Allen Ginsberg: A Biography, usebenza, ukubuyekezwa

Allen Ginsberg lwalubonakala isiko American ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ungomunye wabalobi ihlonishwa kakhulu Beat futhi imbongi owaziwa yesizukulwane sakhe.

Allen Ginsberg: A Biography

Wazalwa ngo-1926 Newark (NJ) endaweni yabantu abaphuma kwamanye amazwe emkhayeni wamaJuda. Wakhulela e Paterson eseduze. Ubaba Louis Ginsberg wafundisa IsiZulu nonina UNawomi wayengumuntu onguthisha isishoshovu LamaKhomanisi USA. Allen Ginsberg ebusheni bakhe wayefakaze izinkinga zakhe lezengqondo, Umq. H. Isibalo iloli sezinzwa ngesizathu sesabe ushushiso ngoba imisebenzi yayo emphakathini.

Qala kancane ukunyakaza

Allen Ginsberg futhi Lyusen Karr wahlangana ngo-1943 ngenkathi ngitadisha at Columbia University. Kugcine encishisiwe abafundi-ngonyaka wokuqala noWilliam Burroughs noJack Kerouac. Kamuva, abangane esungulwe ngokwabo njengoba izibalo ezisemqoka ukunyakaza Beat. Babaziwa Ngokungenisa imibono yabo ababezibheka nokuziphatha engaphathekile, u-Allen nabangani bakhe futhi baye ngidla izidakamizwa ezinamandla.

Ginsberg abake basebenzisa ekolishi wakhe ikamelo dorm ukugcina izimpahla ezebiwe othengwe kusukela nabajwayelene nabo. Ebhekene nazo umshushisi, wanquma ukuba azenze ubuhlanya, bese ayichitha esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, u-Allen sihlala eNew York futhi enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Nokho, ngo-1954, wathuthela e-San Francisco, lapho kancane-ukunyakaza yayimelelwe izimbongi Kenneth Rexroth noLawrence Ferlinghetti.

Ngikhale ngokumelene impucuko

Allen Ginsberg abokuqala ukusiza umphakathi ngo-1956, ngemva kunyatheliswa incwadi "Hewulani Okunye Tinkondlo." Lokhu inkondlo in the isiko Walt Whitman ukukhamuluka ukuthukuthela yithemba umelene nomphakathi elimazayo futhi akunabuntu. Kevin O'Sullivan ngokuthi e Newsmakers usebenza uthukuthele, ubulili obenziwa ingcaca isosha esihlatshelelwayo, wabe esenezela nokuthi, ngokubona eziningi, kuba umcimbi wamavukelambuso izinkondlo American. Sam Allen Ginsberg "Hewulani" lichazwa ngokuthi "Jewish-melvillianskoe Bard umoya."

Fresh, ngokwethembeka ulimi inkondlo ngishaqekile baxgeki bendabuko abaningi. Dzheyms Diki, isibonelo, achaza ngayo "Hewulani" ngokuthi "isimo ewuthi lokuvungula isasasa" futhi waphetha ngokuthi "akwanele nokubhala izinkondlo." Okunye baxgeki baye basabela kahle. Richard Eberhart, ezifana nomkhiqizo ngokuthi "ukusebenza eqinile, ukuqhuma ngomqondo ashukumisayo ... Kuyinto ukukhala ngokumelene konke impucuko yethu mechanistic obulala umoya ... amandla aKhe omuhle namandla avela emandleni ahlengayo uthando." Pol Kerroll ngenkondlo okuthiwa "omunye mlando isizukulwane." Ukuhlola umthelela "Squall", Pol Tsveyg waphawula ukuthi nombhali "cishe owodwa handedly esikhundleni izinkondlo traditionalist ka 1950."

inqubo

Ngaphezu a baxgeki washaqeka, "Hewulani" ngishaqekile uMnyango amaphoyisa e-San Francisco. Ngenxa encwadini inkondlo ulimi obeka izimo zocansi obala wamemezela okuyichilo umshicileli imbongi Ferlinghetti waboshwa. Abameli okwalandela yabakhanga lizwe nabadumile izibalo etemibhalo: ". Hewulani" UMarku Shorer, Kennet Reksrot no-Walter Van Tilberg Clark bavikela Shorer wafakaza ngokuthi "Ginsberg isebenzisa silulumagama nemijikelezo yokukhuluma abavamile. Inkondlo uphoqelekile ukuba usebenzise ulimi vulgarity. " Clark ngokuthi "Hewulani" umsebenzi ngokwethembeka kakhulu imbongi, ophinda abe umuntu okufanelekelayo kakhulu. OFakazi ekugcineni uyaqiniseka Ijaji Clayton Uphondo anqume ukuthi umkhiqizo akuyona ezinenhlamba.

Ngakho, u-Allen Ginsberg, ogama izibuyekezo izinga inkondlo ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala lakhe zisabalele, kwaba nombhali Manifesto we Beat ukunyakaza etemibhalo. Bezincwadi eziqanjiwe ezifana Jack Kerouac futhi Uilyam Berrouz futhi imbongi Gregory Corso, Maykl Makklyur, Buyela Umva Snayder futhi Ginsberg ezihlokweni ngaphambilini Taboo nekubhala nalangesiwo etemibhalo ngolimi mgwaqo. Imibono kanye art kancane-ukugeleza kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-ezisuke zithandwa ngaleso e-United States ngawo-1950-1960 sika.

kuthandazela labafile

Ngo-1961, Ginsberg eshicilelwe "Kaddish futhi Okunye Tinkondlo." Inkondlo yayifana ngesitayela futhi ifomu "Hewulani" futhi, okusekelwe zamaJuda umthandazo umngcwabo, usitshelani-ke ngamaphathi impilo kunina. imizwa Inxanxathela ukuthi imbongi kwakungcono zaveza zimpi wakhe abagula ngokomqondo, zigxile lo msebenzi. It is njengelinye lamazwe zendalo engcono Allen Thomas Merrill walibiza ngokuthi "Ginsberg at elicwengekileyo yayo, futhi mhlawumbe kube yikwembulwa engcono", futhi Louis Simpson - "iyingqayizivele."

Lona-ke!

Allen Ginsberg, ogama imisebenzi yayenziwa kakhulu ukuthonywa uWilliam Carlos Williams uyakhumbula kwebalingisi yakhe esikoleni njengoba "kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi Hick indawo eNew Jersey," kodwa ngemva kokukhuluma naye, "ngavele waqaphela ukuthi imbongi walalela ngozwelo ngokuthi" enqunu "izindlebe." Kahle, okumsulwa futhi isigqi, ngakho lokho okushiwo ngaye, futhi wazama ukuzithola ukuzivumelanisa isigqi sabo esankondlo okuxoxa yangempela abezwa kunokuba Metronome noma Ihubo izincwadi zakudala.

Ngokusho imbongi, ngemva ugqozi okungazelelwe, wenza ngokushesha. Allen Ginsberg ucaphuna temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba yangasese ngesimo izicucu ku 4 noma 5 emigqeni ezihambisana kahle omunye umuntu inkulumo-ukucabanga oluneziqhingi ngokuvumelana ukuphefumula kahle indlela kufanele uhlukanise uma kudingeka ukuthi uwaphimisa, bese wabathuma Williams . Yena cishe ngokushesha wathumela kuye epheshaneni, "Lona-ke! Kusadingeka ke? "

Kerouac nabanye

Enye nethonya elikhulu Ginsberg kwadingeka umngane wakhe Kerouac wabhala inoveli isitayela "temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba nokuguqulwa", okuyinto Allen bazisa futhi ngizama ukuzijwayeza indlela umsebenzi wakho. Kerouac wabhala ezinye futhi izincwadi zakhe, umshini wokubhala ukushaja umqulu ephepheni elimhlophe nowokunyathelisa ngokuqhubekayo ku "ekusakazeni ukwazi". Allen Ginsberg waqala ukubhala izinkondlo akuyona, njengoba esho, "abasebenza nabo izicucu futhi izingcezu izinkathi ezahlukene, kodwa ngokugcina umqondo ekhanda lami, futhi ukuqopha ke esikhundleni, futhi kokuqeda lapho."

Williams nomlobi Kerouac wagcizelela imizwelo ngendlela ejwayelekile yokukhuluma njengoba kuqhathaniswa izakhiwo etemibhalo bendabuko. Ginsberg wabhekisela izibonelo ezingokomlando zezindlela lo mbono ngemisebenzi imbongi Walt Whitman, umlobi nesazi Herman Melville nabalobi Genri Devida Thoreau futhi uRalph Waldo Emerson.

sezombusazwe libertarian

The main theme zokuphila futhi lokusungula ka Ginsberg kwaba inqubomgomo. Kennet Reksrot ngokuthi lesi sici Allen sika "samuntu cishe esiphelele eside populist yezenhlalakahle isiko Whitman sika wamavukelambuso izinkondlo American." Kwezinye izinkondlo Ginsberg ukhuluma umzabalazo inyunyana ye-1930, ethandwa izibalo olukhulu, ukuzingelwa Red McCarthy nezinye mlando ukunyakaza ngakwesokunxele. Ngo Wichita Vortex Sutra uzama ukuqeda nempi yaseVietnam wuhlobo emilingweni. Ngo "Plutonovoy ODE" ihlolwe lokumamukela efanayo - umoya imilingo imbongi kususa amandla kwe-athomu angaphumi ezimfanelweni zayo eziyingozi. Okunye Tinkondlo like "Hewulani", nakuba akuzona ezepolitiki e uhlamvu, kodwa, ngokuvumelana abagxeki abaningi, aqukethe ukugxekwa obuqinile nabanye.

Amandla imibala

imisebenzi Ginsberg zezombusazwe babengabafuni uzwakalise libertarian, ongaphenduliwe Ithanda olusankondlo yokukhuluma ngakunye ngendlela evamile. Maphakathi nawo-1960, it is Ihlobene ngokuseduze counterculture futhi enhlanganweni emelene nempi. Layidalile wasivikela isu "amandla imbali", lapho ababhikishi emelene nempi wakhuthaza ngoba kweqanda, ezifana nokuthula nothando ilingisa ukuphikisana ukufa nomonakalo obangelwa nempi yaseVietnam.

Ukusetshenziswa imibala, izinsimbi, ukumomotheka futhi amazwi aphindaphindwayo (izingoma ezingcwele) isikhashana sekuvame phakathi ababhikishi. Ngo-1967, Ginsberg kwaba umhleli we "Ukuhlangana sezizwe zakwa-ukuphila komuntu" - umcimbi wenziwa imodeli lomkhosi wamaHindu zenkolo. Kwakuwusuku esiphikisayo kwamasiko ifestivali yokuqala, egcwele ugqozi futhi eyisibonelo izinkulungwane zabanye. Ngo-1969, lapho ezinye izishoshovu emelene nempi abaqalise "yokuxosha amademoni nePentagon," Ginsberg wabhala mantra ngaye. Waphinde waba ngufakazi ukuzivikela ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala lakhe, "Chicago Seven", lapho Izishoshovu impi bephathiswa "uzungu ukweqa imigqa isimo wokuhlela kwemibhikisho."

ababhikishi

Ngezinye izikhathi umsebenzi wezombusazwe Ginsberg okubangelwa yokusabela kusukela ejensi akatelela ngomthetho. Waboshwa ngesikhathi ukuboniswa anti-impi eNew York ngo-1967, base behlukana nge izinyembezi igesi ngesikhathi Democratic National Convention e-Chicago ngo-1968. Ngo-1972 waboshelwa iqhaza imiboniso ngokumelene ke-uMongameli Richarda Niksona ngesikhathi Republican National Convention e Miami. Ngo-1978, yena nomngane wakhe ongumakad 'ebona uPetru Orlovsky baboshwa sokuvimba amathrekhi ujantshi ukumisa isitimela kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi ivela isitshalo "Rocky Flats" esikhiqiza izikhali-grade plutonium e Colorado.

King May

imisebenzi Ginsberg zezombusazwe wamnika inkinga kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1965 wahambela Cuba njengoba umlobeli othile ngoba Evergreen ukubuyekeza. Ngemva kokuba akhononda ekwelapheni ongqingili e-University of Havana, uhulumeni waphendukela Ginsberg nge isicelo sokushiya izwe. Ngawo lowo nyaka, imbongi uhambo eCzechoslovakia, lapho wakhethwa "iNkosi Meyi" izinkulungwane izakhamuzi Czech. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uhulumeni Czech bambuza ukushiya ngenxa yokuthi 'wayethobekile kabi, bawe. " Ginsberg ngokwakhe wachaza ukuxoshwa kwakhe ngenxa yokuthi amaphoyisa Czech imfihlo wayedidekile ngokuvunyelwa jikelele, "zalolu American screwy Fairy imbongi".

obuyimfihlo

Enye inkinga, kubonakala izinkondlo Ginsberg, kwakuyiBhayibheli Ukugcizelelwa engokomoya ezingaqondakali. Wathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalezi zindaba agqugquzelwa ngochungechunge lwemibono, yena wavakashela e ukufunda izinkondlo kukaWilliam Blake. Allen Ginsberg wamkhumbula "enephimbo elibhodlayo kakhulu sepulchral egumbini," masinyane, engacabanganga, wathatha izwi Blake. Wanezela ukuthi "njengoba umsindo othize okwakubaluleke ongenakulibaleka, ngoba babebona sengathi uNkulunkulu kwadingeka ngelizwi lomuntu nazo zonke ngesisa okungenamingcele ngamadoda kanye umthwalo ofayo uMdali ophilayo, uphendukela indodana yakhe." imibono enjalo iye yavusa isithakazelo esikhulu enkolweni eyimfihlakalo, okwaholela imbongi ukuze ukuhlola kwesikhashana izidakamizwa ezahlukene. Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amangalelwe Allen Ginsberg, "Hewulani" ebhala ngaphansi kwethonya peyote, "Kaddish" - sibonga amphetamine futhi "Wales - vakashela" - ngosizo LSD.

Ngemva kokuhamba eNdiya ngo-1962, ngesikhathi lapho ehlangana ukuzindla yoga, Ginsberg washintsha isimo sakhe sengqondo ukuze izidakamizwa. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi ukuzindla nokuthandaza yoga kungcono kakhulu ukuqwashisa isimo, kodwa babekholelwa hallucinogens wusizo ukubhala izinkondlo. Psychedelics, wathi, kukhona okuhlukile yoga futhi izindlela zocwaningo ukwazi.

Ukuguqulwa Buddhism

Ginsberg Ucwaningo olwenziwa ezinkolweni Eastern waqala emva kuvulwa amazwi aphindaphindwayo zabo, chants Rhythmic elisetshenziswa imikhuba ezingokomoya. Ukusebenzisa kwabo isigqi, ukuphefumula nemisindo eziyisisekelo okwabonakala kuye uhlobo izinkondlo. Kwezinye izinkondlo akufaka encwadini umbhalo mantra, ukuvula umsebenzi ibe Hlobo luni lomkhuleko. Izinkondlo ukufundwa, wayevame iqala ukuphindaphindwa amazwi aphindaphindwayo, ukudala isimo esifanele. UJehova unesithakazelo ezinkolweni zaseMpumalanga ekugcineni wayiyisa indela Chogyam Trungpa, a wesigodlo Buddhist kusukela Tibet, eyayintula nethonya elinamandla endleleni lokusungula ka Ginsberg. Ngo-1970 ekuseni, imbongi wathatha izifundo at sikhungo Trungpa e Colorado, futhi naye wafundelwa izinkondlo. Ngo-1972, u-Allen Ginsberg wanika Bodhisattva izifungo ngokusemthethweni yokutholwa nobuBuddha.

Isici esiyinhloko ukuqeqeshwa Trungpa kuwuhlobo ukuzindla, ngokuthi shamatha, okuyinto ukugxila ukuphefumula yakho. Ngokusho Ginsberg, kuholela ukunqanda ingqondo, ukukhiqizwa mechanical emcabangweni eshukumisa amafomu; Lokhu kuholela i exacerbation yokuqwashisa yabo kanye ukuqashelwa. Incwadi "Breath okucabanga ', enikelwe Trungpa, iqukethe izinkondlo ezimbalwa ezibhalwe ngosizo shamatha nokuzindla.

Kusukela zidwedwe engcebweni

Ngo-1974, u-Allen Ginsberg nalowo asebenzisana naye, Enn Valdman wasungula isikole Poetics ehlukaniswe nemizimba Jack Kerouac njengoba kungaba njalo egatsheni Institute of Naropa. Ngokusho imbongi, umbono wokugcina kwaba ukusungula unomphela ubuciko basekolishi e-Tibetan isiko, lapho kukhona othisha nabafundi abahlala ndawonye isakhiwo esifanayo, okuyinto ezosebenza amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuze nokufundisa kanye nezingxoxo esikoleni Ginsberg idonse ababhali abafana abavelele Diane di Prima, Ron Padgett futhi Uilyam Berrouz. Ngokuqhathanisa izinkondlo zakhe nge isithakazelo okomoya, Ginsberg wake wathi ukuthi kwalokho zezinkondlo kuwuhlobo ukuzazi self-ngcono, kokukhulula ukwazi ngokwayo, ongenaso. Kuyinto uhlobo kokuvula nemvelo yakhe siqu kanye nesazisi, noma akhe ego, kanye ukuqonda ukuthi yini ingxenye ngokwakho kuyo.

Ginsberg sihlangabezane okulingana kwezincwadi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "kusukela zidwedwe engcebweni" - ". Kela izincwadi American" livela emsebenzini walo ekuqaleni "ezingcolile", okuyinto esatshwa kakhulu futhi bagxekwa ukufakwa kwakhe kwephuze kakhulu Wayengomunye izimbongi ezinethonya kunazo yesizukulwane sakhe futhi, ngokuvumelana James Mersmana, "lesi sibalo esikhulu emlandweni izinkondlo."

eminyakeni yamuva

Documentary filmmaker Dzherri Aronsona "Ukuphila Allen Ginsberg" yakhululwa ngo-1994. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Stanford University ikhokhwe imbongi ayisigidi ingobo yomlando wakhe siqu. izinkondlo okusha namaqoqo imisebenzi odlule Ginsberg yaqhubeka inyatheliswa njalo. Futhi izincwadi zakhe, omagazini ngisho izithombe Beat-osebenza nabo baye bavumela bahlole impilo kanye nomsebenzi imbongi.

Entwasahlobo ka-1997 e iziguli ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela kanye ne-hepatitis ezingamahlalakhona Ginsberg unomdlavuza isibindi. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sifo, washeshe wabhala 12 izinkondlo iDemo. Ngosuku olulandelayo, imbongi unhlangothi futhi yawela equlekile. Washona ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili. I "New York Times:" savalelisa kuye Uilyam Berrouz, owambiza ngokuthi "indoda enkulu nge nethonya emhlabeni."

Allen Ginsberg: Incwadi

Amavesi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukuphila imbongi sika zathathwa encwadini "Ukufa Inkazimulo:. Tinkondlo, 1993-1997" Le ncwadi ihlanganisa imisebenzi wadala ngokushesha ngemva Allen wafunda ngesifo sakhe. Isiphequluli Abashicileli Masonto onke echazwe iqoqo ngokuthi "yisiphelo esiphelele ukuphila zasebukhosini." Ray Olson futhi Dzhek uHelberg Ebhala kuyi Booklist, wathola izinkondlo Ginsberg sika "emihle, uma kungekhona ayenele," futhi Rochelle Ratner kokuhlaziywa Library Journal iyaphawula ukuthi lezi "ubufakazi kakhulu ngimnene futhi akukhathalele."

Enye ukushicilelwa posthumous ka Ginsberg - "Eyiqiniso ngamabomu: Tindzaba ekhethiwe, 1952-1995" - ingaphezu 150 eseyi ngesihloko zenuzi, nempi yaseVietnam, ukucwaninga izici, izimbongi ezifana Walt Whitman futhi abashaya Gregory Corso, namasiko izinkanyiso, kuhlanganise-John Lennon kanye photographer Robert Frank. Zomsoli Abashicileli Masonto onke adunyiswe incwadi ngokuthi "ngezinye izikhathi sweet, ngezinye izikhathi angenandaba," futhi wanezela ukuthi "nakanjani ngeke ibe usizo anhlobonhlobo abalandeli imbongi." Booklist wathola Ginsberg Tindzaba "kufinyeleleke kakhulu izinkondlo zakhe."

A Isibuko kukaPythagoras

Njengoba Ginsberg ungathanda ukuba amkhumbule? Ngokusho kwakhe, njengoba othile omdala isiko American yokufuna ukuhluka kwabanye obabazekayo, kusukela ubudala esikoleni Gnostic Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, oye waba kubo ngekhulu XX. Ginsberg yake yachaza ukuthi, kubo bonke ubuthakathaka engumuntu uyabubekezelela kakhulu ukuthukuthela; abangane bakhe wayezazisa kakhulu ukuzola nesisa ngokobulili; umsebenzi wakhe ekahle kwaba "ukuhambisana imizwa kule nkampani." "Zithanda noma zingathandi, akekho akuvezi isikhathi sakhe njengoba uMnu Ginsberg", - waphetha lombuyekezi Economist. "Yena wayengumbulali wabantu ibhuloho phakathi etemibhalo avant-garde pop isiko."