Acetylcholine - a excitation neurotransmitter emsipheni. Acetylcholine: izici, imikhiqizo, izakhiwo

передатчик нервного возбуждения в ЦНС, окончаниях парасимпатических нервов и вегетативных ганглиях. Acetylcholine - Lidlulisela ezinzwa CNS excitation, le parasympathetic kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa kanye ganglia autonomic. It wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuphileni izinqubo. imisebenzi efanayo kufanele amino acid, histamine, Dopamine, serotonin, i-adrenalin. Acetylcholine ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ishayela omoya ebuchosheni. Ake sicabangele le ndaba ngokuningiliziwe.

Uhlolojikelele

Ukuphela fibre kusukela lapho acetylcholine neurotransmitter okuhambisa, ngokuthi cholinergic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izakhi ezikhethekile abasebenza ngazo kulo baxhumana. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-receptor cholinergic. Lezo zinto eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni molecule - nucleoproteins. отличаются тетрамерной структурой. Acetylcholine receptor kuhluke tetrameric isakhiwo. Basuke esisogwini ebusweni elingaphandle plasma (postsynaptic) ulwelwesi. Ngokwemvelo yabo, la mangqamuzana kukhona heterogeneous.

Ngo izifundo zokuhlola, futhi isetshenziselwa yezokwelapha izidakamizwa "acetylcholine chloride" okwethulwa isixazululo umjovo. Okunye ukuthaka imithi ngendlela esekelwe yalolu ketshezi ayitholakali. Kukhona omqondofana zomuthi: "Miohol", "Atsekolin", "Tsitoholin".

Ukwahlukanisa amaprotheni choline

Amanye ama-molecule zitholakala postganglionic nezinzwa cholinergic. Lena indawo imisipha bushelelezi, inhliziyo, the nezindlala. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-receptor m-cholinergic - muskarinochuvstvitelnye. Akhona namanye amaprotheni atholakala synapse ganglion futhi kwamanyuroni izakhiwo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Yiwo okuthiwa njengoba receptor n-cholinergic - nikotinochuvstvitelnymi.

izincazelo

Ukwahlukaniswa ngenhla kungenxa ngokucacile ukusabela ukuthi zenzeka lapho lezi basebenzisane izinhlelo kwamakhemikhali kanye acetylcholine. , в свою очередь, объясняет причины некоторых процессов. Lokhu, uyachaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingcindezi ukunciphisa, uketshezi ethuthukisiwe ye esiswini, kanye nezinye izindlala salivary, bradycardia, njll futhi pupillary constriction. Muskarinochuvstvitelnye ngaphansi kwethonya amaprotheni ukusikwa imisipha lwamathambo nokunye. Nikotinochuvstvitelnye lapho zizwa engqamuzaneni. Eminyakeni yamuva, ososayensi baye baqala ukuhlukanisa receptor m-cholinergic ku iqeqebana. I wafunda kakhulu namuhla indima kanye kwasendaweni M1 ne-M2 molecule.

I ngokucacile emphumeleni

не избирательный элемент системы. Acetylcholine - lena akuyona i-elementi uhlelo lokhetho. Ngo ntshashintshe ithinta kokubili M- kanye n-molecule. isithakazelo Muskarinopodobnoe nethonya ukuthi yisiphi acetylcholine. воздействие проявляется в замедлении сердечного ритма, расширении кровеносных сосудов (периферических), активизации перистальтики кишечника и желудка, сокращении мышц матки, бронхов, мочевого, желчного пузыря, интенсификации секреции бронхиальных, потовых, пищеварительных желез, миозе. Lo mphumela kuzibonakalisa okwehlisa izinga inhliziyo, Ukuvuleka komlomo imithambo yegazi (neuropathy), ukusebenza motility emathunjini bese esiswini, lesizalo imisipha, bronchus, isinye, nenyongo sesinye, le ukwanda uketshezi bronchial, umjuluko, izindlala wokugaya ukudla, myositis.

constriction we umfundi

Isiyingi iris imisipha innervated ngu Imicu yotshani postganglionic ku nezinzwa oculomotor, uqala kanyekanye ne ciliate encishisiwe kakhulu. Kulokhu, kukhona ekhululekile Zinn nemisipha. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka spasm yokuhlala. Constriction we umfundi, ngenxa ithonya acetylcholine, ngokuvamile uhambisana ukwehla ingcindezi intraocular. Lo mphumela kubangelwa ukunwetshwa igobolondo iqhaza canal Schlemm futhi phezu izikhala isizinda fontanovyh miosis futhi aba iris. Lokhu kuthuthukisa outflow uketshezi kusukela ingaphakathi iso uketshezi.

на основе других подобных ему веществ используются при лечении глаукомы. With ikhono yokunciphisa izingcindezi intraocular njengoba acetylcholine, ukwakhiwa ngokusekelwe nezinye izinto ezifanayo esetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-glaucoma. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa ejenti anticholinesterase, cholinomimetics.

Nikotinochuvstvitelnye amaprotheni

обуславливается его участием в процессе передачи сигналов с преганглионарных нервных волокон на постганглионарные, находящиеся в вегетативных узлах, и с двигательных окончаний на поперечнополосатые мышцы. Nikotinopodobnoe isinyathelo acetylcholine kubangelwa ukuhlanganyela lakhe inqubo isignali transduction kusukela preganglionic yezinzwa postganglionarnae ezisebusweni ISIZINDA vegetative kanye motor eziyimpumelelo ku imisipha striated. Ngezinye ngemithamo ongaphakeme ketshezi uba Transmitter ukuqhanyelwa bokuphila. , то может развиться стойкая деполяризация в районе синапсов. Uma acetylcholine luyanda, kungase ukuthuthukisa depolarization ephikelelayo synapse endaweni. Futhi kukhona kungenzeka ivimbela ukudluliselwa excitation.

CNS

играет роль передатчика сигналов в различных мозговых отделах. Acetylcholine emzimbeni uba Lidlulisela isignali ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zobuchopho. Ngezinye lokuhlala aphansi ke kungadambisa, futhi ezinkulu - kancane ukusakaza izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho amaza. Izinguquko in umzimba kungakusiza ukuba unikeze sokuphazamiseka okuthile ebuchosheni. психотропной группы. Abamelene, okuyinto ziqhathaniswa acetylcholine - izidakamizwa psychotropic iqembu. Lapho ukweqisa izidakamizwa kungenzeka kuphula umthetho we ephakeme nemisebenzi kwemizwa (imiphumela hallucinogenic njll).

synthesis acetylcholine

Kwenzeka ku cytoplasm ka kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa. Izitoke izidakamizwa elise ezikhumulweni presynaptic ngesimo Bubbles. Livela i engaba isinyathelo kuholela ukukhululwa acetylcholine kusukela "Amaphilisi" abangamakhulu amaningana emqhokrweni izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho. Izinto ukhululeka vesicles abophele ulwelwesi postsynaptic nge molecule ethize. Lokhu kwandisa permeability yayo sodium, i-calcium ne-potassium ion. Umphumela excitatory ezingaba postsynaptic. Umthelela acetylcholine ukhawulelwe hydrolysis yayo ezihilela atsetilholiesterazy enzyme.

Physiology molecule nicotinic

incazelo Okokuqala ukunyusele osenyameni intracellular nekhono kagesi. yokwamukela Nicotinic waba omunye lokuqala, elalingaba bakghone ukurekhoda imisinga egeleza ngokusebenzisa umgudu owodwa. In the state evulekile izophela therethrough ion K + futhi Na +, ukuze sasihambisana ngokwezinga divalent cations. Kulesi simo conductivity isiteshi lubonakaliswa value njalo. Nokho, isikhathi nesimo evulekile, izenzo izici sincike ezingaba voltage isetshenziswa yokwamukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mithandazo uhlaliseke ngesikhathi Ukuqeda depolarization we hyperpolarization ulwelwesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona desensetizatsii mkhuba. Kwenzeka emva isicelo isikhathi eside acetylcholine nezinye abamelene ezinciphisa yokwamukela luvelo okwandisa isikhathi wombuso isiteshi evulekile.

ukushukuma kagesi

Dihydro-β-eritroidin amabhlogo ama-receptor nicotinic ebuchosheni futhi izinzwa ganglia phezu ukuthuthukiswa impendulo cholinergic. Babuye ngezimiso eziphakeme ziyezwana wahlangana ngobuhlobo-nicotine tritium-abhalwe. Ezizwelayo αBGT receptor yezinzwa hippocampus abe ezifweni ongaphakeme acetylcholine, ngokungafani izakhi αBGT-sokushintsha. Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile futhi uyakhetha omelene ukuncintisana emkhakheni wokuqala izenzo metillikakonitin.

nemikhiqizo ezithile anabeziina liyochukuluza abakhethayo kusebenze nomthelela iqembu αBGT-receptor. I conductivity wesiteshi ion sezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi receptor kuhluke eyingqayizivele izici voltage nasekuthengeni. Obschekletochny zamanje ngosizo we depolarization amagugu e. ezingaba ekhombisa ukwehla kwe-athomu udabula iziteshi.

Lesi senzakalo ngaleyo ndlela ilawulwa okuqukethwe Mg2 + izici isixazululo. Lokhu, leli qembu ihlukile receptor imisipha cell. Lesi sakamuva musa ibhekane noma yiziphi izinguquko kule yamanje ion ukulungisa amagugu of ulwelwesi ezingaba khona. Ngako-ke tindlela yokwamukela N-methyl-D-aspartate, kokuba permeability eyisihlobo Ca2 + kuzinto, ubonisa isimo reverse. Njengoba kwanda umthamo hyperpolarizing ukwandisa okuqukethwe amagugu kanye Mg2 + ion, lamanje ion ivinjelwe.

Izici muscarinic molecule

receptor M-cholinergic basonta serpentivnyh ekilasini. Bona adlulisa amaza ngokusebenzisa heterotrimeric G-amaprotheni. Iqembu yokwamukela muscarinic sekutholakale ngenxa impahla yabo ukuxhumanisa muscarine alkaloid. Ngendlela ecashile, la mangqamuzana iye yachazwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho kutadishwa imithelela curare. luhlolo eqondile leli qembu laqala eminyakeni 20-30. Ngalo lelo khulu leminyaka ngemva kokuchaza kwakwakhe njengoba acetylcholine neurotransmitter, enezela ishayela synapse kwamanyuroni. M amaprotheni ocushiwe bedle muscarine futhi livinjelwe atropine, n-isebenze molecule bedle nicotine kanye ivinjelwe curare.

Ngemva inqwaba subtypes atholakele e womabili amaqembu-receptor. I synapse kwamanyuroni iqukethe molecule ye-nicotine kuphela. receptor Muscarinic atholakala emangqamuzaneni nezindlala nemisipha, kanye - kanye n-holinoretseptorami - ku izinzwa of CNS futhi ganglia kwemizwa.

imisebenzi

receptor Muscarinic ifa lonke iqoqo izakhiwo ezahlukene. Okokuqala, ukuthi akuphi ku ganglia ezizimele kanye wahlukana nabo Imicu yotshani postganglioznyh, eklanyelwe ukukhomba izitho. Lokhu kukhomba la mangqamuzana ehilelekile ukusakaza futhi parasympathetic ukushintshashintsha kwezwi imiphumela. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, faka ukusikwa imisipha bushelelezi, vasodilatation, uketshezi anda nezindlala, lokhu kwehlisa izinga inhliziyo. CNS Cholinergic endwangwini, abakhona lichaza ekwakheni interneurons futhi synapse muscarinic tibheke ikakhulukazi cortex cerebral, hippocampus, ekunqandeni nuclei, striatum. Kwezinye izindawo ziseZwini izinombolo ezincane. Emaphakathi receptor m-cholinergic kuthinte ukulawulwa ubuthongo, inkumbulo, yokufunda nokunaka.