Alexy, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia: Biography of ukuphila kwakhe, izithombe

Alexy II, Umlando womuntu ophilako isihloko lesi sihloko, uye waphila isikhathi eside futhi, ngicabanga, ukuphila okujabulisayo. Umsebenzi wakhe washiya uphawu ngokujulile hhayi kuphela emlandweni Russian Orthodox Church, kodwa futhi izinhliziyo zabantu abaningi. Mhlawumbe yingakho, ngemva kokufa kompristi sika abantu babengekholwe, futhi bakwemukele ngokudlula kwakhe emhlabeni, futhi namanje afundwa version umphakathi we Alexy II wabulawa. Le ndoda kwadingeka kangaka ukwenza ekuphileni kwakhe wezenzo ezinhle, ukuthi ukubaluleka ngamunye eminyakeni asikapheli.

umsuka

Alexy II, biography ezizukulwaneni eziningana exhunywe ne Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, Wabelethwa ngenyanga kaMhlolanja ngomhlaka 23, 1929 emndenini engavamile kakhulu emzini eTallinn. Ngukhokho umpristi esizayo izinsuku wokubusa uCatherine II bamukela-Orthodox okuthiwa Fedor. Yena wayengumbulali jikelele, umsekeli odumile isibalo somphakathi nomyali. Kule iqhawe impi e 1812 waya Russian Riediger ozalwa.

Umkhulu yenzalamizi esizayo wakwazi ukuba athathe umkhaya wakhe ukuba isikhathi ezishisa Revolution kusukela Petersburg e-Estonia. uyise Alexia sika wafunda ehlonishwa-Imperial College Yomthetho, kodwa iqede kakade nezifundo zakhe e-Estonia. Wabe wasebenza njengoba iMantshi e Tallinn, waganwa indodakazi ka uColonel yempi tsarist. Kuleso simo emndenini wabusa abazali Orthodox Alexia babe amalungu entuthukweni we RSCM (Russian Student Christian Movement). Babehlanganyela mpikiswano benkolo, izindela zesilisa wavakashela waya inkonzo ethempelini. Lapho uLindani esemncane kakhulu, uyise waqala ukufunda kusukela izifundo wokwelusa, lapho ahlangana khona noyise noJohane, kamuva wazala ezingokomoya lomfana.

Umndeni kwadingeka isiko kokuchitha ngamaholidi e olungcwele ukuze zezindela ahlukahlukene. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho u-Alexis impilo yonke Pühtitsa walithanda abode. Ngo-1940, ubaba u-Alexis sika owamiswa idikoni. Kusukela ngo-1942, wakhonza ibandla Kazan eTallinn engaphezu kwengu-20 ukusiza abantu ukuthi bakuthole Nkulunkulu.

ebuntwaneni

Kusukela zisencane, Umbhishobhi ikusasa moskovskiy Aleksy lalikhungethwe isimo yenkolo, owawungumnyaka isimiso esingokomoya main kwetinhlavu kuye. Kusukela eminyakeni 6 ubudala waqala ukusiza enkonzweni yethempeli. Abazali nobaba okungokomoya kwenza umfana e umoya izindinganiso zobuKristu, yakhulela a, ingane ezinhle esilalelayo. Zazinzima, umndeni ekuqaleni seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ezisengozini sekudingiselweni eSiberia Lokudabuka German. Riediger Kwakudingeka sicashe. Phakathi nempi, ubaba ayithatha naye Alyosha ekuvakasheni iziboshwa emakamu bathuthela eJalimane abantu.

ukushaya

Lonke umkhathi Riediger umndeni babengene shí ekwenzeni inkolo, ingane baphuza kuso kusukela esemncane. Wayethanda owazi zesonto, yayidlala ngisho nabo imidlalo yabo. umambuli sakhe besekele Luhambo womfana UkuKholwa Orthodox. Ngo-1941, ikusasa Alexy 2 iba sase-altare, ekusizeni idikoni - uyise. Khona-ke wahlala iminyaka eminingana abakhonza emasontweni ahlukahlukene eTallinn. Isiphetho Alexis, eqinisweni, kuye kwanqunywa kusengaphambili kusukela ekuzalweni, eneminyaka engu-5 yayikhona kuphela esifubeni esontweni.

Ngo-1947, ikusasa Yobungcwele lakhe 2 ingena Leningrad sabefundisi, uphuzwe ngqo ekilasini lesithathu ngenxa imfundo ephakeme kanye nokuqeqesha. Ngo-1949 wangena Leningrad Theological Academy. Phakathi nale nkathi, izikhungo savuka zenkolo zemfundo lihlale kuyanda, kunikeza high quality imfundo Alex. Yena wayengumfundi okhuthele kakhulu, bonke othisha waphawula ukucabangela kwakhe okuphelele nokungathathi izinto kalula. Wayengenaso ukudideka kwengqondo nokusesha, wayengumuntu ngokuphelele ukuthi yokholo lwakhe ukuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wakhe.

ukuphila yompristi

Kodwa iningi izifundo at the Academy A. Riediger sihamba ngaphandle. Leningrad Gregory Metropolitan abamenyiwe le nsizwa ukuba bagcotshwe bengakaqedi nezifundo zabo. Wamenywa ukuba aye ongakhetha eziningana inkonzo, wakhetha isikhundla Umphathi Epiphany Church edolobheni Jõhvi. Kusuka lapho, wayengase abawavakashela abazali bese uya esikoleni. Ngo-1953 wathola iziqu esikoleni futhi baba ikhandidethi wezenkolo. Ngo-1957 wathunyelwa kusuka kukuliphi enzima Jõhvi e-University of Tartu. Ngakho Umbhishobhi esizayo Alexy II, iminyaka yakho yokuphila ezohlotshaniswa nge ezinkonzweni, waqhamuka endleleni lompristi.

isabelo sayo Ngawa izikhathi futhi kanzima. Cathedral of kweNyuka, okuyinto waqokwa Alexis, kwaba isesimweni esingesihle, iziphathimandla azizange ukusekela nakangaka zenkolo, kwadingeka sisebenze kuze kanzima kakhulu, khuluma abantu, nime isevisi, iya ezinkonzweni zenkolo. umpristi Novice yanquma ukucela usizo UMphathi u-Alexis I, basiza ukulungisa kanye namesake wambusisa. Ngo-1958, u-Alexis iba archpriest, futhi umphathi Tartu-Viljandi County. Ngo-1959, umpristi umama ashona ngawo, futhi lokhu kwaholela ukuba ukwamukelwa of monasticism. Waqale wacabanga yini isenzo esinjalo, futhi manje ekugcineni ukuqinisekisile inhloso yakhe.

umbhishobhi Indlela

Ngo-1961, ikusasa Alexy II (isithombe sakhe kaningi kungabonwa ku ukuvakashelwa Ukubuyekeza of amathimba angaphandle yeRussia) uthola i-aphoyintimenti entsha. Uba Bishop of Tallinn futhi Estonia, futhi kuye ukuphathiswa okwesikhashana ukuphatha Riga besifunda-bhishobhi. Russian Orthodox Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu izisebenzi abasha abafundile, ikakhulukazi njengoba akhumbula round elisha loshushiso e-Russia. Ukugcotshwa, ngesicelo Alexis owawuba Aleksandra Nevskogo Cathedral eTallinn. Ngokushesha umbhishobhi abasha uthola ucingo kusukela iziphathimandla. sesifunda sakhe kuhlelelwe ukuvala amasonto amaningana ngenxa "ezingenanzuzo" futhi ozithandayo Pyuhittsky Monastery ukunikeza ekhaya iholidi yabavukuzi. Kudingeka izinyathelo esiphuthumayo futhi eqinile.

Alexis uhlela ezikhathini eziningana lapho sivakasha ukuze amathimba ezinkulu angaphandle sesifunda sakhe futhi Isigodlo, ngenxa abezindaba Western avele izincwadi ngaye, ngoba ngonyaka lapha ubuhanjelwe yilabo abamele cishe yonke nezinhlangano zezwe zenkolo, iziphathimandla kwadingeka ukuba lidele, bese kuvalwe sezindela ayisekho ephakanyiswe. Pyuhittsky sezindela ngenxa yemizamo lika-Alexis waba indawo futhi ukuxhumana phakathi abamele onke amabandla European ukuvakashelwa.

U-Alexis wakhonza e Tallinn zaba iminyaka eyikhulu ikota. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho kakhulu kwaqinisa lapha Orthodox wakhipha isamba esikhulu sezincwadi, kuhlanganise ulimi Estonia. Imizamo yakhe Ulondoloze eziningi amathempeli esifundeni, kuhlanganise Aleksandra Nevskogo Cathedral, sekuyisikhathi eside eyasebenza njengodonga uyise ka-Alex, owashona ngo-1962, Kazan Church eTallinn. Kodwa inkulumo-ze futhi imizamo iziphathimandla wenza umsebenzi omuhle: inani lamakholwa uye kwaya emizaneni wahlala amasonto asebenzayo, Archimandrite kukhokhelwe okuqukethwe ngezimali zesonto.

Ngo-1969, u-Alex ukubeka bakhonze ezengeziwe njengoba Metropolitan kweLeningrad futhi Novgorod.

Isonto nokuphila komphakathi

Alexis njalo uhambo okuningi in ezifundeni zabo ngamasevisi saphezulu ngenhloso ukuqhuba ingxoxo kholwa ukuqinisa umoya wabo. Kulokhu, Umbhishobhi esizayo kakhulu isikhathi emnike umsebenzi womphakathi. Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, isevisi Diocesan, akazange ahlale kude empilweni yonke Orthodox. Ngo-1961, Umbhishobhi esizayo Alexy II, isithombe ongawabona esihlokweni, eyilungu nokudluliselwa Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia ku World Council of Churches LoMhlangano. Uhlanganyela umsebenzi nezinhlangano ezifana ehlonishwayo njengoba lenkomfa European Amasonto, lapho ayesebenza khona engaphezu kwengu-25, esagcina saziwa usihlalo Ephakeme KaHulumeni, Rhodes Pan-Orthodox lenkomfa, izinhlangano ukuthula, ikakhulukazi eSoviet Ukuthula Isikhwama, Isikhwama kwezincwadi Slavic namasiko Slavic. Kusukela ngo-1961, wakhonza njengephayona iPhini likaSihlalo we Litiko sangaphandle Isonto Relations YaseMoscow Sabefundisi. Ngo-1964 waba Shansela YaseMoscow Sabefundisi futhi wenza leyo misebenzi iminyaka 22.

Ngo-1989, u-Alexis wakhethwa yiphini eU.SSR nasekuvikelweni yamanani kazwelonke amasiko athile, ulimi, ukuvikelwa amagugu zomlando.

wezinzalamizi sobukhosi

Ngo-1990, Pimen wafa, UMkhandlu weNdawo bahlangana ukuze bakhethe ikhanda entsha yesonto isiRashiya, futhi kwakungekho ikhandidethi ungcono U-Alexis. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Russian ebekwa 10 Juni 1990 e-Epiphany Cathedral eMoscow. Enkulumweni yakhe eya ebandleni, wathi ubona njengoba inhloso yayo main ekuqiniseni indima yomoya wezikhali of the Church. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isidingo ukwandisa isibalo amathempeli, kuhlanganise nesidingo ukusebenza ezindaweni yeziboshwa, ukuze anikeze abantu abasisekelayo lapho indlela yokuyala. Phambili ushintsho kwezenhlalo emphakathini, esontweni kwaze kwadingeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuqinisa ukuma kwayo, futhi Alex kwaba kahle kakhulu.

Okwesikhathi esithile inzalamizi owaya kokhonza njengoba umbhishobhi Leningrad naseTallinn wesifunda. Ngo-1999, wathatha izintambo ukuphathwa Japanese iSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Phakathi nenkonzo yakhe, uMphathi uhambo okuningi ezifundeni, inkonzo benza ubufebe, Waba nesandla ukwakhiwa amasonto ababhishobhi. Kuyo yonke iminyaka engu wahambela 88 dioceses, 168 amathempeli ngayingcwelisa, wathatha izinkulungwane nokuvuma.

isikhundla yomphakathi

Alexy, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, kusukela zisencane kwahluka isikhundla okuqinile nomphakathi. Wabona ukuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wakhe hhayi kuphela ukukhonza uNkulunkulu, kodwa ekugqugquzeleni Lobu-Orthodox. Yena wayeqiniseka ukuthi wonke amaKristu kufanele sibe nobunye kuyo umsebenzi kwezemfundo. Alex ayekholelwa ukuthi isonto kufanele ubambisane eziphathimandleni, ngisho noma aye wayithola eziningi nokushushiswa okuvela iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, kodwa ngemva yokwakha kabusha wafuna ukumisa nobuhlobo obuhle ubuholi yezwe ukuba sisebenzisane ukuze uxazulule izinkinga eziningi isimo.

Yiqiniso, Umbhishobhi njalo bavikela isinamumva, yena waba waziphatha omningi esiza abantulayo kanye nomthelela yokuthi abantu besonto lakhe aye anikeza usizo olutholakalayo kwabaswele. Kulokhu, u-Alexis ngokuphindiwe kukhulunywa ngokumelene nabantu orientation ngokobulili kuhluke ngabonga ngokufudumele imeya zaseMoscow ukuba zivimbele umbukiso gay, ngokuthi ubungqingili okuphambene esibhubhisa kwezinkambiso yendabuko yesintu.

Isonto futhi ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo yomphakathi ngaphansi uMbhishobhi Omkhulu

Alexy, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoba yokuthi baziswe isimo esibucayi yesonto uhulumeni wamanje yezwe. Akwenzele eziningi ukwandisa indima yebandla ezombusazwe kuleli zwe, kungukungcola zilingana nezinhlobo abantu lokuqala isimo uhambele yisikhumbuzo nemicimbi ngokwesiko. Alex wenza lukhulu kuziphathimandla isonto bagxila ezandleni Bishops 'Council, ekunciphiseni yeningi e isakhiwo yesonto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo azenzile anda ukuzimela izifunda ngazinye WaseRussia.

Merit uMbhishobhi Omkhulu

Alexy, uMphathi Zonke eRussia, Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia kwaba nomthelela omkhulu endaweni sibonga kuqala kuye isonto emuva ebanzi inkonzo yomphakathi. Nguye nomthelela yokuthi namuhla esontweni Russian egcwele amalungu esonto, ukuthi inkolo seliphinde laba ingxenye ajwayelekile izimpilo zabantu baseRussia. Futhi, wakwazi ukubamba endaweni ethile ye-Russian Church ithi ithola uzibuse ngenxa ngokuwa-USSR. Umsebenzi wakhe njengoba Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia uye waba nomthelela obalulekile ukuthuthukiswa kabanzi ezinkolweni, ukwandisa ukubaluleka kwayo emhlabeni. Alexis kwaba usihlalo wekomiti mekonfessionalnogo "iisus hristos izolo, namuhla, naphakade." Ngo-2007, ngenxa yemizamo yakhe sasayinwa le "uMthetho ku yekhenoni iSidlo", okwakusho asize ngokuhlanganisa ka Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia futhi Russian Isonto Kwamanye Amazwe. Alex wakwazi ukubuyela umkhuba ezibanzi emikhosini yenkolo, kunomthelela ukuzuzwa izinto ezingcwele zosanta eziningi, ezifana Serafima Sarovskogo, Maksima Greka, Aleksandra Svirskogo. Yena kabili inani dioceses eRussia, inani ezifundeni liye laphindeka cishe kathathu inani lamasonto eMoscow liye landa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-40, uma ngaphambi kabusha izwe 22 yezindela kuphela, ngonyaka ka-2008 kwakukhona kakade 804 okukhulu ukubaluleka inzalamizi wanika imfundo isonto, ke kakhulu isibalo sezikhungo izikole kuwo wonke amazinga kuleli zwe, futhi kwaba nethonya elihle ku-izinhlelo ukufunda, okuyinto baye baba eseduze ezingeni emhlabeni.

udumisa

Alexy, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, ngenxa yosizo lwakhe yena yanikezelwa izikhathi eziningana kokubili ngeziphathimandla nabezenkolo. Wayefanele oda kuka-40 izindondo ka Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, okufaka eyabangani udumo, njengoba i the Order of St Andrew ngenkanyezi idayimane, Order of Grand Duke uVladimir, Order of St Alexis, Dmitriya Solunskogo ngendondo, Order of Grigoriya Pobedonostsa we Georgian iSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Uhulumeni waseRussia uye futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe itjheje kokufaneleka eziphakeme imiklomelo inzalamizi, kuhlanganise Order of Merit ngokuba lawobaba, Order of Ubungane Abantu, Order of Red Banner Wezabasebenzi. Double Alexy waklonyeliswa uMklomelo State ezifezwayo emkhakheni umsebenzi wosizo, kwadingeka nodumo okubonga ashiwo uMongameli we Russian Federation.

Alexis futhi kwadingeka eziningi imiklomelo lamazwe angaphandle, amabhonasi, Ibheji Ukuhlonishwa kanye izindondo kusuka izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto isakhamuzi zokuhlonipha amadolobha ezingaphezu kuka-10 futhi waba ufakazi udokotela zokuhlonipha 4 amanyuvesi emhlabeni.

Ukunakekelwa isitoreji

Disemba 5, 2008 ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke kwalezi zindaba ezibuhlungu: Alexy wafa 2. Imbangela yokufa - ukumelwa inhliziyo. eminyakeni embalwa uMbhishobhi Omkhulu sekube nezinkinga ezingathi sína ne inhliziyo ngisho sokuhlala Yakhiwa ikheshi phakamisa esitezi sesibili ukumsiza ugweme ukucindezeleka okungadingekile. Nokho, abezindaba cishe ngokushesha ayelapho izinguqulo lokubulala inzalamizi.

Kodwa ubufakazi yalezi izinsolo kwakungafanele, ngakho-ke, bonke baqhubeka ezingeni amahlebezi. Abantu nje abakwazanga ukukholelwa ukuthi kwakukhona umuntu onjalo, futhi yingakho azama ukuthola imbangela enkingeni yakhe. emngcwabeni nzalamizi e Cathedral eMoscow sika LikaKristu UMsindisi, wangcwatshwa Church of the Epiphany.

Abantu cishe ngokushesha waqala ukuzibuza: Alexy II kwelabagcotshwa ukuthi kwabalelwa? Inqobo nje ukuphendula ingakwenzi lokho, kusukela nokunxusa - kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi isikhathi eside.

inkumbulo Umbhishobhi omkhulu immortalized amagama imitapo, izikwele, ngesimo izikhumbuzo, zingcwecwe, izikhumbuzo eziningana.

yobumfihlo

Alexy 2, imbangela yokufa, okwakuyinto kuphela isikhathi ukuxoxa yakhe abaningi ubuntu, ukuphila, izenzo, abanesifiso. amahemuhemu Abaningi lalikhona ngobuhlobo bakhe KGB, Alexia sasibizwa nangokuthi i-darling amasevisi ekhethekile. Nakuba babungekho ubufakazi izinsolo ezinjalo.

Enye inkinga ukuthi iyathakazelisa abantu abavamile: noma umpristi wayeshadile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi hhayi ababhishobhi ungaba abafazi, njengoba angaphansi ukungashadi. Kodwa ngaphambi izindela, abapristi abaningi babe nomndeni, futhi kwakungeyona into ethile ebiyisithiyo career abo kobufundisi. Alexy II, umfati eminyakeni yakhe umfundi, angikaze ngikhulume lokho okwenzeka emndenini wakhe. Abacwaningi bathi lokhu umshado Vera Alexeeva kwaba ngokuphelele esisemthethweni. Wayedinga kuphela ukuvimbela iziphathimandla akhuthaza A. Ridiger inkonzo yezempi.

Mayelana nokuphila kwangasese Umbhishobhi is kancane eyaziwa. Wayethanda ukufunda, njalo kanzima. Alexis utlole izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngemibono yenkolo. He is kahle Estonia, isiJalimane, wakhuluma kancane ngesiNgisi. Aphila futhi wafa ngo yokuhlala ozithandayo lakhe Peredelkino, lapho wazizwa ekhululekile futhi ekhululekile.