Agglomeration Urban - iyona izindawo ngobukhulu wedolobha ...

Ubuso oguqukayo zomhlaba: emzaneni nemizana akhale emadolobheni, lona wamuva, zona spliced ndawonye futhi babe agglomeration. Le nqubo lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye nezomnotho okwenzeka kancane kancane ngokwezigaba, asikwazi wayeka. Inqubekela ngokwayo lisibeka izimo esintwini ukusheshisa yayo enkulu. wonke Ikhulu lamashumi amabili liyinkathi kwezimboni okukhulu. Umphumela waba imboni bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene kanye nokukhula ezihambisana sabantu ezisemadolobheni, okuvumela iyiphi zezimboni isithembiso eyinhloko isisetshenziswa - abasebenzi.

Indaba

agglomeration Urban - yinqubo ekwandeni insimu kwalesi sigodi ngenxa isakhiwo sayo nokutholwa nemizana eduze. KwamaDorobha isidlulile ngokushesha ngokwanele iminyaka 80-95. Uma siqhathanisa idatha yokubala abantu phezu isiqalo nesiphetho kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ibonisa isilinganiso sabantu nezindawo zasemaphandleni nezasemadolobheni. Ngo iphesenti imigomo, imi kanje: ngo-1903, ama-13% - the abakhe emizini, ngo-1995 lesi sibalo 50%. Umkhuba baqhubeka namuhla, kodwa izikhungo yokuqala enkulu ezisemadolobheni uvele kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. Njengoba isibonelo, i-Athens, i-Alexandriya, futhi-ke, iRoma okukhulu. Esikhathini eside kamuva, ngekhulu XVII, le agglomeration lokuqala kwavela Europe - lena Paris kanye London, okuyinto bahlale ezindaweni ezinkulu ngokuthi iBritish Isles. Ekhulwini XIX, ukwakheka nemizana ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni waqala eNyakatho Melika. Igama elithi "agglomeration" yethulwa okokuqala a sokuma French M. Rouget. Ngokusho definition lakhe, dolobha eliminyene elinabantu - iyona okukhipha imisebenzi abangekho kwezolimo kohlaka zokuphatha ukuze zokuhlala kanye ukuzibandakanya kulo zasemizaneni ezizungezile. Okwamanje ekhona ngokusentshenziswa kokwethula ngokwanele ahlukahlukene, kodwa generalizing isimiso inqubo zokwanda, ukukhula komuzi. Uma lokhu kunakwe eziningi zindlela.

definition

N. V Petrov uchaza agglomeration njengoba yinhlanganisela amadolobha kanye nezinye nemizana isimiso indawo, futhi zikhula ndawonye inqubo ukuthuthukiswa, kukhona nokuqinisa zonke izinhlobo ubudlelwano (umsebenzi, zabantu, izigaba zezomnotho nokunye. D.). Kulokhu, leli qoqo kumele kube icwecwe futhi abe imingcele ecacile zokuphatha - kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Pertsik EN kunikeza incazelo ukuhluka: i-dolobha eliminyene elinabantu - kuwuhlobo ekhethekile yokuphila yasedolobheni, okubandakanya cluster ngokwendawo nemizana abaseduze imbuya kuncikene futhi wabelane inethiwekhi ezivamile ezokuthutha, ingqalasizinda ubunjiniyela phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi kanye namasiko, base ezivamile zenhlalo futhi lobuchwepheshe. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, wagcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo nobungane imvelo ezikhiqiza kakhulu ngoba kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe oluseqophelweni izindawo. Ngakho, lapha ukuthi abasebenzi abanekhono kakhulu zihlelwe ukuze kube lula lapho eba amasevisi wemboni futhi ukudala izimo ngoba ukuphumula okuhle. Imizi ngobukhulu futhi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezingu kukhona imingcele ephathekayo, akusiwona nje indawo langempela izinto ngazinye, kodwa ngezikhathi esichithwa ukuhamba umuntu noma izimpahla eziya kusuka nucleus ukuba azungeze.

Isimo sokunquma sokunquma agglomeration

Phakathi kwemizi eminingi yanamuhla ngempela athuthukile, elinabantu abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2-3. Batfola kutsi ngabe yakithi kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi namaphethelo, kungenzeka, usebenzisa ethize kokuhlaziywa zindlela. Kodwa lapha, imicabango yabantu abahlaziyi ahluke: ezinye ukuphakamisa ukugxila iqembu izici, omunye kwanele ukuba umuntu isici icaciswe futhi ibhalwe. izibalo ezisemqoka owawuthi edolobheni kungenziwa ashiwo agglomeration:

1. I kwabantu labantu ngalinye 1 m ^2.
2. Inombolo (abantu abayizinkulungwane 100, mkhawulo akanamkhawulo).
3. Ijubane ukwakhiwa kanye lokuqhubeka yayo (ngaphansi kuka-20 km phakathi umuzi omkhulu futhi iziphuphutheki yayo).
4. Inombolo sequestered ezindaweni (iziphuphutheki).
5. Amandla travel izinjongo ezihlukahlukene phakathi umongo kanye azungeze (umsebenzi, cwaningo noma ezokungcebeleka, okubizwa ngokuthi kufuduka isiyingi).
6. Kuvele ingqalasizinda edidiyelwe (Izinsiza, ezokuxhumana).
7. Ubude Logistics kwenethiwekhi.
8. I share sabantu baqashwe umsebenzi abangekho kwezolimo.

Izinhlobo agglomerations ezisemadolobheni

Naphezu kokuhlukahluka lwamaphethini nokuxhumana nemibandela nokuhlalisana amadolobha kanye iziphuphutheki zabo, kukhona uhlelo sikubeke sokunquma uhlobo ndawo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: monocentric futhi endaweni polycentric wedolobha. Inani elikhulu zangaleso yakha ekubumbaneni kungokwalabo esigabeni sokuqala. Monocyclic agglomeration kwakheka isimiso ukubusa omunye umuzi omkhulu. Kukhona core ukuthi sihlanganisa ukukhula endaweni yayo nezinye nemizana futhi yakha orientation nentuthuko yabo eminye Symbiosis nge amakhono abo. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke dolobha eliminyene elinabantu (iningi) zenzelwe impela Monotype. Isibonelo salokhu eMoscow noma e-New York. endaweni Polycentric wedolobha kukhona ngaphandle, benza ukuhlanganisa imizi eminingana, futhi ngamunye okuyinto uhlamvu ehlukile futhi ubamba kwasezindaweni ezizungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane kungcono Ruhr elisemcengezini, eyakhelwe ngokugcwele isikhala izinhlangano ezinkulu, ngamunye ephethe iziphuphutheki eziningana ngesikhathi esifanayo abazi ezincike ngayo kwezinye futhi zenziwe eyodwa kuphela ngesisekelo indawo.

isakhiwo

I izindawo ngobukhulu idolobha emhlabeni Kwakhiwa amadolobha, omlando wakhe ukubalwa kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 100 1000. Lokhu ngokomlando, noma yimuphi izakhiwo zezimboni, amaketanga okudayisa, zamasiko kulula ngcono kuka ukudala emisha kusuka ekuqaleni. Okukhishwayo kuphela emadolobheni aseMelika ukuthi ekuqaleni kuhlelwe njengenhlangano agglomeration for ephakeme tilinganiso kwezomnotho.

Ngakho, masenze isiphetho esifushane. agglomeration Urban - kuyinto isiphetho ehlelekile, okuyinto (cishe, imingcele ecacile abekho) kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Enkabeni yedolobha, ingxenye yayo yomlando, okuyinto emagugu emasiko yesifunda. khona lakhe intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke ngesikhathi sasemini, kukhona ngokuvamile imikhawulo entry kuya ensimini ezokuthutha siqu.
2. Ring ezungeze Ingcenye ephakathi, isikhungo ibhizinisi. Le ndawo ezinabantu kakhulu uyakhile izakhiwo ihhovisi, ngaphezu, kukhona uhlelo olubanzi amabhizinisi ukudla (zokudla, nemishayo, amathilomu), kwenkululeko amasevisi anikezwa futhi kabanzi ngempela (beauty salon, ukuzivocavoca kanye amahholo ezemidlalo, imfashini ateliers nokunye. D.). Kukhona evuthiwe yokuthengisa inethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi ezitolo ezibizayo nemikhiqizo okukhethekile, kukhona zokuphatha nezikhungo zomphakathi.
3. Le ndawo ophilayo, elingelakwaJuda zezakhiwo ezindala. Ngo inqubo agglomeration wayevame uphendukela ibhizinisi izifunda. Lena ngenxa zibiza komhlaba emafulethini. Ngenxa befunwa ngoba, isakhiwo ukuthi kungukuthi ezihlobene ezikhumbuzo izakhiwo kanye nomlando, acekela noma olwesimanje lwesikhundla kanye nezinye izakhiwo.
4. Multi-storey ukwakhiwa okukhulu. Yesikhathi eside (ingalali) izindawo, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane kanye esishintshashintshayo ezimbonini. Lomkhakha ngokuvamile isiqondiso kakhulu kwezenhlalo (ezikoleni, Izitolo ezinkulu okudayisa, izibhedlela, imitapo nokunye okunjalo. D.).
5. Suburban izindawo, amapaki, izingadi, emizaneni-satellites. Kuye ngobukhulu we namaphethelo, kule ndawo ethuthuka futhi sokuxazulula.

izigaba yentuthuko

Zonke izindawo wedolobha zomhlaba izinqubo main kumiswa. Ezindaweni eziningi kuthiwa wayeka ekuthuthukisweni kwabo (eziyingozi empilweni ngesikhathi esithile), abanye sebeqalile nje indlela yabo futhi kakhulu okunethezekayo womuntu uhlalwe isakhiwo. Ingahlukaniswa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Industrial agglomeration. Ukuhlobana phakathi nengaphakathi futhi azungeze kuzinto ukukhiqizwa. Labor izinsiza iboshelwa ibhizinisi elithile, akukho jikelele ingcebo emakethe yomhlaba.
2. isigaba yoshintsho. Libhekene izinga anda beya, ngokulandelana, akha wezabasebenzi ezivamile, maphakathi okuyinto idolobha elikhulu. nucleus agglomeration iqala ngenkuthalo balolonge wemboni amasevisi nemisebenzi yokuzilibazisa ngezinga elingakanani.
3. agglomeration Dynamic. Lesi sigaba sihlinzekela sesimanje kanye nokudluliswa umthamo ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi izingxenye neuropathy. Ngo parallel, ukuthuthukisa lolunye luhlelo elikuvumela ukuba wenze okwengeziwe coalescence okusheshayo core kanye satellite emadolobheni. Kukhona wezabasebenzi ezivamile, ingcebo, ingqalasizinda jikelele Kwakhiwani.
4. Iposi-zezimboni agglomeration. Isigaba sokugcina, esibonakala ekupheleni izinqubo nokuxhumana. ukuxhumana okukhona (core-azungeze) ziyaqiniswa futhi lanwetshwa. Iqala ukusebenza ukuthuthukisa isimo agglomeration ukuheha izinsiza futhi ukwandisa imisebenzi.

Izici agglomerations Russian

Ukuze ukwandisa izinga ukukhula kwezomnotho kunye nokuthuthukisa zokukhiqiza zobuchwepheshe, izwe lethu kumele abe izinhlelo kahle ichazwe futhi costed ngekusasa eliseduze futhi ezikude. Ngokomlando, kwakukhona isimo lapho agglomerations ezisemadolobheni Russia zazisekelwe kuphela uhlobo ezimbonini. Lapho emnothweni kuhlelwe kwakwanele, kodwa ngesikhathi ushintsho baphoqeleka ukuba ukuguqulwa isigaba (ekwakhekeni umnotho emakethe), kwakukhona eziningi izinkinga kwadingeka basuswe phakathi neminyaka engu-90. ukuqhubeka ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zidinga kokungenela kuhulumeni. Yingakho lesi sihloko ngokuvamile okuxoxwe ngochwepheshe lezidumbu ophakeme kahle kwemandla embuso. Kuyadingeka ukuqedela nokubuyiselwa, sesimanje kanye Ukuthuthela ukukhiqizwa lezisekelo, okuyinto Kwakuyohlanganisani onamandla agglomeration izinqubo. Ngaphandle kweqhaza isimo njengoba yilo elihamba phambili ekuxhaseni futhi indikimba ebusayo zalesi sigaba ayitholakali ukuze emadolobheni amaningi. Zinkulu izinzuzo zokonga agglomerations ezisebenza kukhona elingenakuphikwa, ngakho inkanuko inqubo inhlangano is ngokwendawo exhumene amadolobha amakhulu namancane. agglomerations elikhulu ezisemadolobheni zomhlaba kungadalwa eRussia esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Sinazo zonke izinsiza ezidingekayo, kubalulekile ukuba kahle ukusebenzisa main - zokuphatha.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke agglomerations ezisemadolobheni Russia

Empeleni, kuze kube manje akukho izibalo ecacile. Ngokwe- kokuhlaziywa nenqubo agglomerations eRussia bungabonakala 22 ngobukhulu, ayakhula kancane. Ezweni lethu owandile uhlobo monocentric kumiswa. agglomeration Urban Russia ezimweni eziningi zitholakala esigabeni yezimboni ukuthuthukiswa, kodwa zinamanzi lwabasebenzi eyanele sokwanda okwengeziwe. Inombolo futhi uvimbele kumiswa ahlelwe ukulandelana elandelayo (kuqala 10):

1. EMoscow.
2. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. Chelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

Isibalo agglomerations ezisemadolobheni eRussia lukhula ngenxa ukudalwa izinhlangano amasha, lokho akusho ukuthi zihlanganisa megacities: Fusion senzeka ngezithukuthuku index isisetshenziswa noma izithakazelo ezimbonini.

agglomeration emhlabeni

amaqiniso Amazing futhi izibalo ingatholakala ngokutadisha ndaba. Abanye babe agglomeration endaweni global kanye labantu ufana labo of lonke izwe. Inombolo ephelele ziyararaniselana ukubala, ngoba isazi ngasinye isebenzisa ethize (akhethiwe kubo) iqembu izingxenye noma omunye wabo. Kodwa lapho sicabangela ngobukhulu eziyishumi ningaqiniseka abavumelana ngayo ochwepheshe. Ngakho:

1. agglomerations ezisemadolobheni elikhulu emhlabeni - eTokyo, eYokohama. Labantu - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-37.5 (Japan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Incheon (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai, China (PRC).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. I-New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Izinkinga agglomerations ezisemadolobheni

Nge zonke ezicini ezinhle ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe, isiko, umkhakha kanye nesayensi, zikhona abaningana impela nemiphumela ethile engathandeki, izimpawu megacities. Okokuqala, ngokwezinga elikhulu ukuxhumana futhi ngokuqhubekayo okwandisa umthwalo (ekuthuthukisweni esebenzayo) kuholela ezinkingeni izindlu, ngokulandelana, sehlise izinga induduzo izakhamuzi. Okwesibili, ezokuthutha kanye Logistics izikimu musa njalo ukunikeza ezingeni efanele traffic ijubane kwezimpahla nabantu. Okwesithathu, izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu ukungcoliswa imvelo (Umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi). Okwesine, agglomeration ukuheha iningi labantu abasebenza emadolobheni amancane angekho nabangane babo. Ekhulwini lesihlanu, lo yinkimbinkimbi wokuphatha izindawo ezinkulu. Lezi izinkinga ezaziwayo zonke wayehlala edolobheni, futhi ukubhekana nabo kudinga umsebenzi eside isikhathi kuzo zonke izakhiwo zedolobha.