron ngamanqanaba, kodwa, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi zihlukile ngokuhlukile.

4. I-nucleus ye-athomu iqukethe ama-nucleon (amaprotoni ne-neutron). Inani le-ordinal ye-element e-system periodic libonisa inani lama-proton kwinombolo yayo ye-nucleus, futhi inani lama-proton ne-neutron lilingana nobukhulu be-athomu. Yile ndlela indlela ikhemistri yesimanje echaza ngayo isakhiwo se-nucleus ye-athomu.

Abasunguli be-quantum mechanics

Masiqaphele labo ososayensi abafaka isandla esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha obalulekile: isazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance uL. de Broglie, iJalimane W. Heisenberg, u-Austrian E. Schroedinger, ongumNgisi uP. Dirac. Bonke laba bantu baphinde banikezwe umklomelo weNobel.

Ngokwazi kule uhlelo waya yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali? Chemical isakhiwo ye-athomu, iningi labo iminyaka sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi elula ngokwanele: eziningi kuphela ngo-1947 ekugcineni wayeziqaphela wayekhona ngempela izinhlayiya aphansi.

eziphethweni

Ngokuvamile, uma udala theory quantum zazingahambi zezibalo, njengoba zonke lezi izinqubo ingabalwa kuphela ukusetshenziswa izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ubunzima eyinhloko ayikona ukuhlanganisa iphuzu. Izinqubo ukuthi zichazwe yilesi theory, alitholakali nje kuphela ukuze sijabulise izinzwa zethu, naphezu kwakho konke ubuchwepheshe lwesayensi yanamuhla, kodwa futhi umcabango.

Akukho muntu, ngisho abanye abakwazi ukucabanga izinqubo sekuba yinto, njengoba abazange like zonke izenzakalo ukuba sigcine ku macrocosm. Cabanga nje ngalokhu: okwatholwa zakamuva ukunikeza isizathu ukuphetha ngokuthi quark neutrinos nezinye izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zokuthi khona-ubukhulu ayisishiyagalolunye (!). Njengoba umuntu abahlala isikhala ezintathu-ntathu, ungakwazi ngisho cishe ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo?

Okwamanje, singaphetha ancike izibalo namandla amakhompyutha zanamuhla, okuyinto, mhlawumbe, izosetshenziselwa sekulingisa micro-jikelele. Kuyaphawuleka kusiza kanye ne-chemistry:-athomu isakhiwo ngokuqinisekile zithuthukiswe, ngemva muva ososayensi abasebenza kulo mkhakha, wabika ngokutholakala kwama-uhlobo olusha isibopho zamakhemikhali.

Umqondo wanamuhla isakhiwo athomu

Uma ufundisisa konke okungenhla, cishe ngokwabo uzokwazi yini namuhla isithombe isakhiwo zama-athomu ndaba uthi. Kodwa ngeke sichaza: it is ngandlela-thile modified imfundiso yokuziphendukela Rutherford, kulekelelwa iziyalezo oyigugu Niels Bohr. Ngamafuphi nje, namuhla kubhekwa ukuthi electron ukuhambisa ngendlela senhlekelele, izindlela esilufifi emhlabeni-nucleus, okuyinto yakhiwa neutron nama-proton. Leyo ngxenye isikhala nxazonke, lapho ama-electron kungenzeka nesenzakalo libizwa esemkhathini.

Nakuba kungakacaci kahle ukuthi singakwazi ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi zizoshintsha ukuqonda kwethu isakhiwo yama-athomu esikhathini esizayo. Nsuku zonke, ososayensi abasebenza kwi Ukungena ku izimfihlakalo microcosm: i-LHC (Lesibanti Hadron Collider), uMklomelo KaNobel physics - konke lokhu kuwumphumela idatha inhlolovo.

Kodwa ngisho manje asikwazi ukucabanga nesithombe eseduze lokho abasafihla ama-athomu. Kuyacaca nje ukuthi i-athomu ngokwayo esikalini microcosm - isakhiwo efulethini elikhulu, lapho siye sahlola ngaphandle esitezi sokuqala, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi hhayi ngokuphelele. Cishe njalo ngonyaka zikhona imibiko mayelana nokwenzeka ukuvulwa ezingasho izinhlayiya entsha aphansi. Lapho inqubo cwaningo zama-athomu ziyoqedwa ngokuphelele, ngeke ukuth ukubikezela omunye namuhla.

Engingakusho nje ukuthi imibono yethu baqala ukushintsha kuphela ngo-1947 lapho okuthiwa V-izinhlayiya Kwatholakala. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abantu kancane kuphela salujulisa theory lapho ekhulwini le-19 u-chemistry based. Sakhiwo Atom - ekhangayo puzzle ukuxazulula zazo matasa izingqondo engcono lesintu.