AmaMyuziyamu wokuvikelwa komlilo emadolobheni aseRussia. Umlando wokuvikelwa komlilo

Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlekelele ezavakashela iRussia ephazamisekile, kwakuvame ukushisa imililo, kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka isakhiwo esikhulu esakhiweni esakhiwa khona emadolobheni, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zasemakhaya, kwakuyihlathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bathunyelwe ngenhla ngezono zabantu, noma bebangelwa iphutha lomuntu, bekufanele bahlale bekulwa nabo, ngakho-ke umlando wokuvikelwa komlilo awuhlukaniswa nomlando wezwe lethu.

AmaMyuziyamu, ekhuluma ngokulwa nomlilo

Ukuboniswa kweminyuziyamu yokuvikelwa komlilo okusebenza kulo lonke izwe kukhuluma ngezindlela lapho ukuthuthukiswa kokushisa umlilo kuqhubeka khona eRussia. Okukhulu kunabo bonke, okwakhiwa ngo-1957, kuseMoscow kuDurova Street. Emahholo omnyuziyamu kuqoqwe izinto zokusebenza, ezivuselela umlando wokulwa nomlilo kusukela ezikhathini zika-Ivan The Terrible kuya ezinsukwini zethu.

I-Museum of Fire Protection eSt. Petersburg, e-Bolshoy Prospect VO, 73. Naphezu kokuthi ukubuyekezwa komlando wokuqothula umlilo kuhlanganisa isikhathi esiqala ngezikhathi ezimbalwa kamuva - inkathi kaPetru I , Izethulo zayo nazo zinesithakazelo esikhulu futhi ziqukethe imibukiso eminingi ehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminyuziyamu yokuvikelwa komlilo isungulwa eSamara, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo naseKrasnodar. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe izinto ekuthuthukisweni kwenkonzo yomlilo yendawo, kodwa futhi nokulwa nomlilo eRussia.

Ngokuvamile, ukuqoqwa kweminyuziyamu yokuvikelwa komlilo eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, kanye neminye imizi eminingi kuleli zwe kanye nemali yezinqolobane zomlando yenza kube lula ukuphindaphinda isithombe sekutsi amaRussia asekuyisikhathi eside azame kanjani ukumelana nezinhlekelele zomlilo ezazibavakashela njalo.

Imithetho kaGosudarev ehlose ukulwa nomlilo

Umlando wokuvikelwa komlilo, okhonjiswe kumadokhumenti omlando owehlele kithi, uvela ezinqumweni eziningi ezikhishwe uMkhulukazi waseMoscow, u-Ivan III, umkhulu ka-Ivan the Terrible, ngemuva komlilo oshisayo owachitha inhloko-dolobha ngo-1472.

Kuzo kanye nezenzo ezijwayelekile ezilandelayo, okwakusesezinkathini zaseRomanov, kwakucindezelwe kakhulu emadolobheni (futhi ikakhulukazi enhloko-dolobha) ukubeka izakhiwo zamatshe ngangokunokwenzeka futhi zizakhele emgwaqeni ophephile wokucima umlilo komunye nomunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinyathelo ezihlose ukuvimbela imililo zafakwa ohlwini. Ngokuqondene nabahlukumezi bezimpahla eziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ngisho nakakhulu kulabo ababa ngabahlukumezi bomlilo, izigwegwe ezinzima kakhulu zanikezwa.

Kodwa-ke, bangaki abazange bachithe emigwaqweni yabantu basemadolobheni, okwathi, naphezu kwesinqumo sikaTsar, besaba ukupheka ukudla ekhaya ezinyangeni zasehlobo ezishisayo futhi bakhe umlilo emagcekeni, kanti iRashiya elaphakade "mhlawumbe" lihlale liphumelele ngemithetho eyisisekelo yokuphepha komlilo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngezinye izikhathi izinhlekelele ezivuthayo zathatha isilinganiso esinjalo kangangokuthi zabhubhisa imizi yonke.

Imililo eshaqisayo yamakhulu eminyaka edlule

Kunelungelo lokukhuluma ngemicimbi embalwa nje, okushiwo mayelana nokuvezwa cishe kwazo zonke iminyuziyamu zokuvikela umlilo ezibalulwe ngenhla ─ imiphumela enzima kakhulu enayo ebusweni bombuso. Okokuqala, ngumlilo we-1212, owabhubhisa phakathi kwamahora ambalwa angu-4 300 amagesi weVeliky Novgorod. Izakhamizi ezingaba yizinkulungwane zaba izisulu zalo.

Ngo-1354, umlilo owawufika eMoscow ngamahora amabili wathatha umlotha wokubhema hhayi kuphela iKremlin, kodwa futhi nemidolobhana eseduze. Umlilo owenziwe ngo-1547 wawubhubhisa nenhloko-dolobha. Khona-ke emlilweni wakhe wabulala izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane eziningana ze-Holy See.

Ukuzalwa kwesevisi yomlilo waseRussia

Impendulo kule nselele, ephonswa yizici ezithuthumayo, yilapho kwakhiwa eRussia yamacorgades akhethekile omlilo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, basungulwa ngesisekelo somqulu owenziwe ngo-1649 ngokubamba iqhaza kukaTsar Alexei Mikhailovich futhi unesihloko esithi "I-Order of Deanery City". Ngokwezinhlinzeko zakhe, ama-fire brigades avela kuyo yonke imizi emikhulu yezwe, abasebenzi babo abakhokhelwa imali ehleliwe.

Isimiso esifanayo sabeka abasebenzi bezimoto zomlilo, ngaphandle komsebenzi we-clock-clock, ukuze bahambe ngezinyathelo zokuvimbela izindawo ezingaphansi kwamandla abo futhi babone ukuthi kungenzeka yini abahlukumezi bemithetho yokubhekana nomlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wazikhathalela ekudaleni izindlela zokulwa nomlilo, eyala ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi amanzi ngale njongo, eyayiba yisibonelo sezinto ezikhona manje.

Isigaba esisha ekuthuthukiseni inkonzo yomlilo kazwelonke

Iminyaka yokubusa kukaPeter mina yaba yinkathi lapho inhlangano yokuvikela umlilo iphakama izinga elisha lokufaneleka. Ngokuyinhloko, imishini yomlilo yayisimanje, iningi lawo inkosi eyithenga ngokukhethekile. Ngibonga ukuthi abashayeli bezimoto baseRussia abanikezwa, amaphampu okuqala abonakala, ehlonywe ngemikhono yesikhumba nezinsimbi zethusi.

Khona-ke, e-Admiralty yaseSt. Petersburg, kwakhiwa umnyango wokuqala womlilo eRussia. EMoscow, uMnyango wezokushisa umlilo wavela kancane kancane. Isimemezelo ekudalweni kwayo sanyatheliswa ngu-Alexander I kuphela ngo-1804.

Ukulwa nomlilo ekhulwini le-XIX

Umbusi olandelayo, uNicholas I, wenyuka waya esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1825, waqinisekisa ukuthi inkonzo yomlilo evamile yayiphelile kuphela eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow. Ngalokhu, cishe zonke izindawo ezinabantu abaningi kuleli zwe zavela amayunithi okulwa nomlilo.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yomnyango ngamunye womlilo, umbhoshongo, ezimweni eziningi waba ukwakhiwa okuphakeme kakhulu kwedolobha lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlola yonke imizi eseduze. Uma kwenzeka ukutholakala komlilo, kuphakanyiswe ifulege ekhethekile nezindiza zamabonakaliso kuwo, inani lalo elilingana ngokuqondile nobukhulu bomthombo wokushisa.

Ngaleso sikhathi, imishini yomlilo nayo yathuthukiswa. Amasampuli akhe amaningi angabonakala kokubili eMoscow Fire Museum nasezibonisweni zezinye izakhiwo ezifanayo. Ngekhulu le-19, ukusungulwa kwezitshalo eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg okwakusungula ukukhiqizwa kwemipompi kanye nemikhono emlilweni kuphela, kodwa nazo zonke izinto ezihambisanayo: ama-ladder, ama-crane, kanye nemishini yokuzivikela edingekayo yokushisa umlilo, inikeze ekusebenziseni imishini yamlilo.

Izigqoko zomlilo ezindala, ezikhishwe esikhathini se-XIX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX, ziyimfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu cishe yonke iminyuziyamu yezihloko ezifanayo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuchayeka kwabo ibuye ibe yimpango, eyasetshenziswa ngaso leso sikhathi, ngokushesha nje lapho amaloli omlilo aqala ukusebenzisa izimoto ezithatha indawo yamandla ehhashi.

Izinyathelo zokulwa nomlilo ezithathwe yiBolsheviks

Esigungwini Sokuvikelwa Komlilo eSt. Petersburg indawo ekhethekile inikezwa ekuhleleni ukulwa nomlilo eminyakeni engemva kokuguquka. Kukhona imibhalo yokuqala eyethulwa mayelana nokusungulwa ngo-Ephreli 1918 weKhomishana Yomshwalense Nomlilo Wokulwa. Umholi wakhe wokuqala wayeyi-MT Elizarov.

Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe, inethiwekhi enkulu yezikhungo zomlilo, ehlome imishini yakamuva yaleso sikhathi, yadalwa ngokuphuthumayo kuleli zwe. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uhulumeni wathatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuqinisa ama-fire brigades. Isimiso seKhomishana yamaKhomishana wabantu esakhiweni se NKVD, inhlangano enamandla kunayo yonke leyo nkathi, yasungula uMnyango Ophakathi, owawuhola ubuholi bemisebenzi yomlilo ezweni lonke.

Umlando wokushisa umlilo ngesikhathi seSoviet

Ngo-1924 isikole sokuqala sokuqala sokushisa umlilo savuleka eLeningrad, esabeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwesisekelo sabasebenzi lapho ukuhlelwa kohlelo lokuphathwa komlilo kuzwelonke kuqhubeka esikhathini esizayo. Indawo ebalulekile kuyo yayihlala izakhi ezakhiwe kamuva ngemuva kwesinyathelo seKomsomol nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezohwebo. Okudumile kunazo zonke kwakuyi-Voluntary Fire Brigade, okwakuvele ngokushesha amagatsha alo lonke izwe.

Ikhasi elinamaqhawe emlandweni wenkonzo yomlilo kwakuyiminyaka ye-Great Patriotic War, lapho abagibeli bayo bebehamba phambili ekulwa nomlilo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-Leningrad owodwa kuphela abangaphezu kuka-2 000 kubo banikela ngempilo yabo. Futhi akukhona ngengozi ukuthi ngoMeyi 1945 abagibeli bezimoto zomlilo bahamba nge-Red Square kanye nawo onke amaqembu okulwa.

Umkhosi wokuhlonipha abantu bezobuqhawe

Namuhla inkonzo yomlilo iphenduke uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yemisebenzi ekwazi ukuthola indawo bese iqeda ukushisa komlilo noma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi. In arsenal yayo kunezimpumelelo zakamuva zobuchwepheshe besimanje. Njengombonakaliso wokuhlonipha abantu balesi sikhundla esiyingozi kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, uhulumeni wezwe wakha iholide ngo-1999 ─ Usuku Lwase-Russian All Protection Protection.