Aesthetics - Kuyini? Isayensi ubuhle. Lokulalela kanye Nokuziphatha Aesthetics

Ezweni lanamuhla ngeke kube khona kungekho imiqondo ezifana nokuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo. Nokho, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi nale migomo kuwufanele wonke ukuqonda umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi. Ikakhulukazi, incazelo yegama elithi "sobuhle bayo." Kuyini lokhu umqondo, futhi sciences ezimbili ihluke nomunye?

Kuyini izimiso zokuhle?

Yokuziphatha - uhlelo lolwazi elivumela abantu ukuba sihlukanise phakathi kokulungile nokungalungile, enhle kusukela amabi. Lokho isayensi ubuhle. Lamakhono ahlukile, ngoba asiza ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele. Uhlelo zingancishiswa kwezinkambiso nomphakathi futhi imiqondo zokuziphatha okufanele isetshenziswe kukho konke ukuphila. Yokuziphatha presents imiqondo ezinjengokwethembeka, magnanimity, ukuphana, ukuhaha, impindiselo, kanye nabanye abaningi.

Ukuxhumana ne imfundiso zefilosofi

Lokuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo babe nobuhlobo obuseduze nefilosofi. Ucwaningo mayelana nokuziphatha waqala edumile isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle. Igama elithi ukweleta ivelaphi ukuba igama lesiGreki elithi ethos - "ethos", okusho ukuthi "siko", "isimilo". A eyiqaphuqaphu owaziwa sefilosofi Cicero, ngubani omele abavelele kwenkathi lasendulo, igama elihunyushwe ngokuthi olimini lwesiLatini, ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi ethos kuyinto ukufanisa mores, kanye esuselwe amazwi moralitas - "zokuziphatha", moralis - ". Zokuziphatha"

imiqondo emithathu eyisisekelo

Ngo isiRashiya, kukhona ulwazi lwamagama afana nelithi zokuziphatha zokuziphatha. Njengamanje, kucatshangwa ukuthi igama elithi 'izimiso' "zokuziphatha" futhi "zokuziphatha" kuyahambisana. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, abantu emelela nefilosofi kazwelonke, kunemibandela ezintathu kabani amanani zifana kakhulu.

Uyini umehluko?

Ngakho, uyini umehluko? Ngaphansi izimiso isayensi kuthathwe kusikisela ukuthi uvumela ukuba bathole ulwazi ukuze kuhlukaniswe NGCOLILE NGA HLE ezihloniphekayo, siyakhazimula futhi enhle kusukela ugly, ukucindezeleka, nangaphansi Ukuziphatha - ukwazi nokuziphatha ukuthi lafundvwako. Sokuziphatha isayensi isimilo ngezinga elithile-elementi zokuziphatha uqobo. Yini umehluko kungenziwa kuphawulwe? Yokuziphatha kuhlanganisa imigomo ejwayelekile ziyafana nokuziphatha - imithetho ethize (postulates), okuyothi ngalo isigcwaliseke ngokuphelele futhi izimiso jikelele womuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi, kodwa benethuba ushintsho.

Yokuziphatha kufanele khona indoda kusuka ebuntwaneni

Ikhulu lama-21 eziye zaziletha umphakathi ube yize umqondo wokuthi sezimiso, okuyinto organically ehlangene izimiso zomkhaya nobulili. Ngemva umphakathi agcwele ngqo kunqunywa enempilo, ubuhlobo enhle phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. omkhaya ajabulayo izotshala ezingqondweni beya nemiphefumulo izingane amagugu kamuva ayezoba emaphakathi impilo zokuziphatha, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo wonke umphakathi. Umuntu ngamunye kumelwe sithole ulwazi mayelana nokuziphatha nokuthuthukisa besebancane ekuseni. Kuphela kulesi simo-ke singakwazi ukuhlale sibonisa ukuvumelana, emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izingane kudingeka aqonde mayelana nanoma yisiphi kwezinkambiso imiqondo zokuziphatha okufanele akhunjulwe ngayo kunoma isiphi isimo.

ukuphila ilungile

Yokuziphatha ubuntu zokuziphatha ngabanye ikakhulukazi, ngokuphelele, futhi hhayi ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka. izimiso zokuhle yomphakathi, kunalokho, wadala for the umphakathi ukuchuma, isihlobo kanye wawubekela imithetho eqinile. Yingakho umuntu zokuziphatha akakwazi nabafuna sizithobe uhlelo lokuziphatha evelele emphakathini, kuba polemic kungaqedwa nalo. Yena njalo ukubhikisha ngokumelene nalo, ucabangela ezingeni leliphasi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili nakanjani kuphakama ukuphikisana ngenxa izindlela ezingafani ukuze umqondo lwesintu. inkampani abakwazi ukuhlonipha izimiso isintu, nendlela yokuziphatha kanye ubuntu zokuziphatha - kunalokho. Phela, isintu ubhekwa umhlatshelo ngenxa ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo. Indoda efuna ukuhlala ngendlela efanele, kanye izikhundla nezimiso zokuziphatha kufanele ahlaziye ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabo nezenzo wonke amanye. Umcabango okuhle nokubi, ubuhle kanye kungamboza ububi, ehloniphekile okuyihlazo kufanele zisize ahlole yehlukene kaningi okubalwa emhlabeni ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuqonda onjani ukuziphatha kanye nesitayela kufanele kulandelwe zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe. Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi George Edvard Mur eqiniseka ukuthi izimiso zokuhle ikuvumela ukuba wenze izinqumo, ukwenza izinqumo. Isekelwe kumigomo nokuziphatha, kungenzeka ukuba baphile ngokuvumelana nomunye.

Kuyini sobuhle bayo?

Aesthetics - Kuyini? Kuyinto isayensi yolwazi lemizwa emhlabeni, likhono labo lekuvisisa kanye ukudalwa ubuhle, ikhono ukuveza izithombe ezahlukene zobuciko. Isigaba "yobuhle" futhi "emangalisayo" kukhona esiseduzane nomunye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ephelele iyona ekahle, owawuthi kungenzeka bacabangele nezinye izenzakalo yobuhle. Ngakho, kuba ngesilinganiso esikhulu ekhethekile.

ngezici ezinhle nezimbi

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nkolelo-mbono yesimanje ngokuvamile ngezesilisa isigaba omuhle, futhi bahlukene yabo, njenge:

• amahle - amabi;
• omkhulu - nelesabekayo;
• sublime - ezimbi.

Lesi sici sokuhlakanipha ucwaningo kusekelwe yokuthi ukwabiwa kweqanda zekhwalithi njalo kusikisela ukuba khona okuphambene.

Umlando we umqondo

Igama elithi "isihloko sobuhle bayo" savela kuyi-maphakathi nekhulu XVIII. Umqondo wethulwa emphakathini zezemfundo ngokusebenzisa sefilosofi Aleksandru Gotlibu Baumgarten evela eJalimane. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nkulumo ukweleta ivelaphi ukuba igama lesiGreki elithi aisthetikos, okungase elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umuzwa." Baumgarten wakwazi ukuthola esikhundleni esikhethekile emhlabeni yesayensi, ngokuletha isiyalo ezimele entsha, okuyinto eduze ifilosofi - sobuhle bayo. Kwaba intuthuko yangempela, kungaba ngako akusoze kwaphikwa.

ukuthuthukiswa sobuhle bayo

Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Isihloko sobuhle bayo is ahlanganiswe kusukela ekuqaleni. Endulo zefilosofi Sixoxe ngemibuzo jikelele ubunjalo ubuhle nezobuciko. NgeNkathi Ephakathi abantu bezama ukuba bazi uNkulunkulu. Esikhathini Renaissance umcabango yobuhle ekuqaleni ukuthuthukisa ezingeni practice kwezobuciko, kodwa kwaphawuleka ubuhlobo obuseduze nemvelo. Ekuqaleni kuka-isayensi yanamuhla kwaba ngesisekelo kwezinkambiso yobuciko, kuhlanganise athuthukile kanye aesthetics izincwadi. Ngo Age of Ukukhanyiselwa sobuhle bayo avunyelwe ukuqala ukuhlola imisebenzi ehlukene yobuciko ngokuya indima yabo emphakathini. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi ababhali uzamile ukwethula imisebenzi anencazelo engqondweni yethu ikakhulukazi nezokuziphatha, ivumela abantu ukuba sihlakulele.

Ngokusho sefilosofi mayelana sobuhle bayo

U-Immanuel Kant, okuyinto ingenye zefilosofi abadumile abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi sobuhle bayo ikuvumela ukuhlola amahle 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, okuyinto isihloko kuwo. Nokho, lolu cwaningo kwezinto nobuhle is hhayi kwenziwe. Ngokwe ukubukwa Emmanuel Kant, sobuhle bayo (okuyinto isayensi, oluchazwe ngenhla), ucabangela izahlulelo ezahlukene mayelana esihle, ngakho-ke inikeza isisekelo ukugxekwa yobuciko ezahlukene usebenza ukunquma izindinganiso zabo lezi zigaba futhi kutholakale izinga engqondweni yethu, ukubaluleka zokuziphatha. Isazi sefilosofi Georg Hegel zaphawula ukuthi sobuhle bayo iyingxenye wefilosofi, kodwa yakhelwe ukuhlola izindawo ezahlukene zobuciko, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi isayensi ivumela ukucacisa indawo ilawulwa ngamunye ngemsebenti webuciko uhlelo lwezemfundo lwangesikhathi esedlule manje kuze nesizukulwana esizayo.

Lokuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo self-ngcono nolwazi zomhlaba

Ngemva kwalokho, leyo nto yayizovela ku ukulungisiswa theory evumela ukunquma isiqondiso 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, ukuhlaziya izici isitayela bokubeka umsebenzi. Konke lokhu ngenxa yobuhle. Kuyini esikhathini esizayo kuyoba omunye izifundo esikoleni, ayikwazanga cabanga umuntu.

Marxists baye esiqokiwe ke njengendlela ekhethekile isayensi yemvelo, okuvumela ukuhlola njalo ngendlela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo aesthetics yobuciko kwabonakala ezobuciko namasiko we umphakathi wonke.

sefilosofi Russian Aleksey Fedorovich Losev kubhekwe isihloko isayensi njengoba izwe ekhethekile amafomu bayaxoxa, okudaliwe njengoba indoda kanye nemvelo. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi kubalulekile ukufunda akugcini nje enhle, kodwa futhi kwezinye izigaba ngenxa yobuhle, phakathi lapho kufanele kuphawulwe ugly, okuhlekisayo, le sublime, lo emibi ezinyantisayo, t. E., Kukhona hhayi kuphela sobuhle bayo kanye ubuciko, kodwa futhi okuphambene ephelele. Lo mbono Losev wagomela ngokuthi sobuhle bayo isayensi ezokwenza ukuhlola izici okuqonda lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ekhululekile zomhlaba futhi uthole amathuba uhlakulele amakhono zokudala. Kususelwa kuleli qophelo, umqondo ifomu kwezobuciko angabhekwa ngendlela efanayo nelithi art.

aesthetics zanamuhla

Okwamanje isihloko sobuhle bayo namanje ezihambayo nokushintsha, ngokuqondene ososayensi abaningi bayaqhubeka ukucinga impendulo. Nokho, lo mbono kuthandwa kakhulu, njengoba isetshenziswa cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile ungakwazi ukuzwa "aesthetics umzimba" noma "sobuhle bayo ibhizinisi" nokunye. D.

Isayensi kufanele kubhekwe ekukhanyeni ezifana izigaba eziyinhloko njengoba "yobuhle". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi olunzulu umqondo jikelele maqondana izinto eziningi.

Izici ukuthuthukiswa nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi ngenxa yobuhle zomhlaba

ukuthuthukiswa kahle emhlabeni wenza sikwazi ukuthuthukisa ukuziphatha umuntu ngamunye, ukuqonda kangcono isimo kweqiniso futhi sifuna ngentshiseko ukudalwa Ezweni elikahle. Umuntu ngamunye uqala ukuqaphela izinhloso, ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka yakho, thatha izimiso nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zokuziphatha yezizwe ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlola izenzo yabangane bakhe. ulwazi Ethical kusenza siqonde zonke izinkambiso zokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha, enamathela umphakathi, kanye ukuqonda izici of ngamunye emhlabeni isizwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni

nokwenziwa Tebuciko zomhlaba kungenzeka kuphela uma kukhona isithakazelo endabeni yolwazi noma gxila bezibona lephelele. Art ikuvumela ukudala, futhi kamuva ukuze ulungise indlela sabele isipiliyoni zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando. Bezibona omuhle wobuciko kunomthelela self-ngcono futhi ushintsho zengqondo ngezwe esekelwe imizwa siqu kanye nemvelo usikompilo nenhlalo yolwazi yobuhle. Ukuqonda emhlabeni onengcebo tebuciko ivumela ukufunda zonke izici indlela kwezobuciko okuyinto umkhiqizo analogo.

ulwazi Ethical futhi ngenxa yobuhle zomhlaba - indlela engcono kakhulu self-ngcono. Popular ukubonakaliswa umlobi odumile waseBrithani Oscar Wilde uthi: "Aesthetics iyinhlangano Imi ngenhla izimiso zokuhle!" Ngakho, umdali uveza ukuthi ubuhle ngenhla, isb. E. Good ezibalulekile. Akayena ilungelo? Noma yini? Kuphela ngamunye futhi ephendula ngobuqotho zale mibuzo, umuntu ngamunye uyobe bakwazi kakhulu ukuzibona ngeso lengqondo izinto: ku angalalela izinkolelo zakhe ezinhle, noma imithetho ubuhle. Nguwena ongazikhethela: izimiso zokuhle noma sobuhle bayo. Kuyini kuwe?